The Evolution of Agricultural Policies and Agribusiness Development in Brazil Fabio R

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Evolution of Agricultural Policies and Agribusiness Development in Brazil Fabio R 2nd Quarter 2006 • 21(2) A publication of the CHOICES American Agricultural The magazine of food, farm, and resource issues Economics Association The Evolution of Agricultural Policies and Agribusiness Development in Brazil Fabio R. Chaddad and Marcos S. Jank JEL Classification: Q18, O54, O13, Q15 In the late 1980s, Brazil started to adopt liberal and mar- agriculture between 1948 and 2002 (Gasques et al., 2004). ket-oriented policies, which significantly impacted the Other factors also contributed to the competitiveness and performance of its food and agricultural (henceforth agri- growth of the agrifood sector in Brazil, such as relative food) sector. The agrifood sector is now among the most macroeconomic stability after 1994 and the significant dynamic in the Brazilian economy. Grain production dou- reductions in government intervention and trade barriers bled from 58 to 120 million metric tons (MT) and meat (Jank, Nassar, & Tachinardi, 2004). production surged from 7.5 to 20.7 million MT between Despite these favorable developments and the avail- 1990 and 2005. The agrifood economy generated R$534 ability of labor and natural resources, agrifood growth in billion (US$183 billion) in 2004, which is equivalent to Brazil faces significant internal and external constraints. In 30% of the country’s GDP. In addition, it represented the external environment, trade barriers and subsidies to 35% of total employment and 40% of total exports in domestic producers and exporters, especially in developed 2004. countries, significantly impact Brazilian agrifood exports. Agricultural production growth and agribusiness As a result, Brazil adopted a more aggressive position in development in Brazil are largely dependent on exports, international trade negotiations at the World Trade Orga- which account for 31% of agricultural production. Total nization (WTO), bringing three high-profile dispute cases agricultural exports more than doubled from US$13-32 against developed countries and taking leadership in the billion in the 1990-2005 period. Brazil is now the world’s formation of a coalition of developing countries known as third agrifood exporter – following the European Union the G-20. (EU) and the United States (US) – and surpassed the US In the domestic arena, agricultural producers in Brazil as the country with the largest surplus in agricultural face uncertainties related to exchange rate volatility, the trade, with US$29 billion in 2005. lack of clearly defined property rights to land, the regula- The growing competitiveness of the Brazilian agrifood tory framework concerning research and marketing of sector is attributed to a number of factors, including genetically modified organisms (GMOs), poor infrastruc- investments in tropical agricultural research and availabil- ture causing logistical bottlenecks, and the decline in gov- ity of agricultural credit, which caused significant produc- ernment spending in important areas such as food safety, tivity gains since the 1970s. The technologies that made animal and plant health inspection, agricultural extension, the expansion into the cerrado region in the Brazilian Cen- irrigation, and other traditional agricultural policy instru- tral-West – in soils that are distinctly inferior to those in ments. The recent reemergence of foot-and-mouth dis- Argentina, the US Corn Belt and Southern Brazil – ease, which led more than 50 countries to close their bor- resulted from public investments in agricultural research. ders to beef exports from Brazil, is one recent example of The average annual growth rate of total factor productivity the policy challenges to the development of the Brazilian in Brazilian agriculture was estimated at 3.3% for the agrifood economy. This article discusses the evolution of period 1975-2002 and at 5.7% between 1998 and 2002, agricultural policies in Brazil and how they impact the which are above the 1.8% growth rate achieved by US competitiveness of the agrifood sector. ©1999–2006 CHOICES. All rights reserved. Articles may be reproduced or electronically distributed as long as attribution to Choices and the American Agricultural Economics Association is maintained. Choices subscriptions are free and can be obtained through http://www.choicesmagazine.org. 2nd Quarter 2006 • 21(2) CHOICES 85 Table 1. The evolution of agricultural policy in Brazil. 1965-1985 1985-1995 1995-2005 Proposed Agenda Macroeconomic - High inflation - Uncontrolled inflation and - Control of inflation - Low inflation conditions and policy - Controlled exchange rate low growth (stagflation) - Volatile exchange rate - Structural reforms and fiscal balance - High growth rate - Heterodox plans - High real interest rates - Less volatile exchange rate - Increased government - Debt crisis - Modest growth rate - Lower interest rates expenditures in farm policy - Land as real asset - Privatization - Sustained growth - Decreased government - Investments in infrastructure expenditures in farm policy Agricultural policy goals - Food security - Deregulation - Land reform programs - Competitiveness - Liberalization - Family farming and social - Sustainability (economic, social, and inclusion environmental) Price support and - Massive intervention: - Decreased intervention - Modest and selective intervention - Modest and selective intervention government storage public agencies, government - Agricultural commodity purchases and storage, price market deregulation controls - Commodity price support Rural credit - Government supply of - Decreased government - Credit lines targeted to family - Crop insurance credit financed by Treasury supply of credit farms (PRONAF) - Private instruments for agricultural (SNCR) - Interest rates less - Specific programs for investment finance - Negative real interest rates subsidized credit (BNDES) - Targeted credit lines to family farms - Agricultural credit crisis and debt - Credit cooperative development rescheduling Agricultural trade policy - Closed economy - Unilateral openness to - Aggressive policy against - Aggressive trade policies: negotiations, - High tariffs trade agricultural trade barriers litigations - Import Substitution model - International integration - WTO dispute panels - Increased emphasis on NTBs: technical, - Export taxes on primary (Mercosur) - Leadership in G-20 sanitary, and social barriers commodities - Elimination of export - Negotiation of regional - Conclusion of regional and bilateral taxes agreements (FTAA, EU-Mercosur) trade agreements Agricultural research and - High investment in public - Leveling-off of public - Crisis of public research and - Renewed public commitment to extension research (Embrapa, federal investment extension services agricultural R&D, including GMOs and state universities) - Increased role of public-private - Development of public partnerships extension service network - Intellectual property rights Social policies (family - Minimal - Initial stage - Ministry of Agrarian Development - Policy evaluation and monitoring farms and land reform) (Extraordinary Ministry of (MDA) - Retarget programs to different types of Land Reform) - Distributive programs: land family farms reform, “Bolsa Família,” rural - Farm cooperative development and retirement, PRONAF modernization The Evolution of Agricultural agricultural sector in Brazil was in rity of an increasingly urban popula- Policies in Brazil general not competitive (except in tion, while compensating the agricul- tropical products such as coffee and tural sector for the anti-export bias of Agricultural policy goals and pro- sugar), and was characterized by the import substitution model that grams in Brazil have changed signifi- highly skewed distributions of farm was common in developing countries cantly (Table 1). The period between income and land ownership with at the time. the mid 1960s to early 1980s was large, unproductive landholdings The debt crisis of the late 1980s characterized by massive government known as “latifundios.” It was in the forced the Brazilian government to intervention in agricultural commod- 1960s and 1970s that the country decrease support to farmers and to ity markets primarily by means of started to urbanize as many rural review agricultural policy goals. subsidized rural credit and price sup- poor migrated to large cities. During Economy-wide structural reforms port mechanisms, including govern- this period, agricultural policy had introduced in the early 1990s further ment purchases and storage of excess the objective of promoting food secu- decreased the distortion of agricul- supply (Figure 1). At that time, the 86 CHOICES 2nd Quarter 2006 • 21(2) 50% $250 "Massive" "Debt crisis" and "Low inflation" 45% intervention liberalization effects scenario 40% $200 35% 30% $150 25% 20% $100 15% 10% $50 5% 0% $0 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Price support: % of grain production supported Preferential credit support: US$ per ton of grain production Figure 1. Commodity price and preferential credit support in Brazil. Note: Before 1965, there was price support for coffee, sugar cane, milk, and grains. Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA), 2005. tural policy in Brazil by eliminating Government expenditures on 16 programs under the function export taxes and price controls, agriculture-related programs in Brazil “agrarian organization.”2 The perfor- deregulating and liberalizing com- have decreased over the last five presi- mance of many of these programs
Recommended publications
  • 2018 Farm Bill Primer: Support for Urban Agriculture
    May 16, 2019 2018 Farm Bill Primer: Support for Urban Agriculture Over the past decade, food policy in the United States has (2) Urban Clusters of between 2,500 and 50,000 people responded to ongoing shifts in consumer preferences and (Figure 1). An urban area represents densely developed producer trends that favor local and regional food systems territory encompassing residential, commercial, and other while also supporting traditional farm enterprises. This nonresidential urban land uses. In contrast, rural areas support for local and regional farming has helped to encompass all population, housing, and territory not increase agricultural production in urban areas within and included within an urban area. Results from the most recent surrounding major U.S. cities. The 2018 farm bill 2010 U.S. Census indicate that the nation’s urban (Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, P.L. 115-334) population increased by 12% from 2000 to 2010, outpacing provides additional support for urban, indoor, and other the nation’s overall growth of 10% for the same period. emerging agricultural production, creating new programs and authorities and providing additional funding for such Figure 1. Census Bureau Urban Designations, 2010 operations. The law also combines and expands existing programs administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to provide financial and resource management support for local and regional food production. Urban Farming Operations Urban farming operations represent a diverse range of systems and practices. They encompass large-scale innovative systems and capital-intensive operations, vertical and rooftop farms, hydroponic greenhouses (e.g., soilless systems), and aquaponic facilities (e.g., growing fish and plants together in an integrated system).
    [Show full text]
  • Fiscal Policies for Sustainable Agriculture
    Fiscal policies to support Policy Brief sustainable agriculture Agriculture and the SDGs highlight, agriculture subsidies often tend to disproportionately benefit large farmers/corporations and there are more effective ways of providing The agriculture and food production sector is central to the 2030 Agenda for support to people at risk of poverty and hunger. Sustainable Development. As the world’s largest employer, the sector can Addressing these pricing distortions and perverse incentives in the play an important role in efforts to reduce poverty, promote social equity agricultural sector will be critical for delivering several SDGs including and improve people’s livelihoods. However, unsustainable agricultural SDG2 (Zero Hunger), SDG12 (Responsible Production and Consumption), practices and associated land-use change have contributed to biodiversity SDG13 (Climate Action), SDG15 (Life on Land which includes targets on loss, water insecurity, climate change, soil and water pollution, threatening delivery of several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). For example, forestry and biodiversity). The SDG targets recognize the importance of studies have found that agriculture related land-use change is causing over correct food pricing to prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world 70 per cent of tropical deforestation1 and accounts for around one quarter agricultural markets, including the elimination of all forms of agricultural of all greenhouse gas emissions. Agriculture and food production can also export subsidies (T2.b). have significant impacts on human health and well-being. For example, pesticides are among the leading causes of death by self-poisoning, Role of fiscal policy reforms for particularly in low- and middle-income countries2, with related economic sustainable agriculture implications on health care costs and reduced productivity among others.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Policy and Its Impacts in Rural Economy in Nepal
    Himalayan Journal of Development and Democracy, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2011 Agricultural Policy and its Impacts in Rural Economy in Nepal Rajendra Poudel 9 Division of Forestry & Natural Resources West Virginia University Introduction Nepal is considered a high population density developing country and a very high population density per unit of agriculture land. Comparative analysis with the region shows that the Bangladesh and Nepal have the lowest land to labor ratio (0.22 and 0.29 respectively), compared to India (0.61), Sri Lanka (0.51) and Pakistan (0.81). Small holding size of high land fragmentation in Nepal is one of the main reported causes of poverty in rural area. Nepal combines the status of least developed country, landlocked position between two giant protectionist countries (India and China), with attached castes system, armed conflict since 2002, very small farm size and high land fragmentation. The Agriculture Perspective Plan (1995- 2015) defined agriculture as the engine of growth with strong multiplier effects on employment and on other sectors of the economy. In 1995, the Agriculture Perspective Plan (APP) sets the objective of increasing average AGDP from 3% to 5%, and agricultural growth per capita to 3%. Statement of problem The agrarian and social structure of Nepal did not evolve quick enough to cope with the increasing demographic density over resources (contrary to India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Thailand). Participation for change is too late on several fronts (implementation of land reform, intensification techniques, mechanization, commercial alliance, production and trade groups, niche markets, quality control, minimum farm wage policy and monitoring etc.).
    [Show full text]
  • The Common Agricultural Policy: Separating Fact from Fiction
    THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY SEPARATING FACT FROM FICTION 2 Agriculture and Rural Development The Common Agricultural Policy: Separating fact from fiction Contents 1. The cost of the common agricultural policy to the taxpayer is far too high. ..................... 2 2. Subsidies end up in the wrong hands: the EU spends money without control. ............... 2 3. Nobody knows who receives CAP funds. ....................................................................... 2 4. The EU supports mainly intensive farming. .................................................................... 3 5. There is no need to grant direct payments to EU farmers. Farmers should survive in the free market like any other business. ......................................................................... 3 6. The CAP does not do enough to help protect the environment. ...................................... 3 7. Farmers do not have any negotiating power in the food chain. The EU should do something about this. ..................................................................................................... 4 8. Europe should erect new import barriers to protect our farmers. .................................... 4 9. Overregulation is the cause of many farmers' problems and the EU is imposing too many rules on farmers. ................................................................................................... 4 10. The EU does not guarantee food quality. ....................................................................... 5 11. Farmers are getting
    [Show full text]
  • Articulating and Mainstreaming Agricultural Trade Policy and Support Measures, Implemented During 2008-2010
    Articulating and mainstreaming agricultural trade policy support measures This book is an output of the FAO project, Articulating and mainstreaming agricultural trade policy and support measures, implemented during 2008-2010. With a view to maximizing the contribution of trade to national development, a process has been underway in many developing countries to mainstream trade and other policies into national development strategy such as the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). A similar process of mainstreaming is strongly advocated, and underway, for trade-related support measures, including Aid for Trade. In view of this, there is a high demand for information, analyses and advice on best approaches to undertaking these tasks. It was in this context that the FAO project was conceived. Its three core objectives are to contribute to: i) the process of articulating appropriate agricultural RTICULATING AND trade policies consistent with overall development objectives; ii) the process of articulating trade support measures; and iii) the process A MAINSTREAMING of mainstreaming trade policies and support measures into national development framework. AGRICULTURAL TRADE The study is based on case studies for five countries - Bangladesh, Ghana, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Tanzania. The approach taken was to POLICY AND SUPPORT analyse how the above three processes were undertaken in recent years. The book presents, in 15 chapters, analyses for each country of the above three topics – agricultural trade policy issues, trade-support MEASURES measures and mainstreaming. Based on these country case studies, three additional chapters present the syntheses on these three topics. The implementation of the FAO project was supported generously by the Department for International Development (DFID) of the United Kingdom.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Agriculture As a Keystone Contribution Towards Securing Sustainable and Healthy Development for Cities in the Future
    © 2020 The Authors Blue-Green Systems Vol 2 No 1 1 doi: 10.2166/bgs.2019.931 Urban agriculture as a keystone contribution towards securing sustainable and healthy development for cities in the future S. L. G. Skara,*, R. Pineda-Martosb, A. Timpec, B. Pöllingd, K. Bohne, M. Külvikf, ́ C. Delgadog, C. M.G. Pedrash,T.A.Paçoi,M.Cujicj́, N. Tzortzakisk, A. Chrysargyrisk, A. Peticilal, G. Alencikienem, H. Monseesn and R. Junge o a Division of Food Production and Society, Dept. of Horticulture, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomic Research (NIBIO), P.O. BOX 115, 1431 Aas/Reddalsveien 215, 4886 Grimstad, Norway b School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain c RWTH Aachen University (Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen), Germany d South-Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, Soest, Germany e School of Architecture and Design, University of Brighton, UK f Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia g Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas – Interdisciplinary Center of Social Sciences – CICS.NOVA, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. de Berna, 26-C, 1069-061 Lisboa, Portugal h Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal i LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal j Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mice Petrovica Alasa, Belgrade, Serbia k Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Anexartisias 33, P.O. BOX 50329, 3603, Limassol, Cyprus l USAMV Bucharest, Marasti Blv 59, Bucharest, Romania m Kaunas University of Technology, Food Institute, K.
    [Show full text]
  • (7) Planning for Agricultural Uses in Hong Kong
    Planning for Agricultural Uses in Hong Kong October 2016 The overarching planning goal of the Hong Kong 2030+ is to champion sustainable development with a view to meeting our present and future social, environmental and economic needs and aspirations. In this respect, three building blocks, namely planning for a liveable high-density city (Building Block 1), embracing new economic challenges and opportunities (Building Block 2) and creating capacity for sustainable growth (Building Block 3) have been established as the framework for formulating our territorial development strategy under the Hong Kong 2030+. A sustainable agricultural sector in Hong Kong, despite its limited contribution to the overall economy could still present new economic opportunities in support of Building Block 2 by contributing to the diversity of economic sectors. This topical paper constitutes part of the research series under “Hong Kong 2030+: Towards a Planning Vision and Strategy Transcending 2030” (Hong Kong 2030+). The findings and proposals of the paper form the basis of the draft updated territorial development strategy which is set out in the Public Engagement Booklet of Hong Kong 2030+. Hong Kong 2030+ Table of Contents Preface Part A: Agriculture as a Primary Production Sector 1 Contribution to the Hong Kong’s Economy Poultry and Livestock Keeping Industry Agricultural Land Part B: Types of Commercial Farming in Hong Kong 5 Conventional Farming Organic Farming Agriculture involving Advanced Technology Farmers’ Market FarmFest Part C: New Agriculture
    [Show full text]
  • Developing a Methodology for Aggregated Assessment of the Economic Sustainability of Pig Farms
    energies Article Developing a Methodology for Aggregated Assessment of the Economic Sustainability of Pig Farms Agata Malak-Rawlikowska 1,* , Monika G˛ebska 2, Robert Hoste 3, Christine Leeb 4 , Claudio Montanari 5, Michael Wallace 6 and Kees de Roest 5 1 Institute of Economics and Finance, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland 2 Institute of Management, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] 3 Wageningen Economic Research, Wageningen University and Research (WUR), NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; [email protected] 4 Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), A-1180 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 5 Centro Ricerche Produzioni Animali—C.R.P.A. S.p.A., 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy; [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (K.d.R.) 6 School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The economic sustainability of agricultural production is a crucial concern for most farmers, especially for pig producers who face dynamic changes in the market. Approaches for economic sustainability assessment found in the literature are mainly focused on the short-term economic viability of the farm and rarely take a long-term perspective. In this paper, we propose and test Citation: Malak-Rawlikowska, A.; a new, innovative assessment and aggregation method, which brings about a broader view on G˛ebska,M.; Hoste, R.; Leeb, C.; more long-term aspects of economic sustainability.
    [Show full text]
  • Agriculture, Trade and the Environment: the Pig Sector
    Agriculture, Trade and the Environment: The Pig Sector 3 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Overview • Pig production in OECD countries raises a number of policy challenges when viewed in terms of the economic, environmental and social dimensions of sustainable agriculture. Pigmeat accounts for nearly 40% of world meat consumption, and pigs are extremely efficient at converting feed to meat. Given the rapidly expanding global demand for meat and the projected need for a 20% increase in global food production by 2020, the pig sector will continue to play an important role in meeting this demand. At the same time, the environmental consequences of pig production are of increasing public concern, particularly regarding the management of pig manure in relation to water and air pollution. There are also human health issues, especially for those engaged in or living nearby large-scale pig operations. Within this broader challenge, this study focuses primarily on the linkages between pig production, trade and the environment. In particular, two linkages have been explored: the impact of trade liberalisation on pig production and the environment; and the impact on competitiveness of policies introduced to reduce the negative environmental effects of pig production. Animal welfare requirements also have a significant impact on pig producers, but a review of these policies is beyond the scope of this study. Six main conclusions emerge from this study and are discussed in more detail in the following sections. • In regions with a high concentration of pig production there is a larger risk of negative environmental effects such as water pollution e.g. in regions of Northern Europe, Japan and Korea, although the risk is increasing in North America, Spain and Ireland.
    [Show full text]
  • The Design of Policy Instruments Towards Sustainable Livestock Production in China: an Application of the Choice Experiment Method
    sustainability Article The Design of Policy Instruments towards Sustainable Livestock Production in China: An Application of the Choice Experiment Method Dan Pan Institute of Poyang Lake Eco-Economics, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang 330013, China; [email protected]; Tel.: +86-791-8381-0553; Fax: +86-791-8381-0892 Academic Editor: Tan Yigitcanlar Received: 31 March 2016; Accepted: 24 June 2016; Published: 5 July 2016 Abstract: In face of gradual ecological deterioration, the Chinese government has been in search of more efficient and effective mitigation policies, aiming to promote the sustainability of livestock production. However, researchers and policy makers seem to neglect a key issue: pinpoint policies are the most important, which means niche targeting is the premise before any policy design, such that better knowing of the livestock farmers preference is prerequisite. This paper then analyzes this question using a method of choice experiment to elicit the farmers’ preference and valuation of livestock pollution control policy instruments at household-scale, medium-scale and large-scale farms. Five attributes (technology regulation, pollution charge, biogas subsidy, manure price, and information provisioning) were set as livestock pollution control policy instruments. In total, 754 pigs farmers from five representative provinces in China were surveyed, and the collected data were analyzed using random parameter logit models. The marginal substitution rates for attributes are estimated both with preference space approach and willingness to pay space approach. The results show significant heterogeneities in farmers’ preferences and valuations for livestock pollution control policy instruments within the three scales. All policy instruments effectively increased the manure eco-friendly treatment ratio for medium-scale farms, and household-scale farms showed little change in the manure eco-friendly treatment ratio under all policy instruments.
    [Show full text]
  • Monetary Policy Actions and Agricultural Sector Outcomes: Empirical Evidence from South Africa
    E-ISSN 2039-2117 Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 5 No 1 ISSN 2039-9340 MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy January 2014 Monetary Policy Actions and Agricultural Sector Outcomes: Empirical Evidence from South Africa Brian Muroyiwa Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Extension, University of Fort Har Email: [email protected], Innocent Sitima Department of Economics University of Fort Hare Email: [email protected] Kin Sibanda Department of Economics University of Fort Hare Email: [email protected] Abbyssinia Mushunje Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension University of Fort Hare Email: [email protected] Doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n1p613 Abstract This study looks at the impact of monetary policy on South African agriculture, making use of the linkages that exist between interest rates, the macroeconomic environment and the agricultural sector. Utilising yearly data from 1970 to 2011, this study empirically investigates the impact of monetary policy on agricultural gross domestic product in South Africa using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The study finds that inflationary shocks and the money market rate have an enormous negative impact on the performance of the Agricultural GDP whilst the manufacturing index and the stock market help to improve the agricultural GDP. A unit increase in money market rate results in a decrease in the Agricultural GDP by approximately 0.021 percentage points. The study concludes that it is imperative for South Africa’s monetary policy authorities’ and agricultural sector policy makers as well participants to consider carefully the interaction between the macroeconomic environment, agricultural sector and stock prices. Keywords: Monetary Policy, VECM, Agricultural GDP 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Policy Design and Implementation: a Synthesis”, OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, No
    Please cite this paper as: van Tongeren, F. (2008-03-01), “Agricultural Policy Design and Implementation: A Synthesis”, OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, No. 7, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/243786286663 OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers No. 7 Agricultural Policy Design and Implementation A SYNTHESIS Frank van Tongeren TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. The positive agenda for policy reform ............................................................................................ 2 2. The policy cycle .............................................................................................................................. 3 3. What are the policy objectives? ....................................................................................................... 6 4 Do current policies meet objectives? ............................................................................................... 6 5. What are the characteristics of a new policy set? ............................................................................ 9 6. How to implement new policies? .................................................................................................. 23 7. How to monitor and evaluate? ....................................................................................................... 24 8. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 26 Boxes Box 1. The OECD definition of decoupling .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]