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Background Factors Predicting Accuracy and Improvement in Micro Expression Recognition Background factors predicting accuracy and improvement in micro expression recognition Carolyn M. Hurley, Ashley E. Anker, Mark G. Frank, David Matsumoto & Hyisung C. Hwang Motivation and Emotion ISSN 0146-7239 Volume 38 Number 5 Motiv Emot (2014) 38:700-714 DOI 10.1007/s11031-014-9410-9 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science +Business Media New York. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Motiv Emot (2014) 38:700–714 DOI 10.1007/s11031-014-9410-9 ORIGINAL PAPER Background factors predicting accuracy and improvement in micro expression recognition Carolyn M. Hurley • Ashley E. Anker • Mark G. Frank • David Matsumoto • Hyisung C. Hwang Published online: 4 June 2014 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 Abstract Micro expressions are brief facial expressions personality or demographic factors. Individuals in both displayed when people attempt to conceal, hide, or repress studies showed recognition improvement with training, and their emotions. They are difficult to detect in real time, yet the implications of the ability to improve at micro expression individuals who can accurately identify micro expressions recognition are discussed in the context of security and receive higher workplace evaluations and can better detect interpersonal situations. deception. Two studies featuring college students and security officers examined background factors that may Keywords Micro expression Á Personality Á Confidence Á account for accuracy differences when reading micro Facial expression Á National security expressions, both before and after training. Study 1 revealed that college students who were younger and high in openness to experience were better at recognizing micro expressions. Introduction However, individual differences did not predict improve- ment in micro expression recognition gained through train- In many interpersonal contexts, individuals must make ing. Study 2 revealed experiential factors such as prior facial judgments as to the thoughts, feelings, and reactions of expression training and lack of law enforcement experience others in order to evaluate their emotions and intentions. were more predictive of micro expression recognition than For particular professional contexts—such as national security—the ability to quickly and accurately interpret nonverbal signals of such emotions may provide clues as to Part of this work was submitted in partial fulfillment of a Doctor of the hostile plans of others; specifically, an officer who can Philosophy degree at the University at Buffalo by the first author. The identify these clues when they first emerge would be in a fourth author is a co-author of the Micro Expression Training Tool used in both studies. This tool is currently available from Humintell, better position to prevent an attack or other hostile action. which receives a financial benefit from its sales. Any opinions, Emotions are of particular interest because they are findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this transient, involuntary, and unconscious bio-psycho-social material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the reactions (Matsumoto et al. 2013), and thus, are a major views of the Transportation Security Administration, the Department of Homeland Security, or the United States of America. source of motivation and action by providing the impulse for behavior (Frijda et al. 1989; Matsumoto et al. 2013; C. M. Hurley Á A. E. Anker Á M. G. Frank Tomkins 1962, 1963). Emotions are primarily expressed University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA through the face (Darwin 1872/1998; Ekman 2003; Izard 1994) and most people can accurately interpret these C. M. Hurley (&) University at Buffalo, Undergraduate Degree Programs in expressions when they are openly displayed (Biehl et al. Singapore, 461 Clementi Rd, Singapore 599491, Singapore 1997). When these expressions become shortened—as in e-mail: [email protected] the case of a micro expression (henceforth ME)—then such signals can be very difficult to detect. D. Matsumoto Á H. C. Hwang San Francisco State University and Humintell, San Francisco, Individuals who are skilled at identifying hidden or CA, USA concealed emotions can better interpret a target’s behavior 123 Author's personal copy Motiv Emot (2014) 38:700–714 701 and possibly understand intentions the target does not wish a change in facial expression. They found that—for the to communicate. Prior research demonstrates that accurate most part—people had great difficulty detecting micro identification of MEs is related to the ability to detect momentary expressions (used by Garwood et al. 1970; deception (Ekman and O’Sullivan 1991; Frank and Ekman Taylor et al. 1969). Later, Ekman and Friesen (1969, 1974) 1997), although it is not clear whether recognition of full or studied MEs using a frame-by-frame examination of partial expressions (called subtle expressions) are more recorded psychiatric interviews. Ekman and Friesen (1969, helpful for deception detection (Warren et al. 2009). ME 1974) suggested instead that MEs were due to conscious training has also been linked to social skills, in that indi- suppression and concluded that MEs were brief expressions viduals trained to detect MEs have received better evalu- of emotion that ‘leaked’ when individuals tried to delib- ations from supervisors in corporate settings (Matsumoto erately suppress their emotional expressions. Given that and Hwang 2011) and ME training has improved the social Ekman and Friesen (1982) reported that spontaneous, outcomes of specialized groups such as Autistic children uninhibited facial expressions of emotion lasted between (Clark et al. 2008). 0.5 and 4 s—a duration confirmed by subsequent research Given the apparent advantages successful ME detection (Frank et al. 1993; Hess and Kleck 1990; Yan et al. presents, it is important to identify the traits or personality 2013)—the current study followed that premise and con- factors, if any, that may contribute to their superior rec- ceptualized MEs as fleeting emotional expressions, lasting ognition. It may be the case that ME recognition ability is or less a second in duration, and presumed to reflect an inherent skill that is well-developed and solidified by concealment of one’s true emotional state. adulthood, or it may be a flexible skill that can be improved Concealed or managed expressions can occur on a daily through targeted training. Such findings, of course, would basis—often for benign reasons such as embarrassment or have implications for training law enforcement or other propriety—as individuals attempt to conform to cultural or sensitive security positions. The present study seeks to societal norms (Clark et al. 1996; Hayes and Metts 2008). identify the association between a series of internal and These examples of facial management (called ‘display experiential factors with accurate ME recognition by rules,’ Ekman and Friesen 1969) are most often used to individuals with varied training experiences. effect polite discourse, and thus, cause little harm to the recipient of the communication. Less often, individuals Micro expressions of emotion attempt to conceal or neutralize their expressions in order to succeed in some nefarious act—such as when lying The idea of MEs has its roots in the research of Darwin (1872/ about the intent to commit a robbery or conceal an illegal 1998) who suggested that facial expressions were part of an object—that could have devastating effects. In such high- overall emotional response and they might be triggered stakes situations, the ability to detect quick, hidden, or through nerve force beyond a person’s volitional control. concealed emotions may be vital to effective law Laterresearchconfirmedthatexpressionscanbebothinvol- enforcement or security, as meta-analytic research has untarily triggered—in the subcortical area of the brain—as shown that emotion clues significantly predict deception, well as voluntarily controlled—originating in the cortical but only in these high stakes situations (DePaulo et al. motor strip (Meihlke 1973;Myers1976; Tsschiassny 1953). 2003; Frank and Svetieva 2012). The expression of basic emotions, such as anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise, can trigger Emotional expression recognition involuntary facial expressions, as well as unique physical and physiological changes to muscular tonus, voice, autonomic Several tests have been created to examine the specific nervous system patterning, and brain activity (e.g., Christie ability of ME recognition. The Japanese And Caucasian and Friedman 2004; Damasio et al. 2000; Ekman et al. 1983). Brief Affect Recognition Test (JACBART, Matsumoto MEs are actually a special case of basic facial expres- et al. 2000) was the first such test to utilize scientifically sions of emotion that occur more quickly and can often coded expression items shown
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