A Moveable East Identities, Borders and Orders in the Enlarged EU And
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A Moveable East Identities, Borders and Orders in the Enlarged EU and Its Eastern Neighbourhood A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2014 Benjamin Tallis School of Social Sciences Contents Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 4 Declaration ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Copyright Statement ........................................................................................................................ 5 Note on Referencing ........................................................................................................................ 5 Dedication ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1 – Introduction: Identities, Borders and Orders in Central & Eastern Europe ......... 7 Chapter 2 - Analytical Framework: A Social, Spatial & Temporal Borderscape ..................... 20 2-1 Introduction: Interpreting Post-Frontier Bordering .......................................................................... 20 2-2 An Augmented Borderscape: Features, Discourses, Practices ..................................................... 22 2-3 Socio-Political Bordering ................................................................................................................ 26 2-4 Border Spaces & Spatialities ......................................................................................................... 37 2-5 Time & the Temporalities of CEE Borders ..................................................................................... 47 Chapter 3 – Research Design & Methodology: Interpretively Researching the CEE Borderscape ................................................................................................................................... 59 3-1 Introducing Interpretive Research: Finding Methodology in the Field ............................................ 59 3-2 Researcher Particularity: Towards Critical Pragmatism ................................................................. 65 3-3 Mapping Research for Exposure and Intertext .............................................................................. 72 3-4 Conducting Interpretive Research ................................................................................................. 79 3-5 Conclusion: Reflexive, Interpretive Research ................................................................................ 87 Chapter 4 - Border Archipelago: Key Features of the CEE Borderscape ............................... 96 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 96 4-1 Firewalls: Internal Control in Schengen States .............................................................................. 98 4-2 Shadows: Revenants and Remnants at Intra-Schengen Frontiers .............................................. 104 4-3 A Filter, Not a Fortress: The EU’s Permeable Eastern Edge ....................................................... 110 4-4 Curtain-Wall: The EU’s ‘Lose-Lose’ Visa Regime ........................................................................ 116 4-5 Twisted Mirror: Ukraine as EU Buffer-zone and Borderland ........................................................ 122 4-6 Conclusion: An Archipelago of Diverse Forms and Uneven Functions ....................................... 128 Chapter 5 - Euro-renovations: Key Bordering Discourses in CEE ......................................... 132 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 132 5-1 Performative EU-Europe: An Area of Freedom, Security and Justice ......................................... 134 5-2 Upwardly Mobile: Moving from Hierarchy to Belonging ............................................................... 141 5-3 Our Friends in the East: Doing Well by Doing Good in the Neighbourhood ................................ 147 5-4 Neighbours and Fences: Justifying Division Through Divergence ............................................... 153 5-5 Threats and Fears: Discursively Securitising the Neighbourhood ............................................... 159 5-6 Conclusion: Discursive ‘Euro-Renovations’ in EU-Ukraine Relations .......................................... 166 Chapter 6 – Limiting Europe: Key Bordering Practices in the CEE Borderscape ................ 171 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 171 6-1 Europeanising: Capacity Without Community .............................................................................. 173 6-2 Knowing: Risk Analysis and the Distortion of EU Bordering ........................................................ 180 6-3 Protecting: Borders and Migrants ................................................................................................ 186 6-4 Facilitating: Snakes and Ladders in the Visa Castle .................................................................... 192 6-5 Moving: CEE Mobilities Within & Without the EU ........................................................................ 198 6-6 Conclusion: Border Practices as Limits to European Potential .................................................... 204 Chapter 7 – Conclusion: Identities, Borders and Orders in CEE ........................................... 209 7-1 Consequences of EU Bordering for Identities and Orders in CEE ............................................... 210 7-2 From Crises to Opportunities: Future (Research) Directions ....................................................... 217 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 222 Appendix 1: .................................................................................................................................. 245 2 List of Fieldwork Activities and Fieldwork Reference Key ...................................................... 245 Appendix 2: List of Acronyms .................................................................................................... 248 Table of Figures Table 1: List of Fieldwork Activities Undertaken in Czech site of Research. ....................... 246 Table 2: List of Fieldwork Activities Undertaken in Polish site of Research. ....................... 247 Table 3: List of Fieldwork Activities Undertaken in Ukrainian site of Research. .................. 248 Table 4: List of Acronyms Used in the Thesis. .................................................................... 249 Word Count: 89,432 3 Abstract A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities, 2014 A Moveable East: Identities, Borders and Orders in the Enlarged EU and Its Eastern Neighbourhood, Benjamin Tallis, The University of Manchester This thesis explores EU borders and bordering in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in the context of the 2004 EU enlargement, the 2007 extension of the Schengen zone and the 2004 Eastern Dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) that, in 2009, was upgraded to the Eastern Partnership (EaP). The thesis links borders with identities and governing orders to argue that while the EU has successfully included, inter alia, Czechs and Poles, it has excluded Ukrainians sufficiently to impact negatively on their lives and on the achievement of EU goals in the neighbourhood. The de-bordering and re-bordering inherent to enlargement, Schengen, ENP and EaP have (partially) displaced CEE borders from traditional locations at state frontiers. Bordering activities still take place within the supposedly borderless Schengen zone as well as at external frontiers with neighbouring states, but the EU has also exported border practices onto the territories of its neighbours. These processes prompted the questions addressed in this thesis: where, how, why and with what effects the EU makes its borders in CEE. An analytical framework – the ‘Borderscape’ – is developed to explore the complex manifestations of post-frontier bordering and to understand its socio- political, spatial and temporal underpinnings, and the consequences that EU bordering has for identities and subjectivities, order and governance in CEE. The borderscape encompasses border features, bordering discourses and bordering practices, which are constituted by EU and national governmental actors, border security and law enforcement agencies, by civil society actors and the people who move and dwell in the region. The borderscape is tailored to the regional particularities of CEE, with specific reference to processes of post-communist transition, EU accession and the EU’s engagement with its neighbours, specifically Ukraine. The findings of the research are