A Study on the Prospect of the Digital Font and the CAP

Professor Ki Sung Lee Kaywon School of Art and Design CAP Society

Preface

CAP (Computer Aided Publishing) means the act of publishing by using the computer. CAP is classified into paper book CAP or non-paper book CAP by its output media. Non-paper book CAP is again divided into disk book CAP and network screen book CAP.

There are three divisions of publishing: textbook publishing, book publishing, and magazine publishing. Textbook publishing includes reference book publishing as well as primary and secondary school textbook publishing. Since 1990, the three areas of publishing have gone beyond the limitation of the paper. While the Korean secretary of the Ministry of Culture, Eo-ryeong Lee was in office, CD-ROM disks which contained Hangeul Korean textbook were sent to living in South America and they turned out to be a big hit because they included sound files which played correct Korean pronunciation. In Korea, more and more English and computer textbooks are published in the form of disk book CAP.

1. Research Purpose and Method

The study concentrates on two areas. One is the prospect of CAP, the other is the digital font. I tried to give an accurate picture and definition of CAP and how the publishing and printing industry can survive in the times of information and computerization. The development and the future of CAP are also explored in this paper.

Among all the computer aided publishing, network screen book terminal boom which started in 1998 has been rapidly spreading in America and Korea by selling "Riding the Bullet"-by American author Steven King-as a network screen book through the internet. Korea computer communication - the fourth communication - has begun in July 1989 with the success of communication in Korean between Sydney, Australia and Seoul, Korea using lap-top computers. In fact, it is the beginning of Korean network screen book publication. As for the prospect of computer aided publishing, let us check out all about paper, disk and network screen books.

The purpose of the research on the digital font which is the second subject is to study how the digital font is different from the analogue font that has been used for thousands of years since the invention of the computer and also to know how Korean font should be in the era of information. Then when talking about "Digital Font", what do the letter and font mean? Culture could swiftly develop or face its limit depending on the sizes of capacity to keep the culture (for example, picture, emblem, sculpture and letter). And the biggest among them is the letter.

Using the letter, man's thoughts are written and kept for a long time through projects such as drawing in mud, carving on a stone, writing on the paper with a brush, carving the complete collection of Sutra on woodblocks, engraving a seal, printing out on the paper after making tools and lead font of to print on the paper with a pencil or a pen.

To safely keep and inherit the letter that are the basis of culture is how to play an important role in the maintenance and inheritance of the culture. Our Korean culture uses its own language and letter called "Han Guk Mal" and Hangeul. However, there are few countries which have so many kinds of letters in one newspaper or one book like our country does. Except those like Hangyeore daily or Sports Today that uses Korean only, you will see the newspaper is made up with Korean, Chinese characters, Japanese, English and Roman numbers. Digital Font of Korea means digital Korean font. What does our letter Hangeul mean? Does it include English letters, Japanese letters and Chinese character 'Ganjah' font? No other than modern Hangeul, Hanja, old Hangeul and only Idu are our language. Hangeul that we usually use unintentionally often means the Korean language. Dialect and psychic tellings other than our standard language are also considered as our language and as research of dialect would be a great material for the study of origin and changes of our language, dialect should all be able to be written in Hangeul. The Font is a medium that changes letters to be seen and the Hangeul font enables Hangeul to be seen by us. The Korean language font includes modern Hangeul font, Hanja font and Roman number font.

The main issue

1. What is Computer Aided publishing?

1-1. Definition of Computer Aided Publishing.

CAP (Computer Aided Publishing) means to publish by using a computer. It is also called EP (Electronic publishing) but differentiated from EP (Electronic Publications). In 1988 which is 12 years ago, the writer defined CAP by classifying into Paper Book CAP, paper media based CAP and Non-paper book CAP, digital media based CAP standardizing on the final output of publication. CAP of paper book is the publication with its output being printed on the paper and then classified into DTP (Desk Top Publishing) system and CTS (Computerized Typesetting System). CAP of Non-paper book is the publication with its output being laid out on media such as the disk or network instead of on the paper. Then it is classified into DBP (Disk Book CAP) and SBP (Screen Book CAP)

In 1993 (the fifth year of Pyung Sung) Gyum Jeun Bak Su in Japan defined electronic publishing into 3 steps standardizing the stages of the development of publication in the book of "Dohae Electronic Publishing". The first step is to edit electronically like DTP, the second is the electronic publication step that takes output as an electronic media then the third is an on-line publication step to access and provide information through network. In 1996, Frank J. Romano in the U.S.A. defined electronic publication as a digital media publication in "Digital media publication of the 21st century" then classified it again into media-based electronic publication such as the CD-ROM and the communication-based electronic publication such as the on-line service. Romano presented computer publishing, electronic publishing, computer communication and multi-media for synonyms and said "New media imagine the information on the need of the consumer and are compared to all of the new publication format that suits computer communication and computer management."

[Fig. 1] Non-paper books ------1. Speaker book, Audio book 2. Disk book, CD-ROM book, CD-G book, CD-I book, Mini Disk Book 3. Screen Book Off-Line book -- Audio Visual book Off-Line book(Network Screen Book)--Communication book, MODEM book, On-Line Database book, eBOOK 4. Software book Package S/W book, Single Job S/W book 5. Multi-Media book = Audio + Video + Computer ------

[Fig. 2] CAP (Computer Aided Publishing) ------Computer Aided Publishing, Comblishing (Computer Publishing) +--- DTP (Desk Top Publishing) | Office Publishing | Personal Publishing CAP +-Paper--- | DTPp (Desk Top Prepress) | Book | EPP (Electronic Prepress) | CAP | DTP ---- OA only, CTS Compatible | +--- CTSP (Computer Typesetting System Publishing) | CTS ---- Text only, Text + Graphic | CTS ---- for book | ---- for daily newspaper | +-Non-paper---DBP (Disk Book Publishing) Book EP (Electronic Publishing) CAP EBP (Electronic Book Publishing) Digital Publishing Corporated Electronic Publishing In-house Publishing, Optical Publishing CD-ROM Publishing DBP--+---Memory, IC, E-Notepad |---PCMCIA cards +---CD-G, CD-ROM, CD-I, DVD Digizine DD-11ofSony SBP (Screen Book Publishing) Network Screen Book Publishing Database Book Publishing MODEM Book Publishing On-Line Publishing, Internet Publishing Webzine Rocket eBOOK of Nuvo Media PPP (Post PC Publishing) ------

[Fig. 3] Development Stages of Disc ------1] LD ; Laser Disc (Laser Video Disc) 2] CD ; Standard Music Compact Disc 3] CD-DA ; Compact Disc - Digital Audio 4] CD-ROM ; Compact Disc - Read Only Memory 5] CD-I ; Compact Disc - Interactive (Speculation of 1986) 6] CD-ROM/XA ; CD-ROM eXtended Architecture 7] Photo CD ; Photo Compact Disc Multi session bridge disc 8] DVD ; Digital Versatile Video Disc ------1-2. Electronic Publications and Electronic Book Electronic publication means non-paper book output produced by electronic publishing, which is differentiated from computer aided publishing. Non-paper digital disk book such as CD-ROM, CD-G and CD-I are the main electronic publications. The transition from paper book to disk book was enabled by the changes of environment in which the subscription and purchase of disk book or digital disk magazine (Digizine) made of digital data became easier due to the mass distribution of . Digitalization of information created the digital disk book which is a non-paper book and the reason is that the disk book provides much more amount of data than paper book, specific information can be searched among the huge amount of data and variety of media (multi-media) such as sound and image as well as text can be provided. Besides, disk can be stored for a long time, almost semi-permanently unlike paper. The fact that a CD-ROM can store the data of several hundreds of paper books gives great cost saving effect on publishing companies by removing shelves at libraries or book stores, or even transportation fees or charges for storage in distribution. And thus the disk book publication is preferred more and more, calling disk book as the paper of next generation or the electronic paper. In these days with serious environmental problems, there are strong opinions to reduce the use of paper books made of woods.

In case of CD-ROM books among all the disk books in Korea, 'Four Seasons of Sorak' by Segwang Data Tech in 1992 was the first. Although some say 'Bible Library' interpreted by QNix in 1991 as the first, it cannot be regarded as a disk book in the strict sense because it was a single media CD-ROM book carrying only texts and not multi-media (text and sound) data which are the basis of the disk book. Multi-media disk books storing digital data of text, video and audio are published in the form of CD-ROM, CD-I and DVD (Digital Versatile Video Disk).

Although Saman Publishing Co., Arisu Media, E-Point, Hanme Soft, Korea Teachers' Union, Computer Information Education Institute, SE Corp, Segwang Data Tech, Doosan Dong-A Publishing Co., Kyemongsa, Hangilsa, Woongjin Publishing Co. Daegyo, Joongang Daily, Solbit Chosun, LG Software, Geo Info., and etc. publish disk books in Korea, they seem not to get as much profit as their expectations yet.

It was December 1, 1998 when the permission was granted by Ministry of Culture and Tourism to accept disk books as electronic publications in Electronic Publications Authentication Committee. It was six years after the inauguration of Information Moral Committee to restrict the free circulation of unwholesome information by the representatives of 13 related companies and organizations including Korea Information & Communication Promotion Association, Korea Computer Center, Korea PC Communication.

On May 25, 1998, the regular seminar of Korea CAP Research Group, Korea Publishing Culture Association was held with the subject of 'Outlook of Korea's Computer Aided Publishing in 21st Century.' and Korea Electronic Publications Authorization Center opened 6 months later. 13years ago, in 1987, "Easy Basic Language Program" was published by Yeongjin Publishing Co., using the method of DTP (Desk Top Publishing) with IBM PC and laser printer, which was first in Korea. It was the advent of new publishing method, DTP into the publishing business area, where Japanese CTS input/editors from Morisawa, Saken, etc. was main stream. IBM PC and Mackintosh computer, which appeared 5 years later, in 1992, started to push the Japanese computerized photographic typesetting machine off the publishing industry From 1998, when Hangeul Windows 98 was released, DTP using IBM PC and MAC as platform has almost overwhelmed the paper book publishing business. CD-ROM is superior in the area of the multimedia Disk book. The Screen Book, using communication network, was so popularized that Information Morality Committee was organized in 1992. After 1995, when windows95 appeared, the screen book has become more popularized through the Internet. In Korea, the review of authentication of electronic published materials is limited to disk book and the authentification of the screen book was not possible until July 2000. While reading the screen book through PC was made possible after PC communication companies like Hitel, Chollian were established, reading through exclusive terminal was possible only after Rocket ebook appeared in USA in 1998. Regarding the screen book, Jeong, Yeong-Tae of Donga-ilbo, introduced as follows under the title of 'ebook, first appeared in US book stores...content of 200 paper books in a pocket-sized digital book' on February 3, 1999. "At bookstore Barns and Noble in front of the NYU, Manhattan, NY, USA., new sales corner appeared during the Christmas of 1998. New kind of books were displayed with the copy of 'Read Shakespeare by bit, not by atom.' It is electronic book, usually called as the nick name of ebook. Ebook is a book-shaped electronic device, portable like the personal digital assistant (PDA). The size is as big as a pocket sized book displayed in bookstores and it weighs about 1 kg or so, however, a maximum of 50,000 pages can be stored in one ebook. It's almost 200 books if converted to normal paper books. You can turn pages pushing a small button beside the display panel. You also can refer to the Index and data, leave memos or draw lines by simple operation. Built-in dictionary helps you when you encounter a word you don't know. Any content can be loaded and read, from economic book published by Harvard business school to the detective story of a best seller author." The input of new books can be done by either of the two methods, telephone or computer. You can connect ebook with company through the telephone line and download a new book by pushing a button. Or you can connect computer and ebook to input new content into ebook after you download a book through the Internet. Because the electronic book includes network screen book as well as the diskbooklikethe CD-ROM, ebook should be added in the list of review for electronic publications authentification for the exemption of value added tax (VAT) by the Korean government.

[Fig. 4]. CDs classified by contents ------1. Audio CD = Music CD 2. Digital Audio CD Book 3. CD Book = refer to Disc book. CD book is sometimes called as CD Title. 4. CD Title = S/W such as games. Includes CD books in a broad sense ------1-3. Types of electronic publishing Korea Computer Aided Publishing Society authenticated the following 6 items as electronic publications and exempted from VAT since 1995. Beginning in 1998, Korea Electronic Publications Authentification center attached to Korea Electronic Publishing Association is in charge of this process. 1-3-1 Disk books made from previously published paper books, to which sounds or images are added. Disk dictionary, disk book, disk textbook, disk comics, disk newspaper, and disk magazine, etc. CD-ROM book : fairy tale "Princess Eomji" (Hangyeore Info & Commu.) CD-ROM comics : adult comics󰡐󰡑 Office lady story (CIDI) CD-ROM dictionary : Big Hangeul Dictionary 96 (Hangeul & Computer Co.) CD-ROM magazine : Japanese Janaru (Darakwon Co.) CD audio poems : Yonghyewon,󰡐󰡑 512 poems (Inkel CD audio book) CD-ROM music book : Merry Karaoke (Segwang Data Tech) CD-ROMnovel:Demagogue(E-Point) 1-3-2 In case of CD-ROM, which includes characters, sounds and images, can be made to paper books when its character data are processed. CD-ROM : Play with Hangeul (Segwang Data Tech) CD-ROM : Little Fire Engine (LG software) CD-ROM : Montessouri series (Hantech Info. & Commu)) CD-ROM magazine : monthly󰡐󰡑 Cyber times (CIDI) 1-3-3. Vast amount of data like dictionary, statistical yearbook recorded in CD-ROM and etc. mixed with characters, sounds and images CD-ROM : Korea List of Books '95 (Seoul Systems Corp.) CD-ROM dictionary : PC-Dic 4.0 (Jung soft) CD-ROM encyclopedia : Hanme digital encyclopedia (Hanme soft) 1-3-4. Teaching materials for language, educational materials : In case educational effect becomes bigger when they are made into CD-ROM. CD-ROM : Oh, Seong-Sik Everyday English (Dusan Donga) CD-ROM : Seventh Grade Korean (LG Software) CD-ROM : Third Grade (2nd Semester) Nature & Experiment (Saman Publishing) CD-ROM : Very Easy PC (Segwang Data Tech) CD-ROM : Computer helper of Windows98󰡐󰡑 PureunCom 2000 (Korea Teachers' Union) 1-3-5. Material is counted as electronic publications when game method is adapted for educational purpose or for the development of content. CD-ROM : Areumi, the Hangeul Detective (I.O.K) CD-ROM : Hangeul Adventure of Chorong-i (K.B.C. Jeongbo System) CD-ROM : Saengsado (Jen Com) 1-3-6. In case part of a movie is used or words and other contents of a whole movie are processed for educational purpose. Video CD :󰡐󰡑 When Harry met Sally (Korea Selectware Co.) 1-3-7. Following cases are excluded from electronic publications which are exempted from VAT. 1-3-7-1. If the content is entire game software (disk title or CD title), it is not counted as electronic publications even if it has the shape of disk book like CD-ROM. CD-ROM Game title : Real fighter (Nesco Corp.) CD-ROM Game title : A Tale of a woodcutter (Mirinae Corp.) 1-3-7-2. In case no character information is included or search function is not supported, even though a media has the shape of disc book like CD-ROM. Music CD : Vivaldi the Four Seasons' (SKC Corp.) Music CD : Mendelssohn Greatest Hits' (SKC Corp.) 1-3-7-3. If a movie, which was made into video already, is recorded in video CD or DVD ROM as the original form, it is not counted as electronic publications.

2. Development of Computer Aided Publishing

2-1. Development of Computer Aided Publishing of paper books. 12)

The development of Computer Aided Publishing will be examined, which can be divided into two categories as publishing of paper book and of non-paper book. In the area of paper book publishing, desktop publishing DTP and electronic typesetting system CTS are getting closer to each other.

DTP is coming up to DTPp (DeskTop Prepress) and CTS is also coming down to DTPp from CEPS (Color Electronic Prepress System). And both are developing from DTPp to CTP (Computer To Plate) system. [Fig. 5] Development of DTP and CTS ------PC(Pentium, Power MAC) DTP --->------↓ 󰠆󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠈 󰠐󰠐DTPp 󰠌󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠎 ↑------<---- CEPS = CTS Workstation ------

[Fig. 6] Development of DTPp ------PC(Pentium, Power MAC) Class Computer DTP --->------↓ 󰠆󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠈 󰠆󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠈 󰠐󰠐DTPp ======> CTP 󰠐 󰠌󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠎 󰠌󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠎 CTS = CEPS -->--↑ Workstation Class Computer ------Publishing industry becomes tense whenever new technology appears in the area of prepress, which is prior process of type plate setting. Publishing system and prepress system are unified, as the digitalization of publishing is accelerated. Work of publishing, typesetting and pressing start to overlap. Typesetting process of text manuscript using lead types, which was on the side of typesetting, gave way to photographic typesetting machine, input machine or electric typesetter. For the pressing of graphic or photo manuscript, pressing operation using camera became rampant instead of using copper plate or convex plate due to offset pressing. Word processor programs used in personal computers are pushing photographic typesetting machine or computerized typesetting machine off the text typing process area. The process of photo printing on printing paper or the process of attaching slide film on negative plate after color separation are replaced by the operation with graphic processor program like Photoshop or with page lay-out software for DTP like Munbangsau, Page maker or Quark Express. Editing process of DTP took typesetting and Editing process of DTPp took manuscript photographing from the typesetting factory. Desktop Prepress is the process which manuscript photographing and placing among printing operations like manuscript photographing, plate burning, placing and printing are moving to publishing. CTP is the process which placing and plate burning are moving to publishing. It does not mean manuscript photographing, placing and plate burning are operated in publishing company. Manuscript data edited by personal computer can be connected directly to film printer and printed out as films for placing instead of being laser printed and photographed by typesetting camera. The color plate is possible using Munbangsau or Pagemaker programs for IBM computers and Quark Express or Pagemaker programs for Mac, which make it possible to print out four films of black, red, blue and yellow through personal computers. 2-2. Development of Non-paper book publishing The non-paper book is often called as the digital book. It is correct in most cases, but not in some cases. Exactly speaking, electronic book refers to a book which used electrons as media, such as electronic diary or electronic pocket dictionary. It means that it can be only called as electronic book in case it used memory as output media. CD-ROM book, which is called electronic book in most cases, should rather be called as the light book or the optical book because CD-ROM is optical disc using light as the output device. Contents written on a zip-drive, a hard disc or a jazz disc should be called as magnetic book rather than electronic book. Media using magnetism is not an electronic book in the strict sense of the word. So, books written on non-paper media, such as CD-ROM, hard disc or memory shouldbecalledasdisc books. It is not appropriate to call it books what is uploaded on domestic communication networks or the Internet as electronic books. The term of screen book is used separately for books on the communication networks. It would be correct to call disc book or screen book as non-paper book and electronic book would be incorrect expression. Ebook which is terminal of screen book is often called as electronic book, but it is not correct, either. Kim, Su-Myeong of Hangyeore21 defines electronic book as 'electronic device in the shape of book󰡑 . Professor Im, Jung-Yeon of Donguk university considers exclusive terminal as ebook. But in general, non-specialists think that publishing through Internet or PC communication is ebook in a broad sense. Go, Myeong-Seob of Hangyeore daily defines electronic book as󰡐 book the content of which can be downloaded through personal computer or exclusive terminal.󰡑 One thing should be clarified at this point. Computer Aided Publishing and electronic publications is different as process and result of Computer Aided publishing. In the same way, it is difficult to consider both exclusive terminal and publishing through communication as ebook. Definition of terms is very important proposition in the circle of Computer Aided Publishing, though it may not be important to non-specialists. If Xerox is not copying machine, but the name of copying machine company, ebook cannot be network screen book using communication network, but a trademark of Nuvo-Media or Open E-book. It would be convincing if ebook is representative of screen books as Xerox is of copying machines. So, it would be possible to translate ebook as electronic book in this kind of sense. But, it's not correct to take ebook as general term of digital book, not a terminal reading screen book.

3. The Future of Computer Aided Publishing

3-1. Computer Aided Publishing of paper books

From middle of 1970s, computer has been used to typesetting in publishing business of Korea and Japan. Word processor for inputting text manuscript and electric editing program for page layout were used on personal computer from the middle of 1980s. From around 1987, page layout program for table publishing started to be on the market in a full scale. The future of Computer Aided Publishing of paper book, which started from the use of word processor, will develop from DTP and CTS to CTP. CTP will also develop to Computer To Print and Computer To Press via ComputerToPlate.

[Fig. 7] publishing, type plating and press. ------Publishing Type plating Printing (Edit) (Prepress) (Press)

DTP ------>------↓ 󰠆󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠈 󰠆󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠈 󰠐󰠐DTPp ======> CTP (1st CTP 󰠐 = Plate) 󰠌󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠎 󰠌󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠎 CTS = CEPS ------>--↑ ↓ ↓ Digital Press (2nd CTP = Digital To Press)

Digital Print (3rd CTP = Print)

------RIP (Raster Image Processor), which is the device for transforming post script code of DTP system into recorder format, can be classified as software RIP and hardware RIP. Before the day post script was developed, each maker developed its own hardware RIP suitable for their respective page description language (PDL), though RIP refers to post script RIP recently. Some say that computer aided publishing was first developed in 1985, but this is American point of view of DTP. Publishing using Computer had already been practically used in early 1970s. Gakken Publishing Co, Godansha, Haybonsha were using the computerized photographic typesetting system CTS already at work site from 1970s to edit dictionary using workstation level computers. In CTS of the early 1970s, input device could not input directly into the diskette, but had to punch paper tapes, read those tapes with tape reader and then input those data into the diskette. 1985 is not the year computer was first used for publishing, but the year page description language (PDL) post script was developed, which could be adapted to personal computer. Thus DTP started to be used practically. In fact, CTS systems that process colored materials using high grade type plating facilities in large print shops started to change to CMS (Color Management System) in 1992. CMS has finally met DTPp in the DTP side. DTPp mentioned here means color DTP and prepress. Mini computer and micro computer have been developed in early 1970s, 8-bit personal computer was developed as the world first in the USA in 1976, and in Korea 8bit personal computer has been distributed in 1982. It has been only 30 years since the beginning of CTS and only 10 years since the beginning of DTP. That suggests us that the future of Computer Aided Publishing is hard to predict due to the rapid progress of computer technology. We can only presume that development will be from CTS to DTPp and from DTP to CTP, which may be the only thing certain. Computer Aided Publishing will develop from the 1st step, Computer To Plate to the 2nd step, Computer To Press (Digital To Press) and to the 3rd step, Computer To Print. In the days of Computer To Print, all the steps from manuscript to paper output will be digitalized and digital print will become realized. When high speed digital print is realized, custom-made publications may be possible and that will make Print On Demand (or On Demand Print) possible. Print On Demand makes POD (Publishing On Demand) possible, too. Both Print On Demand and Publishing On Demand have the same initial of POD.

[Fig. 8] Development of publishing and Computer. ------Computer (USA) Year Publishing(Korea) ENIAC 1946 Age of Type press Mini compute (PDP, Micro VAX) 1964 text manuscript = lead font typesetting picture/ photo manuscript = copper plate 1970 age of offset print text manuscript = photo typesetting, picture/ photo manuscript = half tone photographing(film) micro computer 1971 Japan CTS, Gakgen (JEM3850) published 'Grand development of UNIX (Bell lab.) modern encyclopedia(21volumes)' Tokyo, 5th Asian publishing technology training course 8bit personal computer(Altair) 1975 Apple II, TRS-80 PC 1977 1979 Jeongju Mach. develop 'manual photographic typesetter' Korea compugraphy develop computerized photographic typesetting system, HK-7910 1980 appearance of color scanner in 1960 electronized color photo image = CEPS Full scale CEPS begins after development of layout scanner system. IBM PC (16bit) developed 1981 Sambo computer develop 8bit PC Adobe established in USA 1982 Cheonggaecheon produces Apple II+compatible 8 bit WP (Hangeul III) Jangwangsa Null modem communication using RS 232C Donga publishing Co. introduce Saken system (SABEBE) IBM PC-XT (10MB hard disc) 1983 8 bit PC : Sambo(TG20), Goldstar(FC-100), Samsung(SPC-1000) 16 bit PC : Japanese IBM-5550 PC Morisawa develop 'Hangeul Linotron 202W' Sambo computer develop Hangeul printer IBM PC-AT, Mc developed 1984 80386 processor announced 1985 WP for 16 bit (Bosukgul) DTP begins in USA Import 189 CTS inputters (S/W : Pagemaker)󰡐󰡑󰡐󰡑󰡐󰡑 Morisawa 102 Motoya40 Sabebe 47 Sambo develop IBM PC compatible 1986 584 of photographic typesetting companies in Korea STI produce 'CAP Pro 86󰡑 inputter Personal computer+S/W= computerized photographic input machine Windows OS ver.2.0 released 1987 Hangeul expression enabled in 300DPI laser printer Yeongjin Publishing Co., publish󰡐 Easy Basic Language Program󰡑 using DTP, first in Korea Ratio of computerized photographic typesetting system in 1987 (Korea 30% Japan 70% USA 95%) Hangeul code completion type standard (KSC-5601-87) 1988 Yeongjin Publishing Co., publish 'Computer Aided Publishing' CAPSO established 80486 processor released 1989 WP Hangeul ver.1.0 for IBM XT Windows OS ver.3.0 released 1990 400DPI laser printer (Hangeul postscript) H/W exclusively for word processor (GemWord, RemoIII, Wordpia) 1991 Heidelberg release GTO-DI(Digital Imaging)=CTP begins 1992 CMS(Color Management System) Korean code combination type standard(KSC-5601-92) Inauguration of KEPA Pentium Processor released 1993 1994 DTP S/W Munbangsau for IBM 486 ver.3.0=supports color separation English Windows95 released 1995 Department of Computer Aided Publishing in Kaywon School of Art and Design opened Jangwangsa, publish ‘Computer Aided Publishing-II' Set Korean Code standard(KSC-5700) 1996 Department of electronic publishing in Gimpo college opened WP Hangeul Pro96 for IBM Pentium released 1997 Department of electronic publishing in Hyejeon college opened CTP draw attention at IMPRINTA 97 in Düsseldorf Germany English Windows98 released 1998 IBM DTP S/W Design Perfect released Nuvo-Media release Rocket eBOOK 2000 Echyon, develop Korean eBOOK terminal ------

3-2. The Future of Non-paper Computer Aided Publishing

Compared to paper book which is of single media mainly with text, the disk book like CD-ROM or screen book are of multi-media. Our future adults who will have listened to the sounds of multi-media devices even before their birth might find it difficult to get close to non-multi media books. In the future, publication of disk books or screen books which uses multi-media will be the main stream replacing paper books.

Especially, screen books using communication network will develop even more due to spread of internet, intranet and ebook, which is the screen book terminal. Digizine(Digital Magazine) and Webzine(World Wide Web magazine) has a very bright future if you judge from the developing trend of digizine, which is a disk book magazine and webzine, which is a screen magazine published on the internet at the moment. However, CD-ROM books that is dominant disk book at the moment will be replaced by DVD books after the mass distribution of DVD players. Ebook is a screen terminal to read screen books. But generally screen book is confused with an ebook. When Rocket eBook was released in October, 1998 by Nuvo-Media and "Riding the Bullet" by Steven King was published as a screen book on March 14, 2000, it became the talk of the town in world wide publishing business as well as the U.S.A.'s. Ebook refers to the exclusive terminal to read network screen book. The reasons of the failure of exclusive terminals like "Rocket eBOOK" of Nuvo-Media and "Soft Book" of SoftbookpressfromtheUSA in 1998 might have been its heavy weight and high price. As of July 2000, it seems to require one or two more years for cheaper and lighter portable exclusive terminals. For the success of screen books, the terminal that can provide same effect as reading a paper book should be developed. Datadiskman from Sony is a disk book reading terminal and a disk inserted in datadiskman is a book. In the same way, eBOOK (Rocket eBOOK) from Nuvo-Media is a screen book reading terminal that downloads the contents of screen book from internet. Ebook of OEB(Open Ebook) in the field of computerization means the screen book. Therefore, non specialists can be easily confused by thinking Ebook and Rocket eBook is the same thing. In this case interpreting Open Ebook as opened electronic book is incorrect.

[Fig. 9] disk book and screen book ------Disk Book Memory, IC, Electronic Notebook, PCMCIA cards CD-G, CD-ROM, CD-I, DVD Digizine (Electronic Magazine) Sony's DD-11 Network Screen Book Database Book, MODEM Book On-Line Book, Internet Book Webzine (Internet Magazine) Nuvo-Media Rocket eBOOK, 'Soft Book' of Soft book press PPP(Post PC Publishing) ------

Korean ebook terminal under development, scheduled to be on the market in 2000 by Echyon, is a bit smaller than half the size of A4 papers and its thickness is about 3cm. The first released model can download contents of electronic books through the methods of connecting mobile phone and personal computer even though it does not support internet connectivity. The price will be set around ￦200,000.

The success of early stage ebook market may depend on 'how interesting contents one can provide to readers'. But most of the publishing companies are cautious about being aggressive in terms of amount. Especially in case of best sellers, making decisions about publishing ebook is even more difficult because of the concern that selling ebooks lower than the price of paper books might give detrimental effect to paper book revenue.

4. Digital Font

Font is classified into block types, photographic types and digital font by the material. Letter type is called metal font. Precisely speaking, there are ceramic types, wood types and mud types other than metal types in it. Of course, these days typesetting analogue font,nomatterifitis metal font or ceramic types, is rarely used. Photographic types are not made of metal but types for photographic typesetting machines made of film(Nega). Digital font means the font of typesetter using computers. After the emergence of computerized photographic typesetting machines, computer fonts for monitor, screen, printer or word processor are called digital fonts.

The beginning of photographic typeset was in 1890 by using the Cold Typesetting Methods in Europe. In 1896, Porz Solt of Hungary remodeled the English typewriter so that one key stroke can take one letter of photograph. In 1898, F. N. Richard devised the basic model of photographic typesetting machine by using a transparent letter plate. R. J. Smorthers set on the research on remodelling Linotype and Intertype in 1925 and a usable and practical English typesetting machine was developed in 1936.

In Japan, Ishii and Morisawa invented the photographic typesetting machine (research period: 1921-1925). In 1960s, the Computerized Typesetting System was available and several publishers were using it for encyclopedias and reference materials.

Jang, Bong-Sun (president of Jang Typewriter Co.) was developing Plate photographic typesetting machine with Kawabada (Japanese), which was discontinued by the Korean War, 1950. However, he made five CH-B versatile photographic typesetting machines in Oct., 1971.

In Korea, three of the Japanese made MC2 photographic typesetting machine were first introduced and opened an era of Hangeul photographic typesetting machines. In 1960s, Japanese made Morisawa and Saken manual photographic typesetting machines were in use. In 1790s, Japanese made Ryobi manual photographic typesetting machine joined the Korean Hangeul photographic typesetting machine market, stimulating the domestic development of manual photographic typesetting machines to produce the first Korean made the typesetter of manual photographic typesetting machine.

[Fig. 10] History of Letter Types 24) ------3500 B.C. : In Egypt, hieroglyph papyrus books were made 2333 B.C. : Go-Chosun established 238 B.C. : Roman letters were used in Europe 751 : The Dharani Sutra was printed and sealed inside Seokga pagoda in Bulguk temple 1041-1048 : Bi Sheng of Northern Song first made clay movable-type blocks 1047 : Origin of Metal types (prof. Yoon, Byeong-Tae, Dohyeopweolbo, Aug., 1973) 1102 : Origin of Metal types 1168-1241 : Lee, Gyubo wrote Gogeum Sangjeong-yemun in Dongguk-Isang-guk-jip 1234 : Metal type printing of Sangjeong-yemun (28 copies) 1236-1251 : Goryeo Tripitaka 1377 : Movable metal type printing work at Heungdeok temple in Cheongju. Printed Buljo-jikji-shimche-yojeol, Jabi-doryang-chambeob- jibhoe, etc. 1403 : Casting of Gyemi font (bronze types, 100,000 units) 1420 : Casting of Gyeongja font (bronze types, 200,000 units). Printed Jachitonggam, etc 1446 : In October, woodblock printing of Hunminjeong-eum 1447 : Hangeul bronze types were cast to print Seokbosangjeol and Weolin-cheongangji-gok 1447 : Gutenberg of Germany devised movable metal types and printed first edition of Latin Grammar book 1455 : Gutenberg printed the 42-line Bible 1592-1597 : Imjin-waeran, the Japanese Invasion 1684 : 1st Casting of Jeongi Gyoseogwan-inseoche types (steel) 1688 : Gia, Scholar Yulgok's Anthology (clay) 1693 : Printed Mencius-eonhae with Wonjong types 1729 : Lee, Jaehang created Ceramic types and printed a book with them 1732 : Gyeongseo-jeongeumja 1772 : Casting of Imin font (bronze types, 150,000 units) 1777 : Casting of Jeong-yu font (6th casting of Gab-in font) 1792 : Created Saengsaeng font inspired by Ganghoejajeon from Qing DynastyofChina 1795 : Casting of Jeongri font inspired by Saengsaeng font 1819 : Printed books with Gyoni font (clay) 1858 : Gaeju-jeongri font types (30,000 units) 1883 : Hanseongsunbo printed with New lead types by Bakmunguk 1886 : Nongjeongseobyo by Jeong, Byeong-Ha. First book printed with the new letter types 1887 : Published Jesus Syeong-gyojeonseo with first Korean lead typeset 1979 : Kim Jeong-Hong developed Korean made manual photographic typesetting machine 1987 : First DTP publishing (Digital Font) "Easy BASIC Language Program" by Yeongjin Publishing Co. ------4-1. History of Digital Font

Unlike the analogue photographic typesets, Digital Font utilizes digital data which consist of 0 and 1. At first, Digital Font was called the computerized photographic typeset. 1970s' models used a two step entry method. A key stroke punched the paper tape which was read by the paper tape reader and saved in the disk. In this period, they were called CTS (Computerized Typesetting System). Direct disk input typesetting system has been developed in 1980s. Word processors on personal computers have been developed and became popular in this period. In Korea, Hangeul III word processor, Jung-ang Hangeul word processor, etc., have been used on 8-bit Apple II+ computers in early 1980s.

In mid-1980s, word processors like T-Maker, T-Master, Jangwon, Geulbeot, Myeongpil, Word Star, Word Perfect, PFS-Write, Symphony, Framework, Televideo Word, etc., have been used on 16-bit IBM compatibles. All these brands had competed in the word processor market until the advent of the 1.0 version of (Arae-A)Hangeul word processor for IBM XT computers.

In 1985, when English DTP started in America, the number of the CTS input machine imported to Korea was 102 of Morijawa, 47 of Saken, and 40 of Motoya (189 in total). In personal computers, Boseokgeul word processor which was Hangeulized by Sambo Computer Co.. Photographic typesets were replacing lead types in 1986 and the number of photographic typesetting companieswasasmanyas584.

In 1979, when Kim, Jeong-Hong of Jeongju Machinery Co., developed the manual photographic typesetting machine, Hanguk Compugraphy has developed a computerized photographic typesetting machine (HK-7910). However, the domestic market still preferred Japanese models until in 1986, STI released the CAP Pro 86 input machine and the CAP Pro 88 personal photographic typeset input machine.

4-2 Digital Font and Hangeul Code

In information society, the realization of Hangeul on computer is a basic need, yet the some of the modern Hangeul syllables let alone the old Hangeul are poorly represented. Hangeul characters are in short supply, in word processing and in writing novels. Net communications like the web, Hitel, or Chollian do not carry accurate Hangeul. Computer for education of high school students do not deliver correct Hangeul. In personal computers, starting with the Hangeul Window 98 O/S program, 11,172 Hangeul syllables were all used, though not systematically.

English and Hangeul have different characteristics. Even the concept of one letter. An English character or word does not mean it is one syllable. First, there is a word. Then, there are syllables inside the word. So, English should be different from Hangeul characters each of which has syllable onset, nucleus, and optionally, coda. So, Hangeul has a two-tier representation because of the lower positioning of its codas, while English has a single-tier representation and thus they have different input, process, and output methods.

Hangeul has 24 consonants and vowels. The number of correct modern Hangeul syllables is 11,172 and among them, 399 syllables are without coda. The number of English syllables are incalculable because the syllables are instantly built by the combination of consonants and vowels.

In Huminjeongeum, the number of consonants and vowels are generally known to be 28, in fact, imported or foreign sound transcription alphabets were excluded in that number. The total number of old Hangeul alphabet is 65 onsets. 36 nucleus, and 60 codas which make up about 80,000 syllables. among which 2,500 are frequently found and a total of 7,000 syllables are sufficient in most printing work.

English and Hangeul have many differences. The baselines are different. Two-tier vs one-tier structures are different. The sizes of consonants and vowels in a syllable are different. The width of I, M and N are all different in Alphabet. In computer, Hangeul code and English code have different structures, and different input and output systems. Hangeul code have different input, process, and output codes while English has a unified code system. The length requires is only one in English code but two or three bytes in Hangeul code.

4-2-1. The Change of KS Hangeul Code

The KS Hangeul code was designated as a 2-byte completion code by KSC-5601-87 scale in 1987 which had 2350 Hangeul syllables (assign each code to the syllable). In 1992, by KSC-5601-92 scale, a 2-byte combination code was added which could represent all 11,172 modern Hangeul syllables (assign each code to each onset, nucleus, and coda). In 1995, a KSC-5700 scale code (uses both completion and combination modes) was released which follows the international character and symbol system (Uni-code).

The full name of the Uni-code is ISO.IEC 10646-I which was made compatible among the world languages by unifying the data value as 2-byte. Hangeul and Chinese characters were using the 2-byte system but English was using 1-byte system and to change into the Uni-code system, the memory took up twice as much. 10646 -I plane can accomodate up to 65,536 characters among which 47,268 characters and symbols have code values.

4-3. Hangeul Input Code

The input part is to change Hangeul as you see it into the digital form so that the computer can read it. The most frequently used input system is from the keyboard which generate the input code corresponding to the alphabet on it and show the letters on the monitor or save to the disk. Other methods include scanning Hangeul and decode it into characters or machine translating of English into Hangeul.

The difference between the computer keyboard entry and the typewriter is that the former memorizes the code value of the letters and then print them out. The manual computerized photographic typesetting machine selects each syllable and therefore uses completion keyboard method. The tablet method chooses the board which have the necessary letters and then type them.

Meanwhile, the current computer keyboard entry method is called combination keyboard method. [Fig. 11] Types of Hangeul Keyboard ------Completion Keyboard Method (Tablet Method) Combination Keyboard Method ---- Onset / Nucleus / Coda (3-Beol Mode) ---- Consonant / Vowel (2-Beol Mode) ------

4-4. Hangeul Process Code

The computer keyboard input of Hangeul almost always utilizes the combination method. In 2-beol mode, the consonant is used both as the onset and the coda, and the vowel is used as the nucleus. In 3-beol mode there are separate consonant sets for the onset and coda positions. The combination method generates the process code according to the combination of the alphabet. while the completion method gets the syllable first, and then it is converted to the process code.

Unfortunately, for educational purpose, the completion method computers which have a 2,350 syllable limitation are still distributed in the year 2000 with the claim that they fit the KS specification. 34)

4-5. Hangeul Output Code

To show the input code to the human eye, there should be some kind of display systems or printers. The rectangular frame contains the onset, nucleus and coda part of each syllable of Hangeul. However, it is not easy to fill the characters in the rectangular frames in equal proportion because of the coda existence variation. In Hangeul output code, there are two kindsofcodes;oneisthe font code which draws characters on the monitor or printer, the other is the communication code which is for the exchange of information.

[Fig. 12] Hangeul Output Codes ------Hangeul Output Code -1) Font Code (Printing/Publishing Code) 2) Information Exchanging Code (Communication Code)

1) Font Code --- Completion Output Code Combination Output Code Mixed Output Code

2) Information Exchanging Code --- Completion Code Method (2,350 / 11,172) Combination Code ------

Hangeul Word Processor by Hangeul & Computer Co. and Munbangsau (desktop publishing program) by Human Computer Co. actually draws Hangeul font within the programs, thus Hangeul is not realized in the . The followings are the list of cards or programs which offer the screen font; Hangeul Doggaebi-4. Hangeul Madang-CEX, Omni Magic Card, Hanme Hangeul 2.0, Geumgangsan-24, Dolgorae, Seonbi Hangeul, BETA MEGA Hangeul, Thunder-2, Nurigeul VGA, Hangeul VGA Wonder, MIKC6-F2, PRO-Hangeul/Chinese Character Card, Hangeulbaram Card, Blackbox, Sambo KSSM Card, Daewoo Pro Card, Jin Hangeul III (AutoCAD), DooliCAD Hangeul (AutoCAD), Taebaek Hangeul, Televideo Word Processor Program, Hangeul Word Processor Program, Auto Page Program, Munbangsau Desktop Publishing Program.

4-5-1. Voice Output It is possible to install a sound card into a computer and produce voice from Hangeul. There are also two methods to do this: completion and combination methods

[Fig. 13] Sound Card ------Oksori Card (Samho Electronics) Oksori Multi (Hansol) Super Sound Sound Master (Seongil Info. & Comm.) Adlib Metalica Sound Sound Blaster Garasadae (Digicom) Graphic Sound (I-in) Giga Sampler Soundtrack (Huntech) Gwang Digital PCI 256 POLY (Seongho Info. & Comm) ------4-5-2. Communication Code The Hangeul code for information exchange is also called the communication code. A computer was brought to Sydney in which CKP combination Hangeul and SREVOLT communication emulator developed by Jeon, Young-Uk and Muk, Hyeon-Sang, respectively, have been installed. The combination code communication was, against the opponent completion code advocates, successfully done with a personal computer of researcher Yoo, Kyeong-Hee via the international phone line and 3B20 computer of Korea DACOM.

Hangeul used in laptop and personal computers used 2-byte Hangeul code and the 3B20 computers used N-byte Hangeul code for Unix. By the mid-1980, publishing companies who needed all the 11,172 characters and called for many co-writers of textbooks and magazines began to use the combination Hangeul computer communication in their business work.

[Fig. 14] Publishing and Printing Companies' Use of Hangeul Computer Communication in 1980s ------Jang-Wang-Sa. (Lee, Dae-Eui) since 1982 Monthly Design (Lee, Young-Hye) since 1986 Ahn graphics (Ahn, Sang-Soo) since 1987 Sammin Co. (Han, Seung-Heon) 1984-1989 Yeongjin Publishing Co. (Lee, Mun-Chil) since 1987 STI (Kim, Myeong-Euy) since 1988 ------4-6. Hangeul in Operating System

To represent Hangeul perfectly on computer, Hangeul need to be represented in the O/S, rather than in software. Hangeul compatible O/S programs are Hangeul MS-DOS program, Hangeul Windows program, Hangeul Unix Program, Hangeul System 7 program, K-DOS program, but none of which can represent Hangeul perfectly. Notably, Sambo Computer has developed mixed type (combination and completion) Hangeul input program starting with MS-DOS version 6.0. In 1998, Hangeul Windows 98 programs, luckily, supports all 11,172 modern Hangeul characters but still omitting the old Hangeul characters.

[Fig. 15] Principles of Representing Hangeul Digital Font in Computers ------1. All Hangeul characters should be represented 2. Characteristics of Hangeul should be represented 3. Hangeul characters used outside of South Korea should also be represented to prepare for the unification ------5. Font Typeface and Code

5-1. Digital Hangeul Font

In order to represent Hangeul font digitally, there are three method: Bitmap (Dot-Matrix) method, Outline method, and Vector method. Bitmap method is mostly used in the monitor below 300 DPI or in printers below 72 LPI. Outline method which starts with the rectangular outlines, has the same principles as Vector method in which the lines can curve by assigning the moving amount. The Posts Script font adopts Vector method and represent graphic elements as well.

There is a software for designing the Hangeul font: Font Mania by Human Computer. For English font designing, Fontographer (Altsys) and Icarus (URW) are available; these two can be used in Hangeul font designing but not immaculate because they are originally intended for English only. 5-1-1. Post Script Font and True Type Font Developed by Adobe Co. (USA) in early 1980s, the Post Script is called Page Description Language. Since it reproduce the whole elements in a page, and of course including the characters through the Post Script font method which has separate fonts for screens and printers (not simple vector method).

Ten years later, in 1991, Apple Computers developed True Type font which adopts the outline method so that no additional font is necessary for printing, which can cut down the cost significantly. No stair phenomena as in Bitmap method and WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) is made possible. Windows 98 and Windows NT have employed the True Type font which won more fame than the Post Script did. However the True Type font is not suitable for high-pixel printing: it is mainly intended for printers with 600 DPI or lower. Saving as EPS form and printing out would be an unsatisfactory solution, however, due to the substantial increase in memory and printing time, which is why people still prefer the Post Script font when printing in high pixel mode.

[Fig. 16] Use of Digital Font

5-1-2. Bitmap Font English can be represented with 8 X 8 while Hangeul needs at least 16 X 16 and to be practical, over 24 bit.

[Fig. 17] 'Seong' represented by 16 X 16 bit ------12345678910111213141516 0123456701234567 ------+------+------+------01 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 1 2 0▒▒ 0 00000100 00010000 2 3 0 ▒ ▒ 0 00000100 00010000 3 4 0 ▒▒ 0 00001000 00010000 4 5 0▒▒ ▒ 0 00001100 00010000 5 6 0▒ ▒ ▒▒▒▒ 0 00010100 11110000 6 7 0 ▒ ▒▒ 0 00100100 00010000 7 8 0 ▒▒▒ 0 01000010 00010000 0 9 0▒ 0 00000000 00010000 1 10 0▒ 0 00000000 00010000 2 11 0▒▒ 0 00000000 11000000 3 12 0▒▒ 0 00000001 00100000 4 13 0▒▒ 0 00000010 00010000 5 14 0▒▒ 0 00000001 00100000 6 15 0▒▒ 0 00000000 11000000 716 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 ------+------+------+------12345678910111213141516 ------

You can see the character 'Seong' (draw lines of along '1's) on the right side which consists of 0 and 1. Hangeul consists of the onset / nucleus / and coda alphabet. Therefore, the combination of the alphabet drawn by the position of the alphabet can form a character.

5-2. Hangeul Font Types

There are two kinds of Hangeul font types. One type fits inside rectangular outline, like Bonmunche (Batangche, Myeongjoche), Nemoche (Dodumche, Gothic), Jemokche, Design-che (Graphic), Seoyeche, Foreign (imported) word pyogiche, Sseugiche (Script), Puleosseugiche. The other type font is Talnemoteulche (Ppallaejulche). Batangche is best for reading while Bonmunche is also called Butche. 43)

Some of the publishers claim that Myeongjoche should be called Batangche and Kim, Seong-Jae says Botongche or Pyojunche is the rightful name of it.

Chinese character fonts are Myeongjoche (Hanja Bonmunche), Gothic, Cheongjoche, Yeseoche, Haeseoche, Songjoche, Haengseoche, Textbook type, Seonpyeongche, etc. English fonts are Roman, Venetian, Old Style, Traditional Type, Modern, Sans Serif, Egyptian, Script, Black Letter or Text, Twentieth Century Type, Contemporary Type, News Type, Display Type, etc. Gothic, which has a almost equal thickness in lines, is called San Serif in England, Grotesk in Germany. There are thousands of English fonts which makes their classification difficult, but some of the standards are the weight, compression, or styles of lines, and the existence of serif.

[Fig. 18] Hangeul Font Types ------Bonmunche (Batangche, Butche, Myeongjoche) Jemokche (Headline) Seoyeche Sseugiche (Script) Puleosseugiche Nemoche (Dodumche, Hunminjeongeumche, Gothic) Design-che (Graphic) Foreign (imported) word pyogiche Talnemoteulche (Ppallaejulche) Etc. ------5-3. Original Design (Basic Drawing) of Font Types

In 1880s, Choi, Ji-Hyeok, Seo, Sang-Ryun, and Baek, Hong-Jun were famous Hangeul type font designers. At that time, Yukpilche formed the basis and it was similar to Cheongjoche or Taemyeongjoche. In actual typesetting, Myeongjoche Chinese characters were combined with Hangeul fonts similar to Yukpilche, even the sizes did not fit in and legibility were not as good as today's fonts. Fonts for publishing should have an excellent legibility, be beautiful, and make an harmony with other characters. After 1990, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism released Hangeul-bonmunche (Munhwabatangche) which can compete with Roman in alphabet, or Myeongjoche in Hangeul.

In 1932, Myeongjoche Hangeul font was temporarily disappeared by the Japanese' Korean abolition policy, but was revived after the 1945 independence from Japan as it got Benton alphabetized by Jang, Bong-Seon and reappeared as the Hangeul plate type font. Then, Choi, Jeong-Ho and Choi, Jeong-Sun further shaped Hangeul fonts more beautifully.

In 1953, after the introduction of the photographic typesetting machine and Benton carving machine by Gukjeong textbook printing Co., the font design by Choi, Jeongho (design), and, Park, gyeong-Seo (calligraphy), and Jang, Bong-Seon (manufacture) is still famous. In 1960s, important font designers are: Lee, Dae-Eui (textbooks), Kim, Yeong-Jak (map font), Choi, Jeong-Ho (books), and Choi, jeong-Sun (newspaper), etc. In 1970s, Kim, Hwa-Bok, Gwak, hweon-Sun, Won, Seong-Hun (for mimeograph), etc. In 1980s, Hong, U-Dong, Kim, Jin-Pyeong, Ahn, Sang-Su, Seok, Geum-Ho, Han, Jae-Jun, etc., were the leading Hangeul font designers.

[Fig. 19] Original Design (Basic Drawing) of Font Types ------Typesetting Original Design -- Benton Carving -- Posi Type Phototypesetting Original Design -- Negative Film -- Posi Image Computerized Typesetting Original Design -- Digital Code -- Font Image (Posi) ------

In purely economical terms, the output of Hageul fonts should be the combination of the Hangeul alphabet utilizing the onset / nucleus / coda combination. Hangeul can be can represented beautifully on the monitor with 200 pieces, with 24-pin printers, 600 pieces, and to be near perfect, 903 pieces are necessary. The Hangeul code and the output code can have different methods. For instance, when the process code is in combination or completion type, the font code can use the mixed code as well.

Three fields, not just the field of design, are essential in fontography: visual design (font design), publishing (selection of uses), and computation (interaction with the computer).

The Hangeul font types we use are Bonmunche, Nemoche, Jemokche, Design-che, Seoyeche, Foreign (imported) word pyogiche, Sseugiche, Talnemoteulche, Puleosseugiche, etc. In design, Jemokche, Design-che, Talnemoteulche are studied, and in publishing, printing, and book information, Bonmunche, Nemoche, and Foreign (imported) word pyogiche are important while in calligraphy, Seoyeche and Sseugiche are of main concern. These difference are all dealt with in publishing, and the development of publishing is like the cornerstones of the sophistication of Hangeul and the computerization of publication including the newspaper. Thus, the Digital Font is a core notion in the field of publishing and printing.

5-4. Type Code and Typesetting Code

The typesetting of the metal types were standardized but after the emergence of photographic types, different typesettings were used among Saken, Morijawa, and Jeonju Mach.

When using the computer, instead of the typesetting code, 0 and 1 digital types are used. The font types are visible forms of imaginary characters and the output code is the computer-compatible representation of them. The followings are the five major Hangeul type codesusedinCTS. [Fig. 20] Hangeul Type Code for CTS ------1. Completion method type code of 11,172 Hangeul characters 2. KSC-5601-87 completion method type code of 2,350 Hangeul characters 3. Combination method type code(among them, 399 syllables are without coda) 4. Leeks combination (903 alphabet combination) method type code 5. Leeks mixed type code (2,500 are completion types and others are alphabet combination types) ------Conclusion

We have explored mostly on non-paper books for the theme of 'The future of CAP'. While both paper book CAP and non-paper book CAP uses the computer, what kind of relationship do they have? There are numerous web search engine programs like empas.co.kr, naver.com, www.simmani.com, altavista.co.kr, yahoo.co.kr, lycos.co.kr, hanmir.com, etc. But in paper books, you hardly find these search engine programs. The attraction of opening new pages of paper books is hard to emulate in non-paper books. But we should find ways to imitate or overcome the merits of paper books. With the global effort to save the planet, especially to provide more oxygen and to prevent floods, we should replace the heavy use of paper books. And so far, we successfully came up with disk book publishing using multimedia like CD-ROM and DVD.

But even before the multimedia and disk books reaches the summit, the Internet, which now sends pictures and animations, has become popular and more people are using the net screen everyday. So the direction is from paper book publishing to disk book publishing, and then to network screen publishing like ebooks which expedite the development of publishing and printing industry, and contribute to the global environment by saving the trees and forest.

Along with the development of CAP like the screen textbooks would change the life styles of the educators and students. Huge amount of data can be stored in a ebook computer which abolishes the need to carry heavy school bags around. On the down side, the price is rather expensive ($200-500 for B&W, $1,600 for Color monitors) and the cost of downloading fee ($20 per book) are also not economical, either.

So far the tough price of ebook computers has suppressed the sales. When the price becomes competitive enough, ($100 for monitors, $5 for downloading) which presumably will take 5-10 years. The the problem of hectic book-shelving would also be abolished, so the publishers as well as the readers would welcome it.

It is not desirable for the CAP to replace or weaken the paper media. The CAP should create new readers, and not take away the old paper book readers. Publishers might consider changing the name of their company into a Publishing Info Co., Publishing Media Co., or a "(Publisher).com" company which will more or less bring some kind of new media innovation, placing emphasis on disk books and network screen books.

Concerning the Digital Font, the second theme of this paper, font and code were studied. With the type code, man can communicate with the computer, and the typesetting code lets the computer understand humans' typesetting orders on the manual photographic typesetting machines. Typesetting codes are divided into the text typesetting code (single media typesetting code) and the multi-media typesetting code.

The text typesetting code includes Saken typesetting code, Morijawa typesetting code, Ryobi typesetting code, CAP Pro typesetting code (by STI), Page Star typesetting code and Yeoeuybong typesetting code (by Seoul System), Hangeul Compugraphy's typesetting code, Seoul Comphics's typesetting code, Pagemaker typesetting code, Quick Express typesetting code, Coreldraw typesetting code, Jeongju Mach. typesetting code, Auto Page typesetting code and Color Page typesetting code (by Core Tech.), Munbangsau typesetting code (by Human Computer), and Design Perfect typesetting code (by Dual Co.). The multimedia typesetting code can typeset not only text which is a single media but audio and video. The software which typeset multimedia is called Authoring Tools which uses the multimedia typesetting code. Other than that, softwares for OSMP (One Source Multi Product) also use the multimedia typesetting code.

Current Authoring Tools include Cocktail 97, PASS 2000, Tool Book, Director, Authorware, Compel, Premiere, Persuasion, After Effect, etc. For OSMP, there are Namo Web Editor, Netscape Composer, Dream Weaver, Front Page, etc which are all for HTML, while other softwares support PDF, MHEG.

The English font and the Hangeul font consist of 0 and 1 in digital font. The difference of the Hangeul digital font is when designing, the proportion among the parts of each letter should be much more carefully met. To sum up, in the era of CAP, the Hangeul digital font should fit the characteristics of Hangeul, represent all Hangeul syllables, and be prepared for the unification of the nation.

* This article is translated by Prof. Chin Wook Paik of Juseong College.