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Late Cbnozoic Yolcanism in the San Francisco Volcanic

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Late Cbnozoic Yolcanism in the San Francisco Volcanic Late Cenozoic volcanism in the San Francisco volcanic field and adjacent areas in north central Arizona Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Sabels, Bruno Erich, 1929- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 08/10/2021 15:09:49 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565588 LATE CBNOZOIC YOLCANISM IN THE SAN FRANCISCO VOLCANIC FIELD AND ADJACENT AREAS IN NORTH CENTRAL ARIZONA Bruno E. Satels A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 6 0 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by ____________ Bruno E. Sabels_________________ entitled Late Cenozoio Volcanism in the San Francisco Volcanic Field and Adjacent Areas in North Central Arizona______________________________ be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree o f ____________Doctor of Philosophy______________ May 6, 1960 Dissertation Director Date After inspection of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* I.lay 6, 1960 May 6, 1960 May 6, 1960 may 6, 1960 *This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial ful­ fillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the Uni­ versity Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests of permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manu­ script in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interest of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: i "Geologie kann iramer nur das Kleine seiien und soil doch das GroIBe denken11 Hans Cloos ii To Ge Oo P. with gratitude ill ABSTRACT The Hickey formation of northern Arizona is of late (?) Miooene age* The Verde Valley formed probably during Basin and Range block faulting, and Verde lake beds may be as old as early Pliocene. San Francisco volcanism goes back to Miocene times. The older basaltic lava flows on the Mogollon Rim are probably correlatible with the lower Hickey basalts which are shown to be older than 14 million years. The acidic tuffs of the middle unit of the Hickey formation are traced over northern Arizona. By application of thermoluminescence, spectrography, counting techniques and microscopic work, differences between various tuff deposits are detected. Only three groups of tuffs remain undifferentiated. These are the Thirteen Mile Rock (Verde Valley) - Mingus Mountain - lower Bidahochi (Hop! Buttes) tuffs. It is concluded that the lower member of the Bida— hochi formation probably correlates with the middle, tuff— aceous unit of the Hickey formation and is of late Miocene to early Pliocene age. iv Other acidic lavas erupted in very late Pliocene time in the San Francisco field. The Period - concept of Robinson (1913) can no longer be upheld. Variation in the character of the basaltic lava flows of this region is shown to be caused by contamina­ tion rather than by evolution of a magma. Acidic inclusions of high potassium content are found in basaltic flows of andesitic composition which passed through thick tuff sections. Areal contamination in basaltic flows of widely different age is shown by spectrographic work* Younger basaltic lava flows are placed in chrono­ logical order in agreement with field evidence by thermo- luminescence study. Feldspars in some tuffs are explained by authi- genic growth during hot spring activity, and some rhyo­ litic rocks are believed to have formed by secondary consolidation of tuffs under influence of thermal waters• v PREFACE The late Henry Hollister Robinson states in the introduction to his report on *The San Francisco Volcanic Field, Arizona” (U.S» Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 76, 1913): ”It was originally intended to study only San Francisco Mountain, but scattered observations made during the first summer at other localities . seemed to indicate that the region would repay wider study. The work was accordingly extended . In 1903 the results of the first two summers’ field work were presented under the title "Geology of San Francisco Mountain and Vicinity, Arizona", as a thesis in partial fulfillment for the doctorate at Tale Uni­ versity, New Haven, Conn.. This thesis, however, forms only a minor part of the present paper, for the third season in the field and much additional laboratory work have greatly expanded the scope of the report”. This writer presents the following report after two summers’ field work and one year laboratory study. Similar to the experience of Robinson, the scope of the report was extended beyond the limits originally set up. And this writer is also aware that the present report forms only a minor part in the study of North Central Arizona Volcanism, which he intends to continue as long as he is permitted to do so. vi Plate 1 San Francisoo Mountain Easter 1958 TABLE OF CONTENTS page Abstract.................................. iv Preface ................................... vi 0. Introduction .............................. 1 (0.1) Purpose of Investigation 1 (0.2) Location and Extent of Area 2 (0.3) Previous Investigations 4 (0.4) Acknowledgments 5 1. The San Francisco Volcanic Field ............ 8 (1.1) Physiography and Structure 8 (1.2) Stratigraphy 8 (1.3) Volcanic Rocks 9 2. On the Age of some Features on the Colorado P l a t e a u ................... 12 (2.1) Colorado Plateaus Province and Colorado River 12 (2<>2) East Kaibab Monocline 14 (2.3) Hurricane end Adjacent Faults 15 (2.4) Uinkaret Plateau 15 (2.5) Hopi Buttes and Bidahochi formation 16 (2.6) Mount Taylor Volcanic Field 18 vii page (2.7) San Francisco Volcanic Field 18 (2.71) The Peneplain concept 18 (2.72) The Pediment concept 20 (2.8) On the Age of San Francisco Volcanism 21 5. Plateau Uplift and Basin and Range Block Faulting....... 25 (3.1) General Statement 25 (3.2) Physioo - chemical Hypotheses 26 (3.3) Geological Hypotheses 28 (3.4) Geometric Analysis 31 (3.5) Gravel Analysis 38 4. Uplift in Relation to Volcanism.............. 42 5. Age Correlation of Initial and Subsequent Volcanism.................................... 46 (5.1) General Statement 46 (5.2) The Hickey Formation (Anderson and Creasey) 47 (5.3) The Hickey Formation (Lehner) 49 (5.4) Safford Tertiary (?) Rocks (Heindl and McCullough) 51 6. Extent of Hickey Formation beyonf the Mogollon R i m ......... 53 (6.1) Petrographic Analysis 53 (6.11) Government Pass section 53 (6.12) Thirteen Mile Rock section 57 iix page (6.13) Oak Creek Canyon section 62 (6.14) Sycamore Canyon section 67 (6.2) Conclusions 70 7. The Hickey Formation, A Rhyolite-Basalt Complex. Some Conclusions for General Geology........ 73 (7.1) General Statement 73 (7.2) The "Ghost-Xenocrysts" from the Gardiner River Rhyolite-Basalt Complex (Wilcox) 73 (7.3) Granitization in the Rhyolite-Basalt Com­ plex on Gardiner River (Fenner) 77 (7.4) Conclusions 79 8. The Middle, Tuffaceous Unit of the Hickey Formation......... .......................... 81 (8.1) General Statement 81 (8.2) Correlation of Tuffs in the Verde Valley Area 83 (8.3) Extent of the Hickey Tuffs to the. East and North 89 (8.31) Cedar Ranch section 90 (8.32) Lower Bidahochi tuffs 95 9. Thermoluminescence Correlation of [Duffs ..... 112 (9.1) General Statement 112 (9.2) Thermoluminescence as a Correlation Tool 115 (9.3) Mount Floyd Area Correlation 123 (9.4) Verde Valley - Hopi Buttes Correlation 130 ix page (9»5) Other Correlations 133 10. Alpha Activity and Potassium Content in Tuffs 136 (10.1) General Statement 136 (10.2) O’Leary Mesa - Sugarloaf Hill Correlation 136 (10.3) Hopi Buttes - Thirteen Mile Rook Tuff 140 11. Spectrographic Study of Tuffs and Biotites .. 147 (11.1) General Statement 147 (11.2) Qualitative and Semi-Quantitative Speotrography 149 (11.3) Interoorrelation of Tuffs 149 (11.4) Semi-quantitative Work on Biotites 151 (11.5) Sugarloaf Hills Biotite 152 12. Some Other Tuffs and Rhyolites........... 163 (12.1) General Statement 163 (12.2) Drill Records 164 (12.3) Tuff Enclosures in Lavas 166 (12.4) South Humphreys Crossheds 168 13. Correlation of Events in Northern Arizona in Late Miocene and Pliocene Time . 175 (13»1) General Statement 175 (13.2) Volcanism, Deposition and Erosion 176 x page 14. (The Basaltic Lava Flows of the San Francisco Volcanic Field and Adjacent Areas ............ 179 (14.1) General Statement 179 (14.2) Potassium - alpha Diagram of Basaltic Lava Flows 180 (14.3) Spectrographic Analysis of Basaltic Lavas 187 (14.4) The Younger Flows in the San Francisco Field 191 15. Peridotite - Pyroxenite as Protable Source Rock for San Francisco Lavas ...»............. 194 16. Summary ...................................... 196 17. References...... ........ 202 18. Appendices (18.1) Potassium — Argon Dating of Thirteen Mile Rock ( page A 1 to A 7 ) (18.2) Thermoluminescence Studies on Basaltic Lavas ( page B 1 to B 27 ) (18.3) Authigenic Feldspar in Vitric Tuff and the Origin of Some Rhyolites and of HBaked Feldspar Phenocrysts11 in Some Basalts ( page C 1 to C 23 ) xi ILLUSTRATIONS Plates Plate 1 San Francisco Mountain a Colorado Plateau volcanic fields (after Hunt) 5 Fig.
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