Color for Philosophers: Unweaving the Rainbow

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Color for Philosophers: Unweaving the Rainbow c o N T E N T 5 Foreword by Arthur Danto ix xv Preface xix Introduction I Color Perception and Science The physical causes of color 1 The camera and the eye 7 Perceiving lightness and darkness 19 26 Chromatic vision Chromatic response 36 The structure of phenomenal hues 40 Object metamerism, adaptation, and contrast 45 Some mechanisms of chromatic perception 52 II The Ontology of Color Objectivism 59 Standard conditions 67 Normal observers 76 Constancy and crudity 82 Ch romatic democracy 91 Sense data as color bearers 96 Materialist reduction and the illusion of color 109 III Phenomenology and Physiology THE RELATlONS OF COLORS TO EACH OTHER 113 T he resemblances of colors 113 The incompatibilities of colors 121 Deeper problems 127 OTHER MINDS 134 Spectral inversions and asymmetries 134 vii CONTENTS I nternalism and externalism 142 Other colors, other minds 145 COLOR LANGUAGE 155 Foci 155 The evolution of color categories 165 Boundaries and indeterminacy 169 Establishing boundaries 182 Color Plates following page 88 Appendix: Land's Retinex Theory of Color Vision 187 Notes 195 Glossary of Technical Terms 209 Further Reading 216 Bibliography 217 Acknowledgments 234 Indexes 237 viii F o R E w o R D Very few today still believe that philosophy is a disease of language and that its deliverances, due to disturbances of the grammatical un­ conscious, are neither true nor false but nonsense. But the fact re­ mains that, very often, philosophical theory stands to positive knowledge roughly in the relationship in which hysteria is said to stand to anatomical truth. Freud said, famously, that hysteria appears to have no knowledge of physiology, for its paralyses and tics, its incapacities and pains, are located by the sufferer where there is no objective possibility of their occurring. Philosophers erase entities in defiance of common sense and postulate entities of which there is not the slightest possibility of scientific confirmation. Parsimonious with one hand and profligate with the other, philosophers behave not only as though they had no knowledge of scientific truth but as if philos­ ophy had its own authority, and not only did not need but could not use information from science. "Oh?" I have heard philosophers sneer when a bit of positive knowledge seemed to bear upon something they said or worried about, "I didn't think one had to know anything in order to do philosophy." My own etiology of this supercilious attitude takes us back to the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus as its ultimate pathogen. On the one hand there is the celebrated dismissal of philosophical propositions as not really propositions at all, but symptoms of grammatical dis­ order. On the other hand there is the claim that "Philosophy is not one of the natural sciences," together with its parenthetical gloss that " The word 'philosophy' must mean something that stands above or below, but not beside the natural sciences." It must be such remarks as these that, encouraged the view that no natural science need be known by the philosopher in order to do philosophy. And this view remained when the other claims about philosophy-as-nonsense abated as the Verificationist Criterion of Meaningfulness itself slowly unraveled, leaving philosophers free to pursue their ontological ad­ ventures without regard to the cautions recommended by Verifica­ tionism, which is what Wittgenstein's bold diagnosis of philosophical language became in coarser minds than his. Free and independent of empirical constraints, philosophy began to establish a kingdom ix FOREWORD "above or below" the sciences and hence, with no real geographical relationship to the real world, which the natural sciences have it as their prerogative to represent and explain. In truth, I believe, the borders of philosophy remain vague and tentative, and more often than not philosophers believe themselves to be operating within their own domain when they have instead encroached upon the territories of positive knowledge and display analyses as their own which in fact collide with empirical truth. If philosophy indeed is autonomous to the point that it can be practiced in indifference to the actual world, then it plainly follows that if an analysis, presented as philosophical, in fact goes shipwreck against empirical truth, it was not philosophy to begin with. It was instead pre-emptive science hidden as such from its practitioners by a bad theory of philosophy and disguised as something higher or lower than natural science, when it was finally just bad science. The symptom­ atology of neurosis remains, even though all the warriors of thera­ peutic Positivism have died and their pennants lie trampled in the dust. The disease so much of philosophy consists of is the belief that it is philosophy when in fact it is something else. The topic of color provides a marvelous case study for the psy­ chotherapy of philosophy, for there is a rich-or at least copious­ literature devoted to it which has no value except as a symptom of something having gone wrong: its authors thought they were eluci­ dating conceptual structures-lithe logic of our language" -when their problems had to do not with concepts or logic or language, but with the way the world is given to us. That something could not be at once all-over red and all-over green was widely accepted by phi­ losophers as true, but they saw it as their task to analyze the 11 could not" in the claim and hence the status of the proposition with which it was expressed. Was it analytic and hence a matter of meaning? Or synthetic but necessary and hence a matter of something far less well understood? It certainly did not appear to be the sort of logical in­ compatibility involved in 1150mething could not at once be all-over red and not all-over red." For that would suggest that something could not at once be all-over blue and all-over red, when in fact there are reddish blues and bluish reds. But there are not-and it seemed could not be-reddish greens and greenish reds. David Pears wrote an article deemed sufficiently important to pub­ lish in an anthology, Logic and Language (both volumes of which were canonical reading in the 1950s), on the topic of color incompatibilities. According to Pears, the puzzling sentence seemed both a priori and true. 50 it was dismissed a priori, we might say, as a posteriori. If it x FOREWORD were a posteriori and contingent, one could look for exceptions. But­ and the riposte typifies the official philosophical attitude of the era­ " Anyone who began to look for exceptions would betray that he did not really understand the sentence." Since Pears saw no way in which there could coherently be exceptions, and no way either in which it could rest on a matter of meaning or of logic, he found the "could not" baffling and almost incomprehensible. Pears might have found some help had he considered some further color relationships in his discussion. It would be curious, for exam­ ple, that 'red' and ' green' should be incompatible as terms when 'red' was not incompatible with 'yellow.' Or that red and green could not co-occupy the same area when red and yellow were as chummy as coffee and cream. Convinced as he was that the problem was essen­ tially philosophical and that philosophy analyzes language, he turned at right angles from where the truth was to be found, and addressed himself, with characteristic-if, in this instance misdirected-inge­ nuity, to rules of designation: semantical epicycles, as it were, in­ serted to preserve the autonomy of philosophy. Of course the information he needed, to turn aside from the prob­ lem as not philosophical at all, was not widely available at the time. Logic and Language: Series II was published in 1953. The crucial paper of Hurvich and Jameson, "An Opponent-process Theory of Color Vi­ sion" came out in the Psychological Review in 1957, though preliminary studies appeared as early as 1955. The red-green incompatibility had to do neither with language nor with colors, considered in abstraction from optical physiology. It had to do rather with how we are made, with how color is processed behind the retina, and with this discov­ ery an entire philosophical literature shivered into disuetude. The problem never had been philosophical. The philosophers who dealt with it were doing anticipatory science badly. Their thought was as obsolete as astrology. 'II am not the outcome or meeting point of nu­ merous causal agencies which determine my bodily or psychological make-up," Merleau-Ponty wrote, wrongly, rejecting as not to the point for self-understanding exactly what was to the point. How we see is what we are. In the September 9, 1983, issue of Science, I read a paper with a title that ought to have been evidence that its authors did not un­ derstand their language, had Pears been right: 'IOn Seeing Reddish Green and Yellowish Blue." From the perspective of conceptual anal­ YSIS, th1s would have been like coming across an article called liOn Squaring the Circle and Duplicating the Cube." One ought to have known, a priori, that the paper, if not merely jocular or arch, must be xi FOREWORD incoherent or false. Instead, the article in Science was informative and true, its title descriptively accurate, and it reported certain exceptions to the misclassified statement regarding red-green incompatibility, now seen to be a posteriori and admitting of exceptions. Its II Abstract" read as follows: Some dyadic color names (such as reddish green and bluish yellow) de­ scribe colors that are not normally realizable. By stabilizing the retinal im­ age of the boundary between a pair of red and green stripes (or a pair of yellow and blue stripes), but not their outer edges, however, the entire region can be perceived simultaneously as both red and green (or blue and yellow).
Recommended publications
  • Color Theory for Painting Video: Color Perception
    Color Theory For Painting Video: Color Perception • http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/beau_lotto_optical_illusions_show_how_we_see.html • Experiment • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8U0YPHxiFQ Intro to color theory • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=059-0wrJpAU&feature=relmfu Color Theory Principles • The Color Wheel • Color context • Color Schemes • Color Applications and Effects The Color Wheel The Color Wheel • A circular diagram displaying the spectrum of visible colors. The Color Wheel: Primary Colors • Primary Colors: Red, yellow and blue • In traditional color theory, primary colors can not be mixed or formed by any combination of other colors. • All other colors are derived from these 3 hues. The Color Wheel: Secondary Colors • Secondary Colors: Green, orange and purple • These are the colors formed by mixing the primary colors. The Color Wheel: Tertiary Colors • Tertiary Colors: Yellow- orange, red-orange, red-purple, blue-purple, blue-green & yellow-green • • These are the colors formed by mixing a primary and a secondary color. • Often have a two-word name, such as blue-green, red-violet, and yellow-orange. Color Context • How color behaves in relation to other colors and shapes is a complex area of color theory. Compare the contrast effects of different color backgrounds for the same red square. Color Context • Does your impression od the center square change based on the surround? Color Context Additive colors • Additive: Mixing colored Light Subtractive Colors • Subtractive Colors: Mixing colored pigments Color Schemes Color Schemes • Formulas for creating visual unity [often called color harmony] using colors on the color wheel Basic Schemes • Analogous • Complementary • Triadic • Split complement Analogous Color formula used to create color harmony through the selection of three related colors which are next to one another on the color wheel.
    [Show full text]
  • Laundry Bluing Effect on Performance Attributes of African Prints
    J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 11(4)1-8, 2021 ISSN 2090-4304 Journal of Basic and Applied © 2021, TextRoad Publication Scientific Research www.textroad.com Laundry Bluing Effect on Performance Attributes of African Prints Patience Danquah Monnie*1, Celestine Tawiah Bosso2 1*Department of Vocational and Technical Education, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. 2Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. Received: January 7, 2021 Accepted: April 19, 2021 ABSTRACT During the process of care of garments, various agents or additives are employed such as fabric softeners, spray starch and bluing. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of laundry blue on selected performance properties of white Ghanaian cotton printed fabrics. With the aid of experimental procedures the study was carried out using three different types of black and white Ghanaian cotton printed fabrics. The total number of specimens used for the study was 264. The parameters investigated included weight, tensile strength and elongation, colourfastness to washing and dimensional stability (shrinkage) to washing. The data was analysed using Predictive Analytical Software (SPSS) for windows Version 22. Means of parameters such as yarn count, weight, strength and elongation were calculated. Inferential statistics (Analysis of Variance and Independent samples t-test at 0.05 alpha levels) were employed in testing the hypotheses. Differences were observed with specimens rinsed with and without laundry blue in terms of strength, elongation, shrinkage and colourfastness. Further research is recommended for analysis of laundry blue on other fabrics. KEYWORDS: Bluing, whitening effects, colour fastness, dimensional change, tensile strength, African prints.
    [Show full text]
  • Selfish Gene
    THE SELFISH GENE Richard Dawkins is Charles Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science at Oxford University. Born in Nairobi of British parents, he was educated at Oxford and did his doctorate under the Nobel-prizewinning ethologist Niko Tin- bergen. From 1967 to 1969 he was an Assistant Professor at the University of California at Berkeley, returning as University Lecturer and later Reader in /oology at New College, Oxford, before becoming the first holder of the Simonyi Chair in 1995. He is a fellow of New College. The Selfish Gene (1976; second edition 1989) catapulted Richard Dawkins to fame, and remains his most famous and widely read work. It was followed by a string of bestselling books: The Extended Phenolype (1982), The Blind Watchmaker (1986), River Out of Eden (1995), Climbing Mount Improbable (1996), Unweaving the Rainbow (1998), and The Ancestor's Tale (2004). A Devil's Chaplain, a collection of his shorter writings, was published in 2003. Dawkins is a Fellow of both the Royal Society and the Royal Society of Literature. He is the recipient of numerous honours and awards, including the 1987 Royal Society of Literature Award, the Los Angeles Times Literary Prize of the same year, the 1990 Michael Faraday Award of the Royal Society, the 1994 Nakayama Prize, the 1997 International Cosmos Prize for Achievement in Human Science, the Kistler Prize in 2001, and the Shakespeare Prize in 2005. This page intentionally left blank THE SELFISH GENE RICHARD DAWKINS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS You scratch my back, I'll ride on yours 185 better than the suckers.
    [Show full text]
  • Logging Songs of the Pacific Northwest: a Study of Three Contemporary Artists Leslie A
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2007 Logging Songs of the Pacific Northwest: A Study of Three Contemporary Artists Leslie A. Johnson Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MUSIC LOGGING SONGS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST: A STUDY OF THREE CONTEMPORARY ARTISTS By LESLIE A. JOHNSON A Thesis submitted to the College of Music in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Music Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2007 The members of the Committee approve the Thesis of Leslie A. Johnson defended on March 28, 2007. _____________________________ Charles E. Brewer Professor Directing Thesis _____________________________ Denise Von Glahn Committee Member ` _____________________________ Karyl Louwenaar-Lueck Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank those who have helped me with this manuscript and my academic career: my parents, grandparents, other family members and friends for their support; a handful of really good teachers from every educational and professional venture thus far, including my committee members at The Florida State University; a variety of resources for the project, including Dr. Jens Lund from Olympia, Washington; and the subjects themselves and their associates. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Selecting and Using Laundry Aids
    Selecting and Using 750 ^^ ORCGON STATE UNIVERSTTY Laundry Aids '^ EXTENSION SERVICE A. W. Koester laundry aids include such products Las prewash agents, enzyme presoak agents, water softeners, sanitizers, detergent This publication is one of a set boosters, bleaches, bluing, and fabric softeners. Some detergents include written to help consumers select enzymes, oxygen bleaches, and fabric DATE. softeners to save time for the consumer. and care for today's clothing. The brands listed as examples are Three of the publications—fibers nationally advertised. You will also find locally available brands, store brands (called private OF and fabrics; information found labels), and generic brands. The mention of commercial brands does not constitute on garment labels; and dyeing endorsement, nor should exclusion of a and colorfastness—aid consum- product be interpreted as criticism.OUT ers in evaluating clothing and Prewash agents household textiles. Those on Prewash agents remove greaseIS and oily soil, but cannot remove all stains. Use them to laundry aids and laundry treat a small area such as a collar or cuffs detergents and soaps help without treating the whole garment. They * TODAY'S CLOTHING CARE may contain an organic solvent, a surfactant, consumers choose effective or both. You can use a paste of enzyme and water Petroleum solvents are the most effective cleaning products. The publica- on small areas. But since skin is a protein, it in removing oily soil. Theyinformation: must be sold in is sensitive to protein enzymes, so protect tion on professional clothing aerosol containers because they evaporate your hands from contact with the enzyme readily. Pump containers usually contain paste by wearing rubber gloves and using a care services discusses working surfactants.
    [Show full text]
  • COLOR SPACE MODELS for VIDEO and CHROMA SUBSAMPLING
    COLOR SPACE MODELS for VIDEO and CHROMA SUBSAMPLING Color space A color model is an abstract mathematical model describing the way colors can be represented as tuples of numbers, typically as three or four values or color components (e.g. RGB and CMYK are color models). However, a color model with no associated mapping function to an absolute color space is a more or less arbitrary color system with little connection to the requirements of any given application. Adding a certain mapping function between the color model and a certain reference color space results in a definite "footprint" within the reference color space. This "footprint" is known as a gamut, and, in combination with the color model, defines a new color space. For example, Adobe RGB and sRGB are two different absolute color spaces, both based on the RGB model. In the most generic sense of the definition above, color spaces can be defined without the use of a color model. These spaces, such as Pantone, are in effect a given set of names or numbers which are defined by the existence of a corresponding set of physical color swatches. This article focuses on the mathematical model concept. Understanding the concept Most people have heard that a wide range of colors can be created by the primary colors red, blue, and yellow, if working with paints. Those colors then define a color space. We can specify the amount of red color as the X axis, the amount of blue as the Y axis, and the amount of yellow as the Z axis, giving us a three-dimensional space, wherein every possible color has a unique position.
    [Show full text]
  • Socity the Physiologicalsociety Newsletter
    p rVI i~ ne Pal Newsette Socity The PhysiologicalSociety Newsletter Contents 1 Physiological Sciences at Oxford - Clive Ellory 2 Neuroscience Research at Monash University - Uwe Proske 4 Committee News 4 Grants for IUPS Congress, Glasgow, 1993 4 COPUS - Committee on the Public Understanding of Science 4 Nominations for election to Membership 5 Computers in Teaching Initiative 5 Membership Subscriptions for 1993 5 Benevolent Fund 6 Wellcome Prize Lecturer 6 Retiring Committee Members 8 Letters & Reports 8 Society's Meetings 9 Animal Research - Speaking in Schools 9 Colin Blakemore - FRS 9 Happy 80th Birthday 10 Talking Point in the Biological Sciences - Simon Brophy,RDS 11 Chance & Design 11 Views 11 Muscular Dystrophy Group - SarahYates 14 The Multiple Sclerosis Society - John Walford 14 British Diabetic Association - Moira Murphy 15 Biomedical Research in the SERC - Alan Thomas 16 Cancer Research Campaign - TA Hince 18 The Wellcome Trust - JulianJack 22 Articles 22 Immunosuppression in Multiple Sclerosis - A N Davison 23 Hypoxia - a regulator of uterine contractions in labour? - Susan Wray 25 Pregnancy and the vascular endothelium - Lucilla Poston 28 Society Sponsored Events 28 IUPS Congress 93, list of themes 32 Notices 35 Tear-Out Forms 35 Affiliates 37 Grey Book Updates Administrations & Publications Office, P 0 Box 506, Oxford, OXI 3XE Tel: (0865) 798498 Fax: (0865) 798092 Produced by Kwabena Appenteng, Heather Dalitz and Clare Haigh The PhysiofogicafSociety 9ewsfetter Physiological Sciences at Oxford The two year interval since the last meeting of the Society in Lecturer in the department for some time, has been appointed to Oxford corresponds with the time I have been standing in for a university lectureship, in association with Balliol College.
    [Show full text]
  • Dennis Chambers
    IMPROVE YOUR ACCURACY AND INDEPENDENCE! THE WORLD’S #1 DRUM MAGAZINE FUSION LEGEND DENNIS CHAMBERS SHAKIRA’S BRENDAN BUCKLEY WIN A $4,900 PEARL MIMIC BLONDIE’S PRO E-KIT! CLEM BURKE + DW ALMOND SNARE & MARCH 2019 GRETSCH MICRO KIT REVIEWED NIGHT VERSES’ ARIC IMPROTA FISHBONE’S PHILIP “FISH” FISHER THE ORIGINAL. ONLY BETTER. The 5000AH4 combines an old school chain-and-sprocket drive system and vintage-style footboard with modern functionality. Sought-after DW feel, reliability and playability. The original just got better. www.dwdrums.com PEDALS AND ©2019 Drum Workshop, Inc. All Rights Reserved. HARDWARE 12 Modern Drummer June 2014 LAYER » EXPAND » ENHANCE HYBRID DRUMMING ARTISTS BILLY COBHAM BRENDAN BUCKLEY THOMAS LANG VINNIE COLAIUTA TONY ROYSTER, JR. JIM KELTNER (INDEPENDENT) (SHAKIRA, TEGAN & SARA) (INDEPENDENT) (INDEPENDENT) (INDEPENDENT) (STUDIO LEGEND) CHARLIE BENANTE KEVIN HASKINS MIKE PHILLIPS SAM PRICE RICH REDMOND KAZ RODRIGUEZ (ANTHRAX) (POPTONE, BAUHAUS) (JANELLE MONÁE) (LOVELYTHEBAND) (JASON ALDEAN) (JOSH GROBAN) DIRK VERBEUREN BEN BARTER MATT JOHNSON ASHTON IRWIN CHAD WACKERMAN JIM RILEY (MEGADETH) (LORDE) (ST. VINCENT) (5 SECONDS OF SUMMER) (FRANK ZAPPA, JAMES TAYLOR) (RASCAL FLATTS) PICTURED HYBRID PRODUCTS (L TO R): SPD-30 OCTAPAD, TM-6 PRO TRIGGER MODULE, SPD::ONE KICK, SPD::ONE ELECTRO, BT-1 BAR TRIGGER PAD, RT-30HR DUAL TRIGGER, RT-30H SINGLE TRIGGER (X3), RT-30K KICK TRIGGER, KT-10 KICK PEDAL TRIGGER, PDX-8 TRIGGER PAD (X2), SPD-SX-SE SAMPLING PAD Visit Roland.com for more info about Hybrid Drumming. Less is More Built for the gigging drummer, the sturdy aluminum construction is up to 34% lighter than conventional hardware packs.
    [Show full text]
  • Network AW 2004.Qxd 10/11/2004 13:40 Page 1
    Network AW 2004.qxd 10/11/2004 13:40 Page 1 network Autumn/Winter 2004 News, views and information from the Medical Research Council In this issue... MRC integral to UK clinical Funding update research drive News of competition for MRC funding in Speaking at the Academy of Medical Sciences (AMS) in 2004/05 and the application June, Lord Warner of Brockley announced the formation review process of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration (UKCRC) – a page 2 multi-partner initiative launched to give a major boost to clinical research in the UK.The Government has also set up a new MRC/Health Departments (HDs) Joint Health Francis Crick Delivery Group to increase the strategic coordination of 1916-2004 publicly funded medical research and support the UKCRC. A colleague pays tribute to one of the founding fathers UKCRC of molecular biology The UKCRC was a key recommendation of the Research page 4 for Patient Benefit Working Party set up in response to "We welcome Chancellor Gordon Brown's budget influential reports in Autumn 2003 by the AMS and the announcement of a cash injection for medical research Government's Bioscience Innovation and Growth Team. over the next four years, and will be working even more Basic Technology With a mission to coordinate and transform clinical closely with the Government and the Health Departments November showcase for research in the UK, the partnership will involve the MRC, to address national health priorities in the years ahead." progress by MRC scientists Government, the NHS, academia, medical charities, Colin Blakemore, MRC Chief Executive in the Research Councils UK industry and the public.
    [Show full text]
  • Studio Art 9: Value, Intensity, and Types of Color April 6–9 Time Allotment: 20 Minutes Per Day
    Studio Art 9: Value, Intensity, and Types of Color April 6–9 Time Allotment: 20 minutes per day Hello Great Hearts Northern Oaks 9th grade families! My name is Ms. Hoelscher and I will be one of the founding art teachers at Great Hearts Live Oak in August. I am excited to start my journey a little earlier with you here at Great Hearts Northern Oaks! I studied art and biopsychology at the University of Dallas, graduating in May 2019. Studying the liberal arts in a classical setting changed how I view the world and how I interact with it. My love of classical education and creating has guided me to Great Hearts. I look forward to sharing that passion and love with the students as we delve into Truth, Goodness, and Beauty. Please feel free to reach me at [email protected] if you have any questions or concerns. I will be having office hours starting this week using Zoom. My hours will be on Tuesday and Thursday. Period 4 will be 10:00AM-10:50AM and period 6 will be 1:00PM-1:50PM. I look forward to meeting you all! Packet Overview Date Objective(s) Page Number Monday, April 6 1. Define and describe value and intensity of color. 2-4 Tuesday, April 7 1. Compare and contrast local color and optical 5-6 color. Wednesday, April 8 1. Compare and contrast arbitrary and 7-8 exaggerated/heightened color. Thursday, April 9 1. Demonstrate Impressionistic use of color, value, 9-10 and intensity. Friday, April 10 April Break, no class! Additional Notes: Use a separate piece of paper, sketchbooks or the spaces provided in this packet to create your designs and images.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role and Status of Dod Red Teaming Activities
    Defense Science Board Task Force on The Role and Status of DoD Red Teaming Activities September 2003 Office of the Under Secretary of Defense For Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics Washington, D.C. 20301-3140 This report is a product of the Defense Science Board (DSB). The DSB is a Federal Advisory Committee established to provide independent advice to the Secretary of Defense. Statements, opinions, conclusions and recommendations in this report do not necessarily represent the official position of the Department of Defense. This report is UNCLASSIFIED TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction........................................................................................1 II. What Are Red Teams And Red Teaming?.....................................2 III. What Makes an Effective Red Team?.............................................5 IV. Observations About Current Red Team Activities.......................7 V. Red Teams At The Strategic Level ................................................13 VI. Conclusions ......................................................................................15 VII. Recommendations...........................................................................16 Appendix 1. Terms of Reference..............................................................19 Appendix 2. Task Force Members ...........................................................21 Appendix 3. Contrasts Between Product/Project and Enterprise Red Teams.....................................................................................23
    [Show full text]
  • Tabla De Conversión Pantone a NCS (Natural Color System)
    Tabla de conversión Pantone a NCS (Natural Color System) PANTONE NCS (más parecido) PANTONE NCS (más parecido) Pantone Yellow C NCS 0580-Y Pantone 3985C NCS 3060-G80Y Pantone Yellow U NCS 0580-Y Pantone 3985U NCS 4040-G80Y Pantone Warm Red C NCS 0580-Y70R Pantone 3995C NCS 5040-G80Y Pantone Warm Red U NCS 0580-Y70R Pantone 3995U NCS 6020-G70Y Pantone Rubine Red C NCS 1575-R10B Pantone 400C NCS 2005-Y50R Pantone Rubine Red U NCS 1070-R20B Pantone 400U NCS 2502-R Pantone Rhodamine Red C Pantone 401C NCS 2005-Y50R Pantone Rhodamine Red U NCS 1070-R20B Pantone 401U NCS 2502-R Pantone Purple C Pantone 402C NCS 4005-Y50R Pantone Purple U NCS 2060-R40B Pantone 402U NCS 3502-R Pantone Violet C Pantone 403C NCS 4055-Y50R Pantone Violet U NCS 3050-R60B Pantone 403U NCS 4502-R Pantone Reflex Blue C NCS 3560-R80B Pantone 404C NCS 6005-Y20R Pantone Reflex Blue U NCS 3060-R70B Pantone 404U NCS 5502-R Pantone Process Blue C NCS 2065-B Pantone 405C NCS 7005-Y20R Pantone Process Blue U NCS 1565-B Pantone 405U NCS 6502-R Pantone Green C NCS 2060-B90G Pantone 406C NCS 2005-Y50R Pantone Green U NCS 2060-B90G Pantone 406U NCS 2005-Y50R Pantone Black C NCS 8005-Y20R Pantone 407C NCS 3005-Y50R Pantone Black U NCS 7502-Y Pantone 407U NCS 3005-Y80R Pantone Yellow 012C NCS 0580-Y Pantone 408C NCS 3005-Y50R Pantone Yellow 012U NCS 0580-Y Pantone 408U NCS 4005-Y80R Pantone Orange 021C NCS 0585-Y60R Pantone 409C NCS 5005-Y50R Pantone Orange 021U NCS 0580-Y60R Pantone 409U NCS 5005-Y80R Pantone Red 032C NCS 0580-Y90R Pantone 410C NCS 5005-Y50R Pantone Red 032U NCS
    [Show full text]