This paper not to be cited without prior reference to the Council *) t INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE C.M. 1975/B: 3 EXPLORATION OF THE SEA Gear and Behaviour Committee. Ref. Fislieries Improvement Committee.
REPORT OF THE AD HOC MEETING ON DESIGN AND PRACTICAL OPERATION OF RESEARCH AQUARIUM SYSTEMS, HELD AT TEXEL, THE NETHERLANDS, FROM 7 to 10 APRIL 1975.
*) General Secretary, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Charlottenlund Slot, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark. This paper not to be cited without prior reference to the author. INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR C.M.1975/B:3 THE EXPLORATION OF THE Gear and Behaviour Committee. SEA. Ref. Fisheries Improvement Committee.
REPORT OF THE AD HOC MEETING ON DESIGN AND PRACTICAL OPERATION OF RESEARCH AQUARIUM SYSTEMS HELD AT THE MUSSEL EXPERIMENTAL STATION TEXEL, THE NETHERLANDS FROM APRIL 7TH - 10TH 1975. BY KIND INVI TATION OF MR. A.C. DRINKWAARD. ======
This working group was convened as a result of resolution number C. Res. 1974/2: 8. which stated since there was a need to con sider the more fundamental aspects of research aquarium design and operation, particularly for fish behaviour studies and since this broader subject was important also for aquaculture, an ad hoc meeting should be convened at a time to be agreed, pre ferably at a place havins modernBquarium facilities Ce.g. TexeI, Netherlands), to discuss and recommend guidelines for the design and practical operation of research aquarium systems: Dr. S.J. de Groot convened the meeting with Mr. P. Anthony as rapporteur and with the following people in attendance:
List of Participants
Dr. H. Ackefors - Institute of Marine Research S- 45300 - Lysekil - Sweden. K. Albrechtsen - Danmarks Fiskeri og Havunder s~gelser Charlottenlund Slot 2920 Charlottenlund,Denmark. Mr. P. Anthony - Marine Laboratory P.O.B. 101 Victoria Rd Aberdeen. Scotland (U.K.) Dr. J.H.S. Blaxter - Dunstaffnage Marine Research , Laboratory P.O.B. 3, Oban, Argyll, Scotland (U.K.) Mr. J.W. de Blok - Netherlands lnst. of Sea Research Texel - the Netherlands.
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Mr. O. Cendrero - Instituto Espanol de Oceano grafia,Laboratorio Oceanografico o ,. Lealtad 13, 5 Santander Spain. Mr. K. Christensen - Milj~styrelsens Fiskerilab. Jaegersborg Alle 1 2920 Charlottenlund - Denmark Dr. J. Dahl - Danmarks Fiskeri - og Havunders~gelser Charlottenlund Slot 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark. Mr. A.C. Drinkwaard - Mosselproefstation RIVO 't Horntje, TexeI, The Netherlands. Mr. D.G. Ellis - Research Development Directorate Halifax Laboratory, P.O.B. 429 Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Dr. Ir. F.H. Fockens - Technical University, Mekelweg 2, Delft The Netherlands. Dr. M. Fonds - Netherlands Inst. of Sea Research Texel - The Netherlands. Mr. F. de Graaf - Artis Aquarium Plantage Middenlaan 45 Amsterdam,The Netherlands. Dr. S.J. de Groot - Netherlands Inst. for '.Fishery Investigations P.O.B. 68, Ymuiden, The Netherlands. Mr. E. Hoffmann - Danmarks Fiskeri - og Havunderss~gelser Charlottenlund Slot, 2920 Charlottenlund Denmark. Dr. R. Kirk Ave de Mai, 257 1200 Bruxelles. Belgium. Dr. V. Labordus - Dept. of Zoology University of Utrecht Padualaan 8 - Utrecht The Netherlands. Mr. L. Noort - T.F.D.L. Mansholtlaan 12 Wageningen,The Netherlands. Dr. W.R. Penrose - Biological Station, 3 Water St., St. John's New Foundland - Canada, AlC 258. - 3 -
Dr. P. Sorgeloos - Lab. Biologisch Onderzoek van Milieuverontreiniging Jozef Plateaustraat 22 B- 9000 Gent - Belgium. Mr. H. Talloen - Lab. Biologisch Onderzoek van Milieuverontreiniging Jozef Plateaustraat 22 B- 9000 Gent - Belgium. Mr. R. Van Thielen - Institut für Meereskunde Aquarium 23 Kiel Düsternbrookerweg - W. Germany. Dr. J.C. Wallace - Institute of Biology and Geology, University of Tromsö N- 9001 Tromsö P.O.B. 790 Norway. Dr. P. de Wilde - Netherlands Institute of Sea Research Texel - The Netherlands. Dr. M. Zahn - Löbbecke Museum und Aquarium 4 Düsseldorf 1 Postfach 1120, W. Germany
The meeting continued with contributions as listed in appendix 1. Several subjects were put forward for special consideration by the meeting. 1. Dr. R. Kirk emphasised that the Commision of the Environmen tal Council of the EEC was looking for ways to help scien tists in EEC and other countries in the harmonisation of :sci~ntific programmes. He asked that the meeting should con- sider the merits of different ideas such as the EEC:- a) paying for the organisation of meetings; setting up a library of videotapes; circulating a newsletter. b) circulating lists of manufacturers of items of aquarium in terest c) preparing a multilanguage dictionary of terms used in ma rine science. 2. Dr. J. Wallace explained that Tromsö University have the problem of siting a new Marine Aquarium. The choice is be tween a facility on the site of an old marine station with access to good seawater and boats but 3 km from the Univer sity or a site in the University campus with a long'pipe line to the sea. After some discussion the meeting was re quested to vote on the alternatives and the vote was 19 to 2 in favour of staying close to the sea. Discussions then took place under the following headings: 1. Location of facilitiesjStrategy of design. The analogy was drawn between the design of research veoscls and aquaria and it was thought that consideration should be given to designing relativcly simple buildings with'a finite life.
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It was emphasised that there should always be the closest cooperation between architects: design engineers, builders and the future users if design faults are to be avoided. 2. Water Sources Careful comparison of costs should be made of the various methods of obtaining seawater such as by research vessels, tankers, pipelines or preparation of synthetic seawater. When a closed system is necessary one must calculate wether it is not cheaper to use artificial sea water. The mater- ials are obtainable ready-mixed and are easy to prepare. Pipelines for open systems are expensive to install and maintain and obtaining water by tanker can also be expensive and time-consuming. By the time natural sea water has been pumped and stored the organic matter will have changed and its possible advantageous properties may have been lost. Artificial sea water has a predictable composition and with its use there is no danger of introducing pollutants from the sea. Artificial sea water can also bc seeded \..,i th micro orga nisms and treated with EDTA to improve itG quality. Experience from inland sea water aquaria shows that the more delicate in vertebrates will breed in such conditions. Interest was ex pressed in the method of obtaining pre-filtered sea water from under the seabed. (e.g. the sub-sand extraction system of Sea Water Supplies Ltd. Skegness, Lincolnshire, England. , '" .. .. 3. Water Quality. A. The relative merits of open versus closed systems are as shown below:
Closed Cheaper More expensive No danger of spoiling Danger of spoiling Danger of pollution from open sea No danger of pollution from open sea No accumulation of metabolites Accumulation of metabolites Danger of fouling No danger of fouling Food from water No food in water Less stability Greater water stability Spread of disease unlikely Spread of disease likely
The meeting concluded that a dual system was preferable especially where sedimentation tanks or other means of excluding fouling or ganisms could be included. Even with an open system there should be sufficient reservoir capacity to switch to a closed system in an emergency.
B. Filtration ~lE~.:. The relative merits of dry trickling filters and wet sand filters were discussed; It was emphasised that a large surface are is required for biological filtration and therefore trickling fil ters have a much higher effective capacity especially when using such materials as anthracitc lavalite, and/er dead shell.
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Ideally filtration should be carried out in two stages - firstly mechanical and secondly biological.
Area of filters. r Depending on stocking density and head of water available on effec tive wet filter could be expected to have a maximum filtering rate of 2 to 3 m3/m/hr. A dry trickling filter could be expected to achieve a higher rate. With an aerated filter the total filter volume need not exceed 10% of the volume of the stocked tankes) even at a high stocking density.
Aeration of filters. It was stressed that aerobic conditions should be present through out the depth of a filter bed and that this condition can be best achieved by aeration of a wet filter bed or by use of a dry trick ling filter. Sand in a wet filter will tend to aggregate and so the paths for aeration will be reduced. It is therefore better to use a light non-clurrping material with a large internal surface area such as lavalite.
~~~~!~~~~~~~-~!_!~~~~~~~ The possibility for backflushing of a filter or the first in a series of filters should be included in any new system.
C. Supersaturation and degassing.
Supersatuation is most likely to occur by leakage in pump system or by warming. Degassing is best carried out by degassing towers, cascades or strong aeration. Accurate measurement of supersa- turation is difficult and the use of a saturometer is recom mended. (see appendix 5).
D. Effluent control.
It was recognized that a problem can exist in controlling pol lutants and disease organisms in the effluent from experimental aquaria.
4. Volume of System / Turnover Rates.
In closed systems the minimum ratio between volume of reservoir and holding tanks should be 4: 1 with a turnover rate of one tank volume per hour at normal stocking densities.
5. Materials and Coatings.
Metals apart from cast iron should be avoided wherever possible, and all materials including plastics should be tested for toxi city especially with delicate invertcb~atbs. Re-inforced con crete should be sealed as a precaution against corrosion of the reinforcement. Sealing must be done both outside and inside the tank, since the reinforcement can be corroded by splashing or overflowing water affecting the outside wall. Regular checking and maintenance of such coatings is essential. Where concrete is to be in contact with seawater it is preferable to USe sul phate-resistant cement j -:" ,"
.. 6 .. - 6 -
high alumina cement should be avoided. Great care should be taken in selecting silicone rubber for nquarium use.
6. Temperature Control.
Thyristor temperature control can be used to avoid electrical interference and excessive surface temperatures of heaters. While vulcathene tubing can provide a cheap heat-exchange ma terial for small systems graphite heat exchangers are recommen ded for larger installations. Small pore graphite heat exchan gers should be sited after the filtering system. Where it is not possible to use a two step refrigeration system use of a toxic primary coolant such as commercial anti-freeze or ammonia should be avoided. Pure polythylene glycol and Freon are suit able alternatives.
7. Lighting
If it is not possible or desirable to use overhead daylight, but nevertheless artificial light of similar quality and in tensity is required, the very economical halogen-metal vapour high pressure lamps (eg. OSRAM HQI 250 W) may be used. These are superior in light output per Watt and in their similarity to daylight, compared with fluorescent tubes. For maximal algal growth the sodium vapour lamps are better in light output per watt than either halogen-metal vapour or fluorescent lamps, althaugh the spectral composition is very different from day light.
8. Safety Devices.
Localised earth leakage circuit breakers should be included in the power supply af a seawater aquarium.
9. Disease.
Disease organisms can pass more easily through dry trickling filters than wet sand filters.
10. Tank.
Tanks should,if possible, be circular or failing this should be constructed with rounded corners.
11. Management and Staffing.
Technical contral af the aquarium system should be in the hands af as few peaple as possible. Ta ensure optimum use af aquarium facilities experimental space should be allocated far strictly limited periods af time.
• 12. Other Systems• Where sheltered sea conditions are available cansideration should
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be given to rafts and cages as cheap and effective methods of holding stocks of fish. The Working Group finally discussed the following recommenda tions for a future meeting. In view of the importance and complexity of the problems of design and practical operation of Research Aquarium system discussed at the meeting a need was feIt for further broader based discussion and it was recommended that: 1. the chairman should investigate the merits of a joint meeting with the Mariculture Group. 2. the link with the European Union of Aquarium Curators al ready established through Mr. de Graaf CSecretary E.U.A.C.) should be strengthhened possibly with a joint meeting in Stuttgart in September 1976.
List of appendices 1 - 5.
1. List of contributions and visits. 2. List of aquarium specifications in a standard form. 3. List of design faults. 4. List of useful publications. 5. List of manufacturers.
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Appendix 1. List of contributions and visits.
a. Contributions.
1. P. Anthony (Aberdeen) Aquarium systems in use at the Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen. 2. J.H.S. Blaxter (Oban) - The Oban aquarium system. 3. F. de Graaf (Amsterdam) - The Marine circulation system in use at the Amsterdam Zoo. Aquarium. 4. V. Labordus (Utrecht) - Aquarium system in use at the Zoology Department; University of Utrecht. 5. L. Noort and F.A. Fockens (Wageningen, Delft) - Design of a Large marine aquarium at the Netherlands Institute for Fishery Investigations, Ymuiden. 6. H.H. Trekel (Kiel) - Water quality control at the aquarium of the Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel. 7. M. Zahn (Düsseldorf) - 1) Temperature gradient tank 2) Filter systems 3) Use of different lamps 8. W.R. Penrose (New Foundland) - Measurement and treatment of supersaturation. 9. J.W. de Blok, P. de Wilde M. Fonds (TexeI) - Design of the Netherlands In stitute of Sea Research. (N.I.O.Z.) 10. D. Ellis (Halifax) - Design of the Halifax aquarium. 11. J.C. Wallace (Tromsö) - Problems of siting an aquarium in Tromsö. b. Visits
1. A.C. Drinkwaard (TexeI) - Design of the MusseI Ex perimental Station (Nether lands Institute for Fishery Investigations). with a tour of the station 2. G.J. de Haan (TexeI) -A tour of the Nature Education Centre and Seal basins and aquarium system.
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3. J.W. de Blok (TexeI) -A tour of the Neth. Inst. of Sea Research (N.I.O.Z.) Aquarium system.
4. F. de Graaf (Amsterdam) -A tour of the Amsterdam Zoo Aquarium •
•
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Appendix 2. List of Aquarium specifications in a standard form. a) Fish Behaviour Unit Aquarium Marine Laboratory (DAFS), Aberdeen, Scotland (U.K). b) Scottisch Marine Biological Association Experimental Aquarium, Oban, Scotland (U.K). c) Seawater Facility, Newfoundland Environment Center, St. John's, Canada. d) Tromsö Marine Biological Station, Norway. e) Aquarium of the Institut für Meereskunde an der Uni versität Kiel, Kiel, W. Germany. f) Löbbecke-Museum und Aquarium Düsseldorf, W. Germany. g) Design of a possible future aquarium system for the Netherlands Institute for Fishery Investigations, Ymuiden, The Netherlands. , Simplified scheme of the water circulation in one section of the aquarium of the Netherlands Institute of Sea Research, TexeI, The Netherlands. i) The aquarium of the Dept. of Zoology, State University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. j) Artis-Aquarium of the Roy. Zool. Soc. llNatura Artis Magistra", Amsterdam, The Netherlands. k) Aquarium facilities Danmarks Fiskeri-og Havunder s~gelser, Ch~rlottenlund, Denmark. 1) The Mussel Experimental Station, Netherlands Institute for Fishery Investigations, TexeI, the Netherlands.
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.. I- a) .FISH BBJIAVrOUR UIJIT AQUARIUl7. AHETIDEEH
This consists of two closed, potentially independent systems which can be cross linked in a number of ways to suit the experiments being carried out.
1. Hain circulation system Reservoir - circulation pumps 'temperature control system· numerous fibreglass tanks low level sump pump high level filters reservoir.
2. Annular tank system Annular tank with observation chamber circulation pumps high level filter partial temperature control annular tank. This system is normally run with a bleed in from/overflow, to, system 1 to ensure uniform water quality in the aquarium and to keep the temperature down when necessary since there is no refrigeration capacity in the annular tank circulation.
Reservoir capacity 182 000 1 (40 000 gall) in an underground concrete reser voir.
Experimental tank capacity 1. 36 000 1 (8 000 gall) in fibreglass tanks varying in size from 115 1 up to 3.5 m diam 1.2 m deep, 6 800 1 ·tanks. 2. 82 000 1 (18 000 gall) max. capacity. The annular tank can be operated at any level up to 1.2 m depth.
Total capacity 1. 219 000 1 (48 000 gall) 2. 82 000 1 (18 000 gall) 1.&2. 301 000 1 (66 000 gall)
Output of circulation pumps 1. Hain pumps 9 000 l/h (2 000 gph) - continuous running Sump pumps - 11 250 l/h (2 500 gph) - intermittent running controlled by level probes in the sump 2. Circulation pumps - 7 250 l/h (1 600 gph)
Temperature control 1. Hain circulation systems has complete temperature control. The sea water temperature can be adjusted to any level be tween 6°0 and 18°0. Refrigeration is supplied by a two tier system using calcium chloride brine as the intermediate coolant. The brine and circulating sea water pass through a graphite heat exchanger. Heating is supplied by 4 - 21/2 kw titanium heaters, at present mounted in the heat exchanger
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but soon to be placed in aseparate fibreglass heating tank. By use of stainless st~el thermocouples and an electronic control system the pre-set temperature is automatically maintained within + 1°C. There is a sepa rate warm sea water supply to each room in the unit so that individual tanks can be run at a temperature above that of the main circulation if necessary. 2. The annular tank has only partial temperature control supplied by 3 - 3 kw quartz glass heaters mounted in a temperature control tank automatically controlled to give any preset temperature. Cooling is supplied by bleeding in water from the main circulation system.
Filters 1. 17.5m2 (190 sq.ft) total area with an approx. flow of 510 l/m2/hr (10 g/sq.ft./hr.) 2. 2.3m2 (25 sq.ft.) total area with an approx. flow of 52 l/m2/min (1 g/sq.ft./min.) In each case the filter bed is made up from (starting from the surface) 15 cm (6") washed sand, 5 cm (2") fine granite gravel, 1.5cm (3") marble chips and 7 - 10 cm C3 - 4") of larger granite aggregate.
Turnover times 1. Varies from 11/2 hrs in 115 I (25 gall) and 230 I (50 gall) tanks to 8 hrs in 6 800 I (1 500 gall) tanks. Total turnover time for the system is 24 hrs. 2. In the annular tank the turnover rate depends on the cir culation rate of the pumps (7 250 l/h) plus the amount of bleed in from the main circulation but will normally be around 8 - 9 hrs.
Stocking densities 1. Roundfish - from 2 - 3 g/l in the larger tanks to 5 - 6 g/l in the small 230 I (50 gall) tanks. Flatfish - up to 8 g/l. 2. The annular tank is often stocked at less than 2 g/l since the experiments normally carried out do not require large numbers of fish.
Water replacement rate Fresh sea water is regularly brought in by research vessels, and collected from relatively unpolluted points on the coast, to give, usually, a complete change of aquarium water in approx. 6 months. A direct seawater pipeline is planned.
- 13 ... I I .. - 13 - FISH BEHAVIOUR UNIT ------DIAGRAM OF SEAWATER CIRCULATION SYSTEM overflow overflow - --<- -- ->------>- -I 1 small large filters 1 1 filter I I 1 1 I 1 ~ -----D(J---..-P I *I 1 I annular tank I~v!:..rf.l~w_<- __ I sump -<-1 I y I I ->- - direction of flow reservoir l' I -Mo- va1ve I I 1 1 ------>------_>_ ----- __I SECTION------THROUGH FILTER overflow port - 1-- )( --- sand p;ranite s;ravel _....-. ----- marble cn1ps in1et -.. granite aggregate - 14 - - 14 - WATER QUALITY Average analyses of water drawn from main circulation system. AMMONIA Normal rates 0.01 - 0.04 ppm (total NH4 +). On one or two occasions when the filters have been non-operational the levels rose to 0.4 ppm within several days but returned to normal levels within 5 days of faults being rectified. NITRATE Normal around 20 ppm depending on the re placement rate of sea water, but has risen to 60 - 70 ppm in periods when sea water collection has been slow. NITRITE Varies from 0.07 - 0.1 pp. pH Stable over long periods between 7.6 and 7.9- S%o Stable over long periods between 34.0 and 34.5. OXYGEN SATURATION This obviously varies from tank to tank depending on stocking etc but normally is between 90 and 100%. COPPER 0.003 ~ 0.007 ppm. ZINC <0.01 pp. Other metals such as cadmium have sometimes been present at higher than expected concentrations and this has been due to the breakdown of certain stainless steel components of the circulation system. ~ 15 - - 15 - b) • SCOTTISH MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION EXPERIMENTAL AQUARIUM, OBAN, SCOTLAND. This as an open system with a double circuit (all pipes, pumps and reservoirs in duplicate for cleaning and main tenance purposes). Pipes are ABS Durapipe, pumps Mono pumps with stainless steel rotor and rubber stator. Each circuit consists of: Main intake in sea 15 cm (diam.) pipe SH 900 Monopump 600 m overland pipeline of 10 cm pipe with 13 expansion joints 31.5 m3 concrete reservoir tank weir 31.5 m3 reservoir tank (the water level in this tank is controlled by electrodes operating the SH 900 monopump) 10 cm pipe SH 80 Monopump (con tinuously running)* 10 cm water main to aquarium (plus 5 cm water main to ground floor of laboratory) 7.5 cm collection pipes 15 cm diameter collection pipe sea (or if solenoid valves operate, back to first reservoir tank). Reservoir capacity: 4 x 31.5 m3 Experimental tank capacity: none permanent, aquarium is mainly open plan without permanent tanks. Aquarium floor area is 200 m2 with mezzanine (balcony) floor of 70 m2 • * N.B. There are no header tanks - the supply is pressurised and the SH 80 pumps are thyristor controlled by a trans ducer to give apressure of 0.7 Kg/cm2 at all levels of de mand up to 22.5 m3 .h. Output of pumps: SH 900 45,000 l/h SH 80 22,500 l/h at full revs. There is no main temperature control and there are no filters. Compressed air supply is at 0.7 Kg/cm2 from a Nash air compressor. Other facilities include: 3 constant temperature rooms - total area 46 m2 • 5 air-conditioned rooms (will maintain 5 deg C below ambient)- total area 67 m2 • 3 associatcd laboratories - total area 41 m2 • Water quality: Salinity 27 to 34% depending on rainfallj t emperaturc 70 C to 16 0 C dcpendlng• on seasonj copper 2 to 5~g/1 (ppb)j air saturation often more than 100%, dcgassing may be required. - 16 - - 16 - c). SEAWATER FACILITY, NEWFOUNDLAND ENVIRONMENT CENTER, ST. JOHN'S, CANADA This system is in late planning stages and encompasses the following features: (1) Water will be pumped at 2250 I/min directly from the At lantic Ocean to a maximum height of 125 m and over a distance of 2 km. Full duplication with crossover capa bility is incorporated throughout. (2) All tank facilities will be centralized in one space except for (a) a bacteriological isolation room for fish disease studies, (b) a legal bioassay area which must be made inaccessible to all but designated personnel, and (c) a public aquarium. (3) Provision is made for selective, priority-based switching from open to closed mode in case of system failure. For example, legal bioassays, where flow-through conditions are prescribed, would draw from the reservoir on a priority basis. Reservoir Capacity 225,000 1. designed for linear (first-in, first out) flow. Will sustain bioassay facility for 500 hr if ne cessary. Experimental-Tank Capacity (1) 16-3200 1. tanks (2 m diam. x 1 m), mainly for live fish holding. (2) 32-300 1. tanks (1x1xO.5 m), for toxicology, surgical work. (3) 40-35 1. tanks (0.4xo.4xo.3 m), for salmonid development _ work. (4) 12-2.5 m water tables. (5) Bioassay system as prescribed by current law, including 4 tanks as described under (2) above. Requires 22.5 1./min. (6) 1-120,000 1. behaviour tank (8.5 m diam. x 2.5 m). (7) Floor space for special purpose tanks. Total Capacity (1 ) 225,000 l. (2) 180,000 1 (1+2) 405,000 1. Output of Circulation Pump. (1) Main pumps (2) - 2x136,oOO l/hr (only one operational at a time). (2) Circulation pumps - on individual tanks. .. 17 ... - 17 - Temperature Control Means and limits not yet determined. Filters Individual meehanieal filters for eaeh tank while operating in reeireulating. Turnover times (1) Reservoir: 1.6 hr nonexponential design (2) All tanks in full 'open' mode: 1% per minutes (exponential) Stoeking Densities (1) Requirements of individual seientist, sinee an open system. Water Replaeement Rate (1) Same as reservoir, 1.6 hr, exeept in partial or total reeireulation mode. WATER QUALITY A monitoring system is planned: (1) Automatie for eontinuously measured parameters. (2) Diseontinuous for nitrate, ete. Provision for installing deaerating equipment at reservoir. - 18 - d). TROMS~ MARINE BIOLOGICAL STATION, NORWAY. Sea Water System Sea (open intake) -.- Reader Tank ~ Public Aquarium and One Laboratory --. Waste. Reservoir Capacity Zero. There is no reservoir. Tank Capacity Laboratory:-Circa 10,000 l.in tanks of various sizes. Public Aquarium:-Circa 40,0001. Total Capacity 50,0001. Pump Output 5000 l/h - continuous running. Temperature Control None Filters None Turnover time Varies according to size of tank and flow from taps feeding tanks. In the largest tanks the minimum turnover time is around 6 hours. Stocking Densities Round fish: Up to around 5 g/l. Flatfish Up to around 7 g/l! Water Quality As in the sea. Sediment after stormy weather is a problem, otherwise the water quality is good. This system was designed for the small public aquarium and it is inadequate as a university research facility. A completely new system is being planned. ... 19 ... - 19 - e). AQUARIUM OF THE INSTITUT FUR MEERESKUNDE AN DER UNIVERSITÄT KIEL, KIEL, W. GERMANY. The aquarium is separated in a public and a research sec tion. It consists of different closed independent systems of fresh- and seawater. 1.a. Main circulation system for North sea water (S%0=32-34) and Baltic water (S%o 15-20): Aquarium ~mechanical filter ~ pump -+ foaming with air and ozone ~ algae tank -+ pump -.. temperature control _ aquarium. b. Fresh water and tropical sea water system: Aquarium --... small scale ozonisator (only in the tropical section) ~ gravel filter ~ pump --. aquarium. 2. Water supply system: a. Direct pumping from harbour or research vessel ~ sedimentation tank --.. pump ...... sandfilter --. pump -..storage tank-+- pump ~high level tank -. auto matic supply to main system by level control. b. The "North Sea System" is supplied with Baltic sea water. Natural sea salt is added to get North sea salinity. c. Supply capacity: "North Sea" water 84 000 1 Baltic water 99 000 1 3.a. Public aquarium capacity North sea water system 45 000 1 Baltic water system 35 000 1 Fresh water system 8 500 1 Tropical water system 3 200 1 in glass and concrete tanks varying in size from 125 1 to 11 000 1 . b. Research aquarium capacity Maximum capacity about 14 000 1 in glass and fibre • glass tanks varying from 40 1 to 4 000 1. 4. Total capacity: "North Seat! water 129 000 1 Baltic water 148 000 1 5. Output of circulation pumps: Main pumps 10 000 l/h intermittent running Sump pumps 6 000 l/h intermittent running Circulation pumps 40 000 l/h continuous running 6. Temperature control: Both main circulation system have a complete tempera ture control. Temperature range from 8 to 16°c. Refrigation is supplied by fresh water of 4°c as the intermediate coolant. Heat exchange by passing through graphite. .. 20 .. - 20 - AQUARIUM KIEL SCHEMA DER WASSERZI RKULA TI ON vom Hochbeh··\ta er ~ . Ozon- Anlage - ,.JL rl K"uhlvor 1! ARBEITS- ffi ~ I-Ät- ! gog00 0 richtung GANG o~: ~l ~ ~ ...... 1"= WASSER- ft SCHAU- I ,...... ,...... 'AUF BEREITUNG L-- ...... ~ RAUM ~ II r- III ~p ! f' ~ U ~' u f 1 - f ?\I u, IV = l Algen- Becken u _...... ~ ~fl·- _······1f'········O··_····"="'_· U ff _ 1 Cl: - ~ U ~;= I Vorfilter II Sterilisator III Abschäumer IV Entgasung - 21 - - 21 - Individual tank temperature control made possible by either glass heaters or cooling by portable units• • 7. Filters In the main circulation systems filtration only by using synthetic plankton gauze as a mechanical filter. Water purification is only done by high pressure foaming with air and ozone. No other filters have been used up to date. After passing the ozonisation units water flows through an aerated algal tankfor.remo val of nutrients. Algal tank capacity 2 x 5 800 1 2 Vegetation surface 2 x 29.4 m 8. Turnover times In the main system approx. once per hour ( 40 000 l/h) 9. Water replacement rate a. Sea water is regularly taken from Kiel harbou~ by direct pumping into the supply system as described under point 2. b. Due to loss of water by evaporation and foaming weekly replacement rate can reach up to 10% of total • system capacity• 10. Stock densities Varying greatly depending on the current research programmes and the animals kept in stock for labo ratory use. Maximum carrying capacity not known. Water Quality Mean values 1974 in the main circulation systems North sea system Baltic system Nitrite ppm/l 0.17 0.14 Nitrate ppm/l 2.65 2.19 Ammonia ppm/l 0.06 0.06 Phosphate ppm/l 3.88 3.97 pR 7.93 7.67 Oxygen saturation not below 90% s%o 30.7 - 35.2 15.8 - 21.3 .. 22 .. - 22 - f). LöBBECKE-MUSEUM UND AQUARIUM DtlSSELDORF, W. GERMANY • • Althoughan show aquarium nevertheless it is used for research on maintaining, hatching and even breeding of fish and invertebrates and for research film as welle Facilities of the cold sea water system Circulation Stocked tanks (concrete) ~ dry forefilter ~ low level sump ~ pump _high level dry forefilter _ high level wet gravel filter -.. cooling tank ~stocked tanks. Reservoir capacity No reservoir. 3000 1. mixing tank. Stocked tank capacit~ 25 000 1 in concrete tanks varying in size from 450 1 up to 4 000 1. Total capacity 30 000 1 (filter+cooling tank+sump content = 5 000 1) Sump pumps Twofold. Intermittent running controlled by level probes in the sump. Temperature control The seaowater tem~erature can be adjustedto any level be tween 9 C and 19 C. There are two separate cooling systems, switched over automatically in case of emergency, each con sisting of refrigeration engine working by freon (Frigen), sea water circulation pump and stainless steel heat ex changer, intermittent running controlled by two contact • thermometers(of glass), one thermometer for switch on the other for switch off. The pre-set temperature is automatically maintained with in :!: 0,5°C. Filters Dry.forefilters are filled with glasswool and active charcoal 30 cm thick, 1 m2 • Cleaned fortnighly. The wet filter is filled with glasswool and gravel 40 cm thick, 4 m2 • Turnover times Varies from 6 hrs. in 2 000 1 tanks to 12 hrs. in 4 000 1 tank. .. 23 .. - 23 - Stoeking densitJ About 1 g biomass pro 1. Water replaeement rate Monthly is replaeed 10% by fresh artifieial sea water. Water guality Ammonia No measuring Nitrate Up to 100 ppm (100 mg/I) Nitrite Below 0,09 ppm pR Nearly stable between 8,2 and 8,4 Densitie 1,025 Oxygen saturation No reeent measuring Reavy metals By using of EDTA no heavy metal ions are free ~ Faeilities of the warm sea water seetion No eireulation. Eaeh tank with separate filter. No reservoir. 2 000 1 mixing tank. Stoeked tank eapaeity: 10 000 1 in tanks of either PVC or asbestos eonerete or glass, varying in size from 170 1 up to 2 000 1. Temperature eontrol: Reating is supplied by eleetrieal eeramie heaters, eleetronie eontrolled. I\ilters: 1. Aerated wet filters (never eleaned) with dry fore filters (eleaned onee within 1 - 3 days), running only by pressed air. 2. Wet gravel filters with a layer of aetive ehareoal and glasswool. on top (this layer is replaeed monthly by a new one), running only by pressed air. 3. In addition to the gravel filters for 2 000 1 tanks: Injeetion foamer (Tunze). Stoeking densitie: Does not exeeed 1 g biomass/l Water replaeement rate: On an average 25 - 30% a month by fresh artifieial sea water, but depending of water quality (see below). Water quality: pR is not allowed to fall below 8,2 Nitrite is not allowed to exeeed 0,1 ppm (on oeeasion this happens only in newly installed tanks and filters). By use of EDTA no heavy metals are able to aet. - 24 - - z4 - g). DESIGN OF A FUTURE AQUARIUM SYSTEM FOR THE NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS, YMUIDEN, THE NETHERLANDS • The total building is divided into thrce floors. They are placed on top of each other, Consequently the total plant has been separated in three different floor levels. None of the compartments has an opening to let light enter. Daylight is not allowed. In the compartment at the lowest floor-Ievel the main storage for the seawater is found. This main storage has to have a volume of at least two times the volume of the aquaria and must be big enough to contain the total volume of the system. The storage temperature has to be 8 degrees centigrade or belml 8. The cooling of the water to the storage-temperature takes place in two heat-exchangers of the shell and tube type. '. Each of them is able to cool back the total amount of circulating seawater. These double way of carrying out - the system will be found everywhere in the design. This double capacity serves to clean, to sterilize and equipment repair, without having to stop process. The seawater has to flow from the biological filters, which are also placed in the room with the lowest floor level, through the heat-exchangers into the main storages. However, the chosen difference in level between the filters and the reservoirs is too small to cause the required flow by gravity for the transfer in the heat-exchangers. This required flow is obtained by a system of an inter mediate reservoir and pumps. From the main storage the water is brought to the highest floor-level by means of a pump through a main delivery piping-line. Before the water leaves the compartment with the lowest floor-level, however, it first passes an ultra violet sterilization filter. From the highest floor-Ievel the whole flow in the aqua rium system is based on gravity. On the highest floor-level the seawater is distributed among four units of heat transfer. They are built up fröm several shell and tube heat-exchangers. One part of the water is cooled to Z degrees centigrade, another part of t~e seawater is brought again as exactly as possible to 8 C and again another part is heated to ZO°C. The water flows from the heat-exchangers into the gravity tanks. The required different temperatures in the aquaria are caused by continuously water refreshing by water of the required temperature. The demanded temperature per aqua • rium is obtained by mixing of seawater with different temperature levels. Temperatures below 8°c are obtained by mixing water cf 2°C with water cf BOc; temperatures above BOc are ob tained by mixing water of BOe with water cf ZooC. .. 25' .. - 25 - The gravity tanks serve to maintain a constant pressure ahead of the control valves of this temperature control. • The water level in the tanks has to be on a constant level. A second function of the gravity tanks is the formation of a buffer, by which small fluctuations in the tempera ture of the water in leaving the heat exchangers, are damped. The air, which has been dissolved in the water under pressure by me ans of pumping, will be given the possibi lity to expand and to get out. This is the third function of the gravity tanks. The minimal storage time for this process amounts to six minutes, The water flows from the gravity tanks to the second floor-level. The second floor is the aquarium room. Here the water is distributed through four ring-mains. The piping systems are hung up from the ceiling. None of these pipes hangs at the same height. The suspension varies in height and the routes varies. Instead of using bends, 4-way pipes pieces with blank flanges have been used in order to gain access into the pipes to inspect and to clean the tubes without demounting large systems parts. From these ring mains the water comes into the aquaria through the control valves and mixing manifolds. The fish tanks have to be put in a schock- and vibra tion-free place. Each aquarium is placed on a supporting frame of its own, which is mounted on the floor by way of anti-vibration mountings. The raised installment of the aquaria has also the advantage that all the outgoing tubes can be put on the flocr. Consequently the operating parts are within easy reach. The paths between and along the aquaria are formed by a raised wooden floor in the shape of a platform or plank bridges• The collecting-mains are put under them and they are • easily to reach by using panels which can be taken out in a simple way. The water discharged from the basins is lead to the lowest floor level thr~gh the collecting mains under the paths into three biological filters. Two of them are in full operation, while the third is partly in operation or be-ing purified. The flow velocity through the filters has been chosen on an maximum of 1.25 m3 per m2 filter surface per hour. The shells of the filters are constructed of glass fibre reinforced polyester. The filter bed is built up as folIows: - a sand layer of about 50 cm depthj the sand has a grain size of .5 to .6 mm • • - 26 - -' 26 - .. a layer consisting of pieces of marble or shells in order to correct the pR, depth 20 cm, size of the • pieces 5 to 7 mm. and a layer to support of gravel, totaldepth 30 cm, size of the pieces 5 to 7 mm. Over the sand layer on a height o. about 30 cm the water is distributed equally oVer the filter surface. From the biological filters the water flows through a collecting pipe and through the intermediate reservoir to the main reservoirs. DISTRIBUTION PIPES HE"T EXCHANQfR BATTfRV I HEAT EJtCHANGER BATl[RV 1 HEilT EXCHANGER BATTERV 11 HEAT EXCHANGE'R BATTER'I 11 1••8°C t .... "zc>c HQRMAL ti_8°~, tu ,,8°t NORMAL. ti_8"C tu .BoC Ii_SOC tu" 200C omal " 15.5 ~Ih Gnom" 355~ln Q~m .35.5 "!/h QfT'lQ.Il'. 34.0~Jh Qmin " 15 ~Jh amin" 185m/h Q ITlIn " 18.5 rn/n Q min " 2.0 rJJh ABlE 10 REPlACE ABLE 10 REPlACE HEAT El(CHANGER BATTEIW I HEAT EXCHANGER BAHERV 11 '~-:--:::-:;· GR~VITYTANKII -=-=- Sm 2QOC ______9• .HIGH nOOR LEVEL I SEVERAl CONNB:TlNG RING MAINS POSSI81LITlES • AQUARIUM MAIN OEllVERV PlPING UNE Q 77 rrtlh t.BoC V.-16m/5 FOR Q94.J:h Y.cn2ß)'s 38.4/"' _ _._--._---3Bnth 3• .lih __-,-ME=IJUM==~l~ BIOLOGlCAL FIlTERS .. HEAT EXCHANGER ~-- .. -.t=:-::.====1 Law FLOOR lEVEL RESERVOIR I STORAGE TEMP BOC RESERVOIR 11 STORAGE 'TEMP BOC - 27 - - 27 - h).SIMPLIFIED SCEEME OF TEE WATER CIRCULATION IN ONE SECTION OF TEE AQUARIUM OF THE NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE OF SEA RESEARCH, TEXEL, THE NETHERLANDS • .. sea ~ • During high tide sea water with a salinity of ~pprox. a 30 o/~o S is pumped from a sheitered harbour site into 3 sedimentation tanks (a). It is stored for at least 3 weeks for sedimentation of plankton and silt. 60n meter pipe line ...(" .... :- \V ~ 2.3 2.3 2.3 In the laboratory sea water from the storage tanks (f) b ...... 2 ...... , m ...' is pumped to aseries of gravity tanks (b) for a constant pressure in the lines, aeration, temperature control etc. 2 Tne sea water laboratory (c) consists of one open space with a glass roof 5 meter high. The laboratory is divided in 5 sections, each with 2 sea water circuits (1 and 2). The 5 sections have corresponding sections of storage tanks (f), gravity tanks (b) and filters (d). -..:J · X c ·:,1 I\) :2 ;::l . 1 .-- 2 ~ . I ~amage 'U -1- ~---, \_--" \-~_.''''--_._- All sea water used in the laboratory passes through open d rapid 2and filters (d), each with a surface area of 2.25 m and a sand bed of 1.5 m high. They can be cleaned bJ backflush with sea water and compressed nir. e Prom the filters the water runs back into the storage tanks (f). Each sec~ion of the laboratory has two sets of 3 tanks of different size, which can bc useä separately or in combination. Prom the tanks the water f 15 15 is pumped for both circuits (1 and 2), by two parallel 3 • m pumps Ce) to the gravity tanks in the top of the building. 40 40 3 m - 28 - - 28 - To give a rough idea about the limits of the yearly variation in quantity of the sea water in the laboratory, two examples are given from two different sections (A and B). • The storage tank A (60 m3 ) was only used for work with low stocks of lamellibranchs and polychaets, tank B (60m3 ) was used for experiments on feeding and growth with approx. 200 fish (total weight approx. 10 kg). The sea water in tank B was changed every 4 months. Site NH N0 N0 P0 Cu Zn PH Silt 4 2 3 4 ugrat/liter ppb/liter mg/liter sea 5-25 0.2-9 10-120 0.5-6 1.5-4 1.5-16 7.9-8. L 3-100 sedimentation 4-20 0.2-9 10-50 1-4 1-4.5 0.5-15 7.9-8.1 1.5-5 tanks (a) «ea water lab. ank A 4-8 0.2-2 60-170 4-9 4-10 12-25 8.2-8. 1.4-5 tank B 4-13 0.2-1 150-550 10-1E 3-11 16.34 7.8-8.~ 2-4 • ... 2~ - 29 - i). TEE AQUARIUM OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY. STATE UNIVERSITY OF UTRECHT, THE NETHERLANDS. The objective is to store and to breed under controlled conditions a diversity of , as a rule small, aquatic animals - fishes, amphibia, molluscs etc. - for experi mental (research) purposes. In a large number of aquariums, about 13 different conditions must be maintained: sea water and fresh water, different illuminations and tem peratures etc•• In addition, limited terrarium facili- ties are available. The use of materials subject to erosion is restricted as much as possible. Sea-water system This consists of two closed, potentially independent systems; one is kept at a constant 23°C, in the other the temperature can be adjusted between 12°C and 16°c. 23°C: aquarium - filter/reservoirs - circulatingpumps temperature control system - aquariums. In the 10 aqua riums of 200 L. each, the proportion of the quantity of water in the aquariums and that in the filter/reser voirs is about 1 : 1; replacement about twice a year; turnover-times approximately 1 _1 1/2 hrs. • 12° - 16° C: aquariums - reservoirs - circulatingpumps filter/reservoirs - circulating pumps - temperature con trol system - aquariums. Available are 16 full glass aquariums (200 L. each), 4 polyethylene tanks (250 L.) and 2 polythylene tanks (1500 L.). The proportion be tween the quantity of water in the aquariums and that in the filter/reservoirs is about 1:1. The turnover-times may fluctuate, but as a rule they are approximately 1 -1 1/2 hrs. (200 L. aq) and 2 hrs. (1500 L. tanks). The total volume of about 35 m3 is generally replaced twice a year. Filters: the filterbeds consist of (top to bottom) a gauze filter (mechanical filter) - animal charcoal (Os caril) - gravel ~1 1/2) - broken shell - gravel (~1 1/~ cm).· The filters may be regenerated. After the 0bout 1 cm3 ) the water passes two aerated and illuminated reservoirs (together about 5 m3 ). Each system has two parallel connected units filter/reservoirs and circu lating pumps. Animals: most invertebrates, e.g. molluscs, (Crepidula, Nassarius, Mytilus, Dentalium, some in large numbers), • and fish (including shark) • The aquariums of the Laboratory of chemical animal phy siology are connected to the same circulation system. PAESSED AIA o w o [EH R T NJ • . SHOA 'R 00 I ,I .' I !\, \\" FILTER SYSTEM r---:,.-::::::::.:::.:::::::-_-::::-::-.:.::======.::::.::::=::-:::::=::::-.:-_-=.:::.::::::.-.-..-1 II!.!~~...J~":""=N"'!lf.....: rrl-::;~~ :: .,. :: ~ 11 I.I," ______e~~~~~~ l~_ -"-"~"-'-'.!>!!!.B!!___4'~,,---~1 I:IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII I IIIII ~:, : I I , ., I' • THERMOSlAI o--n••------Ö ..------rn----",-----",------.. ..6 THEAIo!QS'A' 1~~I!~ili.lII~~~I~~1 PRINCIPLE OF ROOM-TEMPERATURE CONTROL ~AQ!:,~ - - t m_ ...... -1><>0 I A- Jl1&~~1 ) t< -{:>4-----1O"C- - H("TE~ I --'>& I _JJ / '-t> This Lab. uses circulating fresh water systems (12°C and 23°C), similar to those described above. Technical details have been omitted, as the set-up has been adapted to the particular requirements. The aqua rium equipment has been designed in cooperation with Verhoeven, B.V., Consulting Engineers, Amersfoort, tel. 033 - 19441, who may supply further information to those interested. Fresh water system As a rule this sytem is without circulationj in part of the aquariums the water is permanently replaced by tap water with a turnover-time of about 24 hrs. Most of the fullglass aquariums, containing 20 L., 75 L., or 200 L., are placed on frames. The water temperature is adjusted by thermostats, one of which controls the room temperature within + 3°C of the required water temperature. Another thermostat is submerged in an aquarium. Two adapted refrigerators are being used for experi mental work at lower temperature. All aquariums are illuminated with fluorescent lamps, connected to time-control switches. In order to avoid abrupt differences in illumination at the beginning and at the end of the day, the room ceiling illumination is also connected to time-control switches, which turn the ceiling lights on and off half an hour before and half an hour after the aquarium illumination respec tively• .. • ... 32 ... - 32 - j) • ARTIS - AQUARIUM, AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS. • The Artis - Aquarium, Amsterdam Netherlands is a public aquarium belonging to the Royal Zoological Society, Natura Artis Magistra. The Artis - Aquarium posesses four main circulation systems of the closed type: a) seawater 10 - 14° centigrade~ b) seawater 16 - 19° centigradej c) seawater 24 - 26 centigradej d) fresh water 24 - 26° centigrade. In preparation are two addi tional closed circulation systems: e) seawater 24 - 26° centigrade especially for tropical marine invertebratesj f) freshwater 15 - 17° centigrade. All these circula tion systems work on the same principle. 1) Main circulation systems seawater Reservoir _ circulationpump _ temperature control system _ reservoir ~ tanks ~ central filtersystem -----. reservoir surplus water to pressure point reservoir. Capacities reservoir tanks filters total capacity 3 3" 3 2 3 seawater 10 - 14° 60 m 15 m 15m /10m 90 m 2 3 seawater 16 - 19° 180 m3 40 m3 30m3/23m 250 m 3 2 3 seawater 24 - 26° 180 m3 40 m 30m3/23m 250 m Output of circulationpumps All circulationpumps have an output of 25 - 30 m3/h Temperature control 1) Cooling Refrigeration in the two cooled seawatersystems is supplied by a two-step system. First freshwater in a closed system is cooled by freon, then the chilIed fresh water and the circulating seawater pass through a grap hite heat exchanger. 2) Heating The circulating seawater and hot water from the main central heating plant pass through a graphite heat ex changer. Both temperature control systems are automatically con trolled and have the necessary safety devices. - 33 - ...,.;..;..,~\.. 'i .•~ : ...... _~ .i..-- • • .. coo1ing or hea1dng Scheme of :rnain circu1ation systems. 1. inf10v of circu1ation vater; {. overflow of filter to either first reservoir, 2. tank; second or third reservoir; 3. ccarse sandfilter (backvashable); 8. reservoir compartments; 4. siphon; 9. reservoir compartments; 5· second filterco=partment 10. reservoir compartments; (broken cobblestones); 11. third filtercompartment (crushed oystershell); I \JoI 6. fourth filtercompartment 12. fifth filtercompartment (bonecharcoal). \JoI (crushed oystershell); I - 34 - Filters 1) seawater 10 - 1~0 centigrade: total area 10 m with an approximate flow of 10 - 15 m3 through the filter~ which corresponds to an approx. flow of 2 m3 per mC on the first filter compartment. The filtersystem consists of 3 compartments: a) coarse sandfilter; grainsize 2 - 4 mm; layer 20 cm thick. The filterbed is uniform and is supported by a special filterbottom with socalled Hudo-filterheads. This compartment can be backwashed with tapwater and compressed air. b) and c) crushed oystershellj layer 50 cm thick, with a small layer of bone-charcoal on top of the last com partment. 2) seawater 16 - 19° and seawater 24 - 26° centigrade: total area 23 m2 with an approximate flow of 20 m3/h through the filt~r, which corresponds to an approxi mate flow of 2 m5 per m2 on the first filter compart ment. Both filtersystems consiss of 5 compartments: a) coarse sandfilter; grainsize 2 - 4 mm; layer 20 cm thick. The filterbed is uniform and is supported by a special filterbottom with socalled Hudofilterheads. This first compartment can be backwashed with tap water and compressed air. b) layer of 50 cm thick broken cobblestones c) and b) crushed oystershellj layer 50 cm thick d) bonecharcoal 150 kg (renewed once a year) Turnover rates Depending on the size of the tank turnover varies from 3/4 hour in the smallest tanks (200 liters) to about 6 hours in the biggest tank (25.000 liters) Total turnover time for the seawater 10 - 14° is 2 1/2 hour, for the other two systems 10 hours. Stocking densities Varies somewhat and is not exactly known, but lies be tween 1 - 3 gram/liter tankvolume. Water replacement rate In each system about 1/3 of the total eapaeity is replaeed by natural seawater brought in by ship from the Atlantie. Onee a year • • - 35 - Aeration All tanks are aerated in order to keep the whole water column in motion. The last compartments of the reservoirs are also aerated. Amount of air used for aeration pur poses : 45 m3 .h. Materials in contact with seawater in the system All material coming into contact with the circulating seawater are plastics: PVC or polyaethylene. Safety of the system To guard against breakdown of essential equipment in the systems all vital components are present in twofold: circulationpumpsj aeration systemj pumps used in water temperature controlj heating plant. There is a genera- 4t tor for use in power breaks from the mains. Waterquality As shown on accomp. table. Nitrate figures are values reached just before 1/3 replacement of the circulating .. seawater• • Artis Aquarium, Amsterdam data sheet - seawater system 10°C 18°c 24°c temperature 12.8 17.1 24.2 pH 8.0 8.06 8.04 redoxpotential mV 200 200 ·200 Salinity SO/oo 32.5 32.3 34.0 Chlorinity Cl 0/00 18.0 17.9 18.8 oxygen saturation % 100 100 100 nitrate mg N0 - Nil 40.0 37.5 51.0 3 nitrite mg N0 - Nil 0.0056 0.0062 0.0104 2 ammonium mg NH - Nil 0.008 0.019 0.016 3 - 36 - AQUARIUM FACILITIES DANMARKS FISKERI-OG HAVUNDERS~GELSER! CHARLOTTENLUND, DENMARK. 12 indoor 1 m3 concrete tanks 4 indoor 2 m3 concrete tanks These tanks are connected with the circulation system of the Danmarks Akarium (public aquarium). Cold and heated sea water available. There seems to be plans for a new aquarium building. The facilities of the Danmarks Akvarium are described in a booklet by J. Boetius (1948) and distributed by the Aquarium in Charlottenlund• .. - 37 - 1). THE MUSSEL EXPERIMENTAL STATION, NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR - 37 - FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS, TEXEL, THE NETHERLANDS. The M.E.S. at Texel is a branch of the Netherlands Institute for Fishery Investigations. It is being used by the Molluscan Shellfish Department for research concerning the musselindustry~ except the food-technologocal cannery/processing research At the M.E.S. ~ttentioll.Jp paid, to., the following topics: l~_~~~~~!~_~~~_~l~!~~~2~ • Spawning/propagation. (*). • Spat settlement and seed resource. • Growth and fattening - incl. natural food resources. (*). • Rearing ecology - incl. pedological and hydrological patterns. (*). • Rearing methods (culture systems). , • Sowing, fishing and bottom care (culture techniques). • Sanitary - and pest control. • Rewatering: de-sanding, stocking and conditioning for cleaned or only rinsed fresh (market) transit and cannery-processing. • Ecologically and mechanically induced stress-symptons (keepability). • Metabolism: enzymatic processes with interaction of excretion products. • Metabolism: proteins/amino acids. • • ~~bohydrates and lipids are studied at the Institute for Chemical Zoophysiology of the Utrecht University: Joint venture in formation). • Mechanical declustering and cleaning systems in relation to the • influences on the musseIs. ' , • Production' and trade statistics, overall economic evaluation•. Part of these topics are interrelated. The necessity to develop alternative artificial rewatering places required the foundation of the M.E.S. in 1969/70, weIl provided as a pilot-plant for several activities. The original Delta Plan, which envisaged complete enclosure of the Easter Scheldt by'1978 prompted a search to find a,replacing natural, area for rewatering the mussels of the Dutch Waddensea (70% of the production in the Netherlands). • When this search proved to be in vain, it was decided to carry out a study on the possibilities of establishing an artificial, functional replacement for the natural rewatering places in the Easter Scheldt near the molluscan shellfish centre Yerseke (Province of Sealand). ' The decision to build a large-scale ,plant for the experimental and commercial rewatering of musseIs was taken in 1964 with a view to the demonstrative value for the musselindustry as a whole and the possibility of economic studies lateron. On the other hand, it was borne in mind that starting empirically with commercial quantities of mussels would give more rapidly the required basic answers and the clear formulation of the problems,in stead of starting with fundamental • scientific work concerning the behaviour of mussols. In the latter case, it was not yet known wliich points of impact should then be followed at first. There were only hazy notions about the importance of the time-consuming dE:-tuil research. This policy has worked vory weIl. The problems of tho rowatering I of musseIs are caught up both in principle and practically. Now, the work is continuing on matters of detail and in a broader conte:'t. The musseId metabolism under different circumstanc06 plays an important role in thia connection. ... -:58 - 38 - , < Thankfully, a good use can be made of the fundamental scientific·work . " t .) of other researchers, which was in progress elsewhere during the last years. ~~ , The foundation of the M.E.S. is set up as a Delta-compensation project - by the Government. So, the Ministry of Traffic and Waterworks paid two thirds of the original building costs as a lump sumo The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries bears the working-expenses and further development-costs. The studies which underline the present alternative solutions for the rewatering of all the Dutch mussels,and what necessarily has to be imported,have been carried out by the M.E.S. in conjunction with the Governmental Service for Traffic and Waterworks. The assistance of the Netherlands Hydraulics Laboratory and the Agriculture (Fishery) Economic Research Institute was also called in. Assuming a reduced tide in the Easter Scheldt (1985), proposed in the framework of the recent reconsideration of the Deltaproject, it is not certain whether the present natural rewatering places • will be able to continue to function as required. In any case, with the present know-how, it will be able to find a way out to continue the old musseI industry of the Netherlands. The musseI merchants will be able to retain-and even intensify-their direct contact with the product and its environment when they (must) change to the use of built basins. However, it is likely they will get the possibilities to do that along the coast-line of the musseI centre Yerseke, instead of along the Western Waddenseaborder. Literature. Drinkwaard, A.C., The Dutch musselculture and its . improvement efforts. Proceedings Shellfish Conference 1975 of the Shellfish Association of Great Britain. London. Fishmongers'Hall. In press. M.E.S - Rewatcring place, water supply and - running system•. Thc·total capacity of the station,pumping seawater from outside the surrounding dikc of the Polder 't Horntjc in which thc M.E.S. is situated,amounts to ample 1 m3/sec • (3 pressure pumps of 15, 25 and 35 m3/h.). Wide iron tubes bring the water to a stopvalvep~t in the,body of the dike. The stopvalves have to be closed during extreme high tide, occuring about four times a year. From the stopvalve pit,the sea water runs through three wide black vulcathene tubes in the soil ~ to a large open gravity tank. From this tank, the water runs •• under gravity and is being led over the whole area. Thc supply tubes arising vertically out of thc soil, are also provided with stopvalves. These valves are closed when the system is used as a closed system. The water in the system is then pumped around. In this case a fourth large tube carries the circulating water straight away from the inner pumping station to the gravity , tank. It is also possible to short-circuit the musselbasins without uso of the gravity tank. Normally, tho inner pumpingstation,whon the system io used aa an open systom, returns thc used oeawater to the sea. The drain pipo io ,I - 39 - partly made of iron and partly of eonerete, with .0. large non-return valve at the seaward side. The system ean also be used as .0. mixed half-open system. This means that part of the used water is mixed with new seawater in'the gravity tank. Part of the usecl and re-used water is returned to sea. In the same way, 'mixing with fresh or braekish water from Texel's inland is' also possible in shorter or longer eireuits. The inlets of the inner pumping station with four pressure pumps, three of 23 m3/h. and one of 15 m3/h. minimum capacity,are under the lowest waterlevel of the whole area. At this point all water. of the rewatering place either used or unused (over-flows and by-passes) is collected. The pumps of the inner pumping station are connected to level switches at different settings: Aecording to the amount of water offered, they eome into operation. An eleetric or mechunical failure of the pumps in the inner pumping station automatically results in .0. switching off the pumps in the pumping station outside the dike • Rainwater from the roads, seawater and household water from the •• laboratory and other locations around the rewatering place is kept apart. A separate pump brings this water also back to the sea, far enough mVrlY from the inlets of the outside pumpingstation, to be sure, that no mixing and uptake is possible. The modelling of the open gravity tank having an oblong form enables coarse sandpartieles to sink down during the passage of the seawater through the tank. :-: At the end of this large bath-tub shaped, ample 50 m long tank,a venturi is built with .0. hydrometer recording the amount of water per hour. This hydrometer is also connected to a recorder in the control-room of the inner pumping station. Dependent on the seawater level at the outside pumping station (normal differences between high and low tide are here 1-2 metres), the pumps give more or less water. Notwithstanding the amount of water is always known,a security-deviee is built in to have never more than exactly 1 m3 per second in the experimental part of the plot behind the gravity tank. So, it is not possible that more than 1 m3/sec.passes·the10 settling tanks, just behind the gravity tank. The device is formed by an exactly adjusted narrowing of the/eulvert profile down below. As soon as more than 1 m3/sec. is coming, an overflow comes into operation. This system is also related to the exact adjustment of the water quantities in the musseI basins, the experimental part of the rewatering place. Settling the Waddensea water,is neeessary. Sometimes the amount of silt with fine sand particles comes to more than 200 mg/litre, 20 times more than normally oceurs in the Easter Seheldt in the South of the Netherlands. Therefore, bcsi'des temperature :.and salinity albo' thc turbidity of the watcr ncur t~e outsidö pumping station is monitored permanently. 2 The ten settling tanks together have .0. useful surface of 2000 m , with .. a depth of 2 m. Floating material can be skimmed. Bottom material can be moved under water to silt hoppers. These hoppers can be do-silted by opening the valves of drainpipes above an even lower situated water by-pass. The eombined clcaning operation is done by moehanieally workin~ paddleboards, put on an electric- trolley moving very slowly . (:About' 1 em/see.) over tha walls of the settling tanks. The wet profile of the aettling compartment is about )0 times larger thon that of the gravity tunk. The stuying time for settline iG _ 40 _ olwoyo more thon one ~our. - 40 - Llast The fourLsettling tanks can easily be utilized for other purposes. .. This means, that the water running from'the first six tanks can be conducted in opposite direction through the four last tank and that they can be used as culture or live tanks. 2 The water for the experimental musselcompartment (1500 m ) reaches the bank of six raceways via six regulating chutes, adjustable in litres per second by floating measuring scales. 2 The concrete raceways have a surface of 250 m each with walls of 1 m. height. The useful surface for musseIs is over 200 m2 • The breadth of each raceway is 5 m. One of the raceways has been provided with iron grids and rails a long them.Itisnow fitted for the rearing of small hatchery-produced oysterspat from the U.K., to help to learn the Netherlands oyster growers thebest'P!occdures before this spat can be sowed on the natural oysterplots. Light screening is possible for this raceway. Partly separated from the above mentioned installation there are three big square supply-basins with a capacity of 4 500 m3 each. The depth is about 3 m. They can be filled with seawater or polder water. The seawater can be supplied by the settling tanks. The ". fresh or brackish water can be supplied by a polder pumping station ,(175 m3/h) , about one mile from the M.E.S •• At the beginning of the long pipeline, chlorine gas can be injected. The polder water is most often polluted.Before this chlorinated water enters into one of the supply basins,it is on its way for more than half an hour. On arrival,it is first filtered by a rotating strainer. The gauze meshwidth of the strainer is 801J. This provision was installed for the large scale salinity-Iowering- ,and-rising experiments in order to learn the acceptable salinity fluctuations in relation to the mussel~ adaptation processes when lying together in large beds. This provision opens the possibilities to biological decomposition studies. One of the large basins can be fertilized with the biodegrable wastes,and fattening experiments of musseIs can be done in relation to the utilization of musseIs as fish food. Phytoplankton blooms are observed. The three basins can be interconnected by opening the spindIe valves. Normally, one of the supply basins is always in use as storage basin of new seawater to supply the laboratory aquarium and working as an open system. By connecting these basins, they can in principle also form an important Eart of the most extended closed-eirculating system with some .18 000 mj of water in operation. Supply of different types of water remains possible. An outside-pollution calamity can be . withstood. Without any difficulty, we once had an unexpected spatfall of oysters at the walls of one of the basins. By looking at the recorder slips we could find out under which temperature and salinity circumstances this spatfall happened the year before. The salinity can be checked in succession at six different points distributed over the whole area. The salinity is measured by measuring the water's electric conductivity. Oxygen concentrations can be checked with probes at the beginning and at the end of the musseI raceways. All these data, including the temperature, can directly be recorded in the observation room of the indoor aquarium • .. 41 - - 41 - Besides the basic-system, several mobile pumps of much lower I capacities are available, a.o. for the seawater supply of ... vcrtical tanks (10 m3) with compact masses of musseIs for the rewatering research for the canneries. ,« I It may be clear that more can be done with these extensive - life-keeping facilities than accompanying the musseI industry only. Therefore it is not yet sure that in future the activities at the M.E.S. will justify the name of this station. With little difficulty the name can be changed in M.E.S. - Mariculture Experimental Station. But, in the Netherlands new mariculture problems and initiatives are ndpiled up. First of all, the traditional cultures have to be saved•. An article with more detailed information will be prepared for the journal "Aquaculture". M.E.S. - Indoor Aquarium. On the design and operation of the small laboratory-aquarium, it can be noted that after being used for five years it was found necessary to reconstruct the installation••••"Originally, it is set up to learn the requirements and how to conform thereto ••• !" Normal, warmed und cooled seawater has been used. For each type of water coated concrete underground seawatertanks are available. The biggest tank (35 m3 ) is being used for the normal seawater supply, this tank is connected with the outdoor large supply basin mentioned before. Used as a closed system, a built-in biological cockle shell and gravel filter is in operation. For all pipes, black vulcathene is used. The ring-circuit pipelines for the three types of seawater have taps over the experimenting tables and are being kept under pressure by utilizing effective pressure valves. This appeared to be a good system, but not good enough for accurate equalization of the single water flows, as soon as several taps are opened. Therefore, we will install gravity tanks, already contemplated earlier. The capacity of the three ring-line pumps is 4 m3/h. The two pu~ps for the larger open system is 72 m3/h. due to larger indoor quantities of musseIs. In that case the water is discharged to the large outdoor system. 2 The indoor experimental-basin surface is 12 m , 4 plastic raceways of 6 x 0,5 m, with a total cubic capacity of 6 m3. Possibilities to measure pH and to record oxygen uptake, ammonia production, water flow and light intensity. The artificial lighting's intensity is adjustable. Daylight only by roof bow-windows, which can be closed hermetically. Compressed air available. Mobile diatom filters. The recorders are mounted in a separate observation room. Visual contact with the wet section via a glass wall. Electric cables passing through the wall are combined as much as possible • to cable racks, somewhat below the ceiling. The analytical support is given by a laboratory far common analytical \vork. Small' punp3 pump nen and used seawater to this laboratory for sampling purposes. A full description will be given as soon as the recanstructian will be completed. - 42 - • NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR FISHERY INVESTAIONS outside p~rnPlng,statl0'1 MUSSEL EXPERIMENTAL STATION SCHEMA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY WATER SUPPLY AND RUNNING SYSTEM B ITE~G ~L TEXEL lC~e4 Illn•• stopeoek-pit W ~fsluit~r_.n 2 3 ontluchtingsput 1 w _800/760.8 elosed_syste~_pipe~lin_e~___ --- __J~QO/475ß oa 2~ . 115 3:5 o - -. - -- ~everal circuits possible I .. I·sn '428 fl= m ym I n. I . I/l V I rr- ..-' --. --"" "-l. - ~ -'-"I,;i';k';~- i n ,, r-- - _,11,560/532.6 ... --<3 _. ._ __•._~__ ,---.J o a: « A1.X ZZZ ~:;€, ;: inside pumpingstation 1- • ~l « BINNENGEMAAL -.::: E --sec rlt -narrowing. w gr av1 y an ~o u I/l ,,, ZA*OVANG--·--t>------_-:;."t~EO-L;·==-=...LJ A 2 »"~t-B k~.rkhP, nso n------~±_T_. -~ straight onto- sea-- -'...--.----.,.-- -- M non-retütn "l"r' pomp m.t cap 5 54 4 in l/stc . rondpomp. yuilw~ter. (b~ssin 1 busin 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ahluit.r trU15portgoot /;. 1---';'"~----J L+__ L _ ttrugsl~gkl.p BE INKB S,S! S I~ rewatering schuif ., . LABORATORIUM 1 rotating indoor I strainer ,- J w large suppl.y basins aquariu"l o micro.filt.r fresh or braekish water afs\uittr_ .n 'Il L .------' vuilw~ttrpomp ontluchtings. polder pumpingstation o aIY~lw~tup.rsl~i.~ rT;]P~~~ Z ~._--- W __ • • - 43 - - 43 - Appendix 3. List of design faults. 1). Marine Laboratory, DAFS, Fish Behaviour Unit Aquarium, Aberdeen, Scotland (U.K.). 1. Glass walls in gantry tank room allow undesirable side lighting and limit storage areas. 2. Inadequate storage and workshop space. 3. Lack of adequate observation facilities above the gantry tank. 4. Inadequate sealing of reinforced concrete leading to corrosion of reinforcement rods. 5. No backflushing facility in filters. 6. Certain components in the circulation system made from inappro priate metals, such as welded stainless steel, leading to corrosion. 7. Inadequate drainage in the floors of most rooms leads to water c~llecting in inaccessible corners. " - 44 .. - 44 - 2). Scottish Marine Biological Association, Dunstaffnage Marine Research Laboratorium, Experimental Aquarium, Oban, Scotland (U.K.). 1). Unsuitable transducer for water pressure control (Penny & Giles type now used). 2). Inadequate number of expansion joints in overland pipeline needed almost twice the number originally calculated. 3). Inadequate drainage to handle floods on aquarium floor. 4). Stainless steel, even of sea quality may "rust" at welds, and should be avoided. 5). PIaster walls in air conditioned rooms disintegrate in sea water atmosphere. 6). Right-angle bends in pipework too close to pump outlets. 7). Inadequate gradient on sea water collection system. ... 45 - - 45 - 3). Tromsö Marine Biological Station, Norway. 1). No sedimentation facility. After stormy weather there is a lot of sediment in the water. This makes the public aquarium unusable, the instruments in the laboratory unreliable and sometimes blocks the laboratory supply pipes. 2). The sea water taps in the laboratory are placedhigh on the walls and are not easy to reach. 3). The drainage in the laboratory is such that the floor is always wet. 4). No "dry" laboratory close to the wetlab • ... - 46 - - 46 - 4). Netherlands Institute of Sea Research, TexeI, The Netherlands. 1). The elevation of the sea water laboratory, approx. 4 meters above ground level, has advantages but is rather expensive. 2). Avoid the use of heavy metals (particularly copper and zinc) in roof constructions, because this may contaminate the sea water. 3). Care must be taken that all doors are sufficient wide to pass larger apparatus. 4). Avoid insufficient capacity of sea water discharges. Discharge lines should be as straight as possible to avoid clogging by air or sand. 5). Portable cooling machines should be located outside the laboratory, .. because they produce noise. 2). The division of each storage tank into three compartments of different size appears to be very practical. 3) It is important to have a flexible system of temperature regulation in the laboratory. For experimental work with factor combinations (see Alderdice 1972 in o. Kinne (ed.) Marine Ecology vol. I) a number of simple conditioned rooms (at least 7, better 14-16) would be practical. Publication: J.W. de Blok, 1975. The Texel aquarium. Neth. J. Sea Res. 9(2) (in press). - 47 .. - 47 - 5). Artis Aquarium. Roy. Zool. Soe., Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 1). Use of toxie materials (metals, unsuitable plastics and plastie eoatings) whieh eome into eontaet with the eireulating seawater. These materials should also be avoided above tanks filters and reservoirs. 2). Avoid too narrow drainpipes from tanks ete. Diameter should at least be about 10% larger than reeommended by engineers. 3). All vital teehnieal equipment as eireulationpumps, eompressed air systems, eooling and heating equipment should be in two fold. 4). In elosed systems great eare should be given to determining the dimensions of and the ratio between tanks, filters and reservoirs. The entire systems should be designed for maximal load eapaeities. ~ 5). In all pipingsystems right angles ,should be avoided as mueh as possible, espeeially in pressure lines. 6). In elosed and semi elosed systems ample space should be provided in the reservoirs for bringing in or making new seawater. Pro visions should be available to condition this new water before bringing it gradually into the systems. 7). Avoid too complicated control and safety designs. 8). Provide for ample working space around the observation tanks, espeeially for eleaning etc. 9). Provide for good and enough drainpipes for waste water in the rooms where tanks, filters and reservoirs are situated. - 48 - - 48 - Appendix 4. List of useful publications (261 refs). Anon. 1959. Die Wiedereröffnung der Biologischen Anstalt Helgoland auf der Insel Helgoland 1959. HelgoI. wiss. Meeresunters. 7 (1) 50 pp. Anon. 1968 Plastic tanks aid fish farm in Japan. Canadian Plastics. Ontario 26 (10). Anon. 1971 High pressure aquarium system tools for deep ocean biology studies. Marine Newsletter 2 (2): 1-2. Abel, E., 1963 Die Raumenge als psychischer Faktor bei Fischen. In: 1 er Congr. Intern. 'd Aquariologie Monaco - 1960. Communications, Val. D. Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco Nr. spec. 1D: 71-78. Alderson,R., 1974. Sea-water chlorination and the survival and growth of the early developmental stages of plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. and dover sole, Solea solea (L.) Aquaculture 4 (1): 41-53 Aleem, A.A., 1949. An apparatus for producing tides. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 28 (3): 663-665. Arte, P., 1962. A system of free and simultaneaus oxygenation of water and decanta tion of sand. In ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquariologie, Monaco Val. B. Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 1962 1B: 125.129. (in French). Arte, P., 1963. A system of mounting large panes of glass with pliant-mastics. In ler Congr. d'Aquariologie, Monaco Val. C. Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 1963 1C: 59-60 (in French). Atz, J.W., 1947. New tanks for old. Animal King dom 50 (3): 84-88. Atz, J.W. 1949. The balanced aquarium myth. Aquarist and Pondkeeper 14 (7): 159-160. - 49 - - 49 - Atz, J.W.,1949. The myth of the balanced aquarium. Nat. Hist. (New York) 58 (2): 72-77. Atz, J.W., 1964 Some principles and practices of water management for marine aqua~ riums. In: Clark & Clark (1964): 3-16. Axelrod, H.R. and Bader, R., 1966 The education aquarium for native and exotic fishes. T.F.H. Publi cations. Inc.: Jersey City, N.J. 96 pp. Axelrod, H.R., 1970. Photography for aquarists. T.F.H. Publications Inc. Jersey City. 64 pp. Bakus, G.J., 1965. A refrigerated seawater system • for marine organisms. Turtox News 43 (9): 230-231. Balloy, M., 1969. (The purification of seawater in a smallclosed aquarium system). Bull. Inst. Peches Mar. Maroc. 17: 45-48. Barnabe, G., 1974. Some heating devices for Sea water aquaculture. Aquaculture 4(3): 305-306. Barriety, L., 1962. The open circuit with natural sea water. In:ler Congr. Intern. ,d'Aquariologie, Monaco Vol. B. Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco 1962 1B: 1-11 (in French). Barriety, L., 1964. A subsiduary hot-water circuit in an aquarium fed by an open circuit. In: Clark & Clark (1964): 77-79. Bay, E.C., 1967. An inexpensive filter aquarium for rearing and experimenting with aquatic invertebrates. Turtox News 45 (6): 146-148. Beaubien, L.A., et al, 1972. Behaviour of materials in a subsurface ocean environment. U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. Report No. 7447. 110 p.p. Bennington, N.L. and Dildine, G.C., 1936. Equipment for the study of aquatic animals under controlled condition of temperature and light. Ecology 17 (2): 322-24. - 50 - - 50 - Ben-Yami, M., 1974. Gnawing at fishing netting - a pro blem in cage-raising of herbivo rous fish. Aquaculture 3(2): 199-202. Berg, C.O., 1948. Techniques for projecting ima ges of living animals by use of minature aquaria and projecting lantern. Trans. Amer. Micrsc. Soc. 67 (4): 384-387. Beyerman, K., and Eckrich, W., 1973 Adsorption von Spuren von In secticiden aus Wasser an Polya thylen. Z, anal. Chem. 265 1-4. Bleakney, J.S., 1970. A compact aquarium unit of macro photography. Veliger 13 (2): 196-198. Bliss, D.E., 1946. Laboratory marine aquaria. Turtox News 24 (3): 57-63. Boulenger, E.G., 1939. Keep an aquarium. Ward Lock & Co. Ltd. Landon 88 pp. Bouxine, H., 1935 Installation d'un aquarium marin pour un laboratoire situe de la mer. Bull. Soc. Nation Acclimar France 82 (5/6): 138-162. Brandela, M., 1967 Dosage de l'oxygene dissous dans l'eau par rapport au temps d, aeration. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Madagascar 36 (1): 115-120. Brandenberg, W., 1966. Filtration of marine aquaria. Ichthvol. Aquarium J. 37 (4) 173-184. Breder, C.M. jr., 1957. Miniature circulating system for small laboratory aquariums. Zoologica 42 (1): 1-10. Breder, C.M. jr., 1964. Miniature circulating systems for small laboratory aquariums. In: Clark & Clark (1964): 39-53· Brockway, D.R., 1950 Metabolie products and their effects. Prog. Fish Cult. 12 (3): 127-129. - 51 • ------1 - 51 - Brungs, W.A., and Mount, D.I., 1967. A device for continuous treatment of fish in holding chambers. Amer. Fish. Soc. Trans. 96 (1): 55-57. Brungs, W.A., and Mount, D.I., 1970. A water delivery system for small fish-holding tanks. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 99 (4): 799-802. Bureh, A.B. and Eakin, R.M., 1933· A device for water circulation. Science 80 (2085): 563-64. Burrows, R.E., 1964. Effects of accumulated excretory products on hatchery reared salmonids. Bur. Sport Fish. and Wildlife, • Report 66: 1-11. Cannon, E.G., and Grove, A.J., 1927. An aerating and circulating apparatus for aquaria and general use. *) Jour. Roy. Microsc. Soc. 47 (4): 319-322. Cargo, D.G., 1964. Estuarin water system at Solo mons, Maryland. In: Clark & Clark (1964): 103-1 2. Carroll, U.H., 1939. Sintered pyrex glass aerators. Plantphysiol. 14 (3): 603-5. Chadwich, H.C.,1925. A water regulator for small tanks. Proc. & Trans. Liverpool Biol. Soc. 40: 54-55. Chin, E., 1959. An inexpensive re-circulating sea-water system. Progr. Fish-Cult. 21 (2): 91-93. Clark, J.R., and Eidsler, R., 1964. Sea water from ground sourees. In: Clark & Clark (1964): 173-184. Clark, J.R., and Clark, R.L., (Ed.), 1964. Sea water systems for experimental aquariums. A collection of papers. Res. Rep. U.S. Wildle Servo 63: 1-192. Clark, M.J.R., 1974. Annotated extracts of some papers dealing with the measurement and solubility of dissolved atmos pheric gases, Cansdale, G., 1975. Clear, clean water from wells in the sand. Fish Farm. Int., 2(1):11-12. ... 52 - - 52 - with nitrogen gas supersaturation and with gas bubble disease in fish. Pollution Control Branchj British Columbia Water Resources Service, Department of Lands Forests and Water Resourcesj Victoriaj British Columbiaj Canada. (Available from author gratis). Collignon, J., 1962. L'Aquarium de Casablanca. Bull. Inst. Pech. Mar. Maroc. 8: 37-52. Cope, O.B~, 1954. Converting carboys into jars and aquaria. Progr. Fish-Culturust 16 (3): 139-140. Coutant, R., 1963. Apartment and laboratory aquariums In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario logie. Monaco Vol. C. Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 1963 1C: 125-128. Cumming, K.B., 1966. Disposable aquaria. Progr. Fish-Cult. 28 (2): 92. Dantinne, R., 1963. The construction of aquariums (material). In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario logie Monaco Vol. C. Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 1963 1C: 33-38. (in French). Davenport, D., and Joice, D.K., 1962. The sea water (filter) system 'at the University of California, Santa Barbara. In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario logie, Monaco Vol. B. Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco. 1962 1B: 79-82. Defretin, R., 1962. An open supply circuit fed by an immersed pump. In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario logie Monaco 1960 Vol. B. Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco. (1962) 1B: 69-78. (in French). Dover, C., 1929. Aquaria for rearing minute or ganisms requiring running water. Nature 124 (3122): 336. - 53 - - 53 - Downing, A.L., and Truesdale, G.A., 1956. Aeration in aquaria. Zoologica (New York) 41 (16): 129-143. Eckelbarger, K.J., 1973. A device for collecting free swimming bivalve larvae from laboratory aquaria, Veliger 15 (3): 256-257. Eggers, J. , 1968. Saltvandsakvariet. J. Fr. Clausens Forlag. Köbenhavn. Eggers, J. , 1969. Vandhulsakvariet. J. Fr. Clausens Forlag Köbenhavn. Eggers, J. , 1972. Akvariedekaoration. De sm~ ak varieböger 19 J. Fr. Clausens Forlag Köbenhavn. • 60 p.p. Ellefsen, G., 1963. The use of glass in aquarium construction. In: ler Cong. Intern. d'Aquario logie Monaco Vol. C. Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 1963 1C: 45-57. (in French). EIlender, R.E. et al., 1971. Analysis of ammQnium-nitrogen in artificial seawater aquaria. J. Fish. Res. Board. Can. 28. (5): 788-789. Elwin, M.C., 1938. First steps in aquarium keeping • Marchall Press Ltd., London 33 pp. Evans, P., 1964. A tide generating machine for laboratory use. Netherlands Journal of Sea research 2 (2): 183-85. Fahy, W.E., 1964. A temperature-controlled salt water circulating apparatus far developing fish eggs and larvae. J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, 28, 364-84. Fernald, R.L., 1964. Seawater system at the Fridy Habour Laboratories of the Uni versity of Washington. In: Clark & Clark (1964): 131-136. Fessenmaier, G., 1962. Die Beleichtung mit Leuchstoff lampen. In: ler Congr. Intern d'Aquario logie, Monaco Vol. B. Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 1962 1B: 97-102. - 54 .. - 54 - Fessenmaier, G., 1962. Kühlung von Süss-und Seewasser becken. In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario logie, Monaco Vol. B. Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 1962 1B: 109-114. Fish, C.J., 1964. Narragansett Marine Laboratory seawater system. In: Clark & Clark (1964): 187-190. Flüchter, J., 1964. Eine besonders wirksame Aquarien filterung und die Messung ihre Leistung. Helgoländer wisse Meeresunters. 11 (3/4): 168-170. Flüchter, J., 1970. Bau eines experimentell-ökolo• gischen Laboratoriums auf dem Südhafengelände. Der Helgoländer-Dezember Ausgabe. Forster, J.R.M., 1974. Studies on nitrific8tion in Marine biological filters. Aquaculture 4 (4): 387-397. Fraser-Brunner, A., 1963. Towards the public aquarium. In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquaria logie, Monaco Val C. Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 1963 1C: 1-14. Frese, R., Ozonisierung oder biologische Filterung? Diploma Thesis, Kiel, 1973. Friberg, U., and Travis, D.F., 1962. Space-saving rack far crayfish aquaria. Turtox News 40 (8): 216-18. Futch, C.R" and Woodburn, K.D., 1967. Seawater aquaria I Care and maintenance of the Marine aquarium 11 How to handle and ship salt water fishes and shrimps Salt Water Fisheries Leaflets 9-10 Fla. Bd. Conserv. Mar. Lab. St. Petersburg. Gall, S., de 1964. Preliminary notes on repraduction and development of the sea mouse Agonus cataphractus (L.), Agonidae: An observation micro aquarium in running water. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natur. 36 (6): 756-758. (in French). - 55 - - 55 - Garnaud, J., 1952. Structure novelle de l'aquarium moderne et autres ameliorations techniques. Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 1011:10 pp. Garnaud, J., 1963. Consideration on new proposal of the construction of a public aquarium. In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario logie, Monaco Vol. C. Bull. Inst. Oceang. Monaco 1963 LC: 15-26. (in French). Garnaud, J., 1963. Finishing details of aquarium reservoirs and laboratory tanks. In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario logie Monaco Vol. C• Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco • 1963 1C:39-43. (in French). Garnaud, J., 1963. The effect of depth in the aquarium. In: ler Cong. Intern. d'Aquario logie, Monaco, Vol. C. Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 1963 1C: 87-91. (in French). Geisler, R., 1964. Wasserkunde für die Aquaris tische Praxis. A. Kernen Verlag. Stuttgart. Gilsen, T., and Odequist, G., 1935. Composing submarine landscape for photographic reproduction. Jour. Biol. Photogr. Assoc. 4 (1): 3-8. Givler, J.B., 1941. Test-tube aquarium and nine power lens. Turtox News 19 (1): 1-4. Gohar, H.A.F., 1963. Light and tropical marine In vertebrates. In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario logie, Vol. D. Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco 1963 1D: 91-104. Goldizen, V.C., 1970. Management of closed-system marine aquariums. Helgoländer Wisse Meeresunters., 20: 637-641. Gordon, M.S., and Boolootin, R.A., 1964. A closed circulating sea water system. In: Clark & Clark (1964): 29-34. - 56 - - 56-- Goussef, G., 1962. Illumination by electricity of aquaria of Paris Museum of Afri can and Oceanic arts. In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario logie, Monaco 1960 Vol. B. Bull. Inst. Oceanog. Monaco (1962) LB: 85-89. (in French). Graaf, F. de, 1962. Das Meeresaquarium. Kosmos Verlag. Stuttgart. Graaf, F. de, 1970. Das Tropisches Meerwasseraquarium. J. Neumann Neudam Verlag. Basel. Wien. Grove, A.J., 1930. An apparatus for keeping marine organisms under circulation in narrow observational tanks. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 16 (3): 757-60. Gruffyd, L.D., and Baker, W.E., 1969. An integrated multiple unit controlled temperature system for sea water aquaria. Laboratory Practice 18 (3) 300-304. Haefelfinger, H.R., 1961. (The technique of glued aquariums and their utilization in biology). Vie et Milieu 12 (4): 701-704. Hale, E.J., 1960. Marine aquaria in the laboratory. Adv. Science 16: 106-109. Hale, L.J., 1964. A fast-flow closed-circuit marine aquarium. In: Clark & Clark (1964): 69-75. Handman, S.L. and Rosenberg, A., 1969. Tanks for culture of marine life-Patent No. 3,465,718. Official Gazette. U.S. Patent Office 866 (2): 455. Harrison, R.J., et ale (Ed.) 1968. The behaviour and physiology of pinnipeds. Appleton-Century Crofts, New York, N.Y. 411 pp. Hartman, G.F., 1965. An aquarium with simulated stream of flow. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 94 (3): 274-276. Haven, D.S. and Morales-Alamo, R., 1965. Apparatus for holding oysters under equal water flows. Limn. and Oceanogr. 10 (4): 605-606. - 57 - - 57 - Hawkins, A.D., 1971. Europe's first fish behaviour tank. World Fishing. April. Herald, E.S., et al., 1962. Filtration and ultraviolet sterili zation of sea water in large closed , and semi-closed aquarium systems. In: ler Congr. Intern. d'Aquario logie, Monaco Vol. B. Bull. Inst. Oeeanog. Monaco 1962. 1B: 49861. Hirayama, K., 1960. On operation of filter of marine elosed-system aquarium. Suisan Zoshoku, 8: 123-132. Hirayama, K., 1965a. Studies on water eontrol by fil tration through sand bed in a marine aquarium with elosed eir culating system-I. Oxygen con • sumption during filtration as an index in evaluating the degree of purifieation of breeding water. Bull. Jap. Soe. Sei.Fish., 31: 977-982. Hirayama, K., 1965b. Studies on water control by fil tration through sand bed in a marine aquarium with closed eir culating system-lI. Relation of filtering velocity and depth of sand layer to purification of breeding water. Bull. Jap. Soe. Sci. Fish., 31: 983-990. Hirayama, K., 1966a. Studies on water control by fil tration through sand bed in a marine aquarium with closed cir culating system-III Relation of grain size of filter sand to purification of breeding water. Bull. Jap. Soe. Sei. Fish. 32: 11-19. Hirayama, K., 1966b. Studies on water control by fil tration through sand bed in a marine aquarium with closed cir culating system-IV. Rate of pol lution of water by fish and possible number and weight of fish kept in an aquarium. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sei. Fish. 32: 20-27. - ;8 - - 58 - Hirayama, K., 1966e. Influenees of nitrate aeeumlated in eulturing water on Oetopus vulgaris. Bull. Jap. Soe. Sei. Fish., 32: 105-111. Hirayama, K., 1970. Studies on water eontrol by fil tration through sand bed in a marine aquarium with closed eir eulating system-Vi. Acidifieation of aquarium water. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sei. Fish., 36: 26-34. Hirayama, K., 1972. Cireulatory system for rearing aquatie animals and related water quality eontrol • Baioteku (Teehnol. BioI.), 3: • 605-609. Hirayama, K., 1974. Water eontrol by filtration in elosed eulture systems. Aquaculture 4 (4): 369-385. Hirai, E., and Ito, T., 1962. On the mierofield of marine invertebrates in the Asamushi Aquarium. Bull. Mar. Biol. Sta. Asamushi 11 (2): 113-116. Hirai, E., and Ito, T., 1966. On a new model of exhibition as a study of exhibitory method in an aquarium. Bull. Mar. Biol. Sta. Asamushi Tohoku Univ. 12 (40): 227-235. Höglund, L.B., 1961. The reactions of fish in eon centration gradients, Inst. Freshw. Res. Drottningholm Report no. 43. Holden, E.F., 1969 Apparatus for automatieally fee ding fish. Patent No. 3,465,719. Offieial Gazette, U.S. Patent Office 866 (2): 455. Honig, C., 1933. Onderzoek over de reiniging van zeewater in groote aquaria, Thesis. Amsterdam (in Duteh). Honig, C., 1934. Nitrates in aquarium Water. J. mare biol. Ass. U.K. 19 (2): 723-725. - 59 - - 59 - Hubbard, R.C., 1968. Husbandry and laboratory eare of Pinnipeds. In: Harrison et ale (1968): 299-358. Hughes, J.T., 1964. Practical suggestions for con struetion and maintenance of large-volume sea-water systems. In: Clark & Clark. (1964): 185-186. Hüekstedt, G., 1963. Aquarientechnik. Kosmos Verlag. Stuttgart. Hunter, C.J., and Farr, W.E., 1970. Large floating structure for holding Pacific salmon. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 27, 947-50. Inst. of Maritime Fisheries, Seto Lab, 1972. Use of ozone in seawater for cleasing shellfish. Effluent & Water Treatment Journal 12 (5): 260-262. Ito, T., 1966. 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Determination of nitrate in seawater by cadmium-copper reduction to nitrate. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 47: 23-31. Zahn, M., 1960. Eine neue Wassertemperaturorgel. rnt. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 45 (3): 455-460. Zahn, M., 1963. Jahreszeitliche Veränderungen der Vorzugstemperaturen von Scholle (Pleuronedes platessa L.) und Bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus Pallas). Verh. Dtsch. Zool. Gesch. München, 562-580. Zobell, C.E., and Anderson, D.Q., 1936. Observations on the Multipli cation of bacteria in different volumes of stored seawater. Biol. Bull., 71: 324-342. - 73 - r - 73 - • Appendix 5 List of manufacturers • Pumps: • a). Plastic centrifugal pumps • Kreiselpumpe BN 65-160 = 40 m~/h Kreiselpumpe BN 40-160 = 40 m /h G. Jesse KG, 3101 Nienhagen bei Celle, W. Ge many • Kreiselpumpe UP 130 / PVC = 8 m3/h Fa. Schmitt, 7505 Ettlingen, W. Germany. Kreiselpumpe KP 481/491,581/591,681/691 G. Eheim Ing. 7301 Deizisau, W. Germany. Kreiselpumpe Type KW 2020 = 9 m3/h Fa. Stübbe Armaturen KG 4973 Vlotho, W. Germany. James Beresford & Son Ltd Ace Works, Kitts Green, Birmingham 33, England (U.K.). Fa. H. Wernert & Co. KG, Postfach 1920, D- 4330 Mülheim, W. Germany. b). Screw pumps. Mono pumps Ltd Mono House, Sekforde Street Clerkenwell Green London EC1 1 England (U.K.). Fabrikat Friedrichsfeld Type FPS 40 = 10 m3/h Fabrikat Friedrichsfeld Type FPS 25 = 6 m3/h Deutsche Steinzeug- und Kunststoffwarenfabrik 68 Mannheim 71, W. Germany. Reid & Sigrist Ltd., Golf Course Lane, Hinckley Road, Leicester LE3 1 UA. U.K. (Thyristors controlling pumps). Pipes fittings and valves. Durapipe and Lambert Sales Ltd Norton Canesj Carnock, Staffs WSH 3NS. (U.K.). Vulcathene - Eriks Alkmaar, Voormeer 33 - The Netherlands. G.P. Plastics, Le Bas Tube Co., Ltd., Eagle Wharf Road, London, N.1. U.K. (PVC plastic pipes and valves). George Hatch Ltd Queenhithe, Upper Thames Street, London Ec4v 3DU (Quick release plastic hose couplings). Penny & Giles Ltd., Mudeford, Christchurch, Hants, BH23 4AT, U.K. (pressure transducers). - 74 - - 74 - Tanks. Polyglass Ltd., 11, South Road, Morecambe, Lancs. U.K. (small fibre-glass tanks). WCB Containers Ltd., Baylay Street, Stalybridge, Cheshire, U.K. (plastic tanks and containers). Londex Ltd., 207 Anerley Road, London SE 20, U.K. (stainless steel electrodes for controlling water level). Filtration. LJB (Projects) Ltd., Eastbourne Terrace, Paddington, London W2 6LE, U.K. (Tilted plate filtration systems). Sea Water Supplies Ltd., : North Parade The Promenade • Skegness Lincs, U.K. PE25 1DB (Design and installation of prefiltered sea-water systems for aquaria (including sub sand abstraction)). Mason & Morton Ltd., Fir Tree House, Headstone Drive, Wealdstone, Harroe, Middlesex HA3 5QS, U.K. (sea water filtration consultants). Lavalit for filter bed of either aerated wet filter or trickling filter: for example 40 plastic bags of 20 kg each, per bag DM 7,75 Fa. L & H Dennerle, Postfach 927, D- 6780 Pirmasens, W. Germany. Aeration. Weiss saturometer - available from: ECO Enterprises 5126-45th Avenue, N.E., Seattle, Washington 98105, U.S.A. Two models: (i) ES-2 (U.S. $495) for outdoor environmental use, and (ii) ES-3 (U.S. $395) for use in aquaria (Physically smaller unit). Doulton Industrial Products Ltd Industrial Filtration Div. Filleybrooks, Stone, Staffs. U.K. Ceramic diffusers for aeration of large tanks) Nash Engineering Co., Ltd., Industrial Estate, Winsford, Cheshire, U.K. (oil-free air compressors). Fabr. SIHI (Siemen & Hinseh) 102 m3/h durch Flüssigkeitsringpumpen Schulz & Vanselow, Ing. 2 Hamburg 62, W. Germany. - 75 - - 75 - Ozonisation/Sterilisation. Fabr. Sander 3 x 30 g/h 3 x 1 g/h E. Sander 3151 Eltze/Kr. Peine, W. Germany. Lamp & Machine Products Ltd., Blackwater Way, Industrial Estate, Aldershot, Hants. U.K. (ultra-violet sterilisation). Hanivia Lamps, Ltd., 480, Bath Road, Slough, Bucks, SL1 6BL, U.K. (ultra-violet sterilisation). Temperature control. Fabr. Polaris 5 x 17 400 kcal/h Polaris Kälte Anlagen WAJ Wegner und Co 2 Hamburg 70, W. Germany. portable units by Eheim Typ KAG 2100 and Colora Type TK 67 Colora Messtechnik GmbH 7073 Lorch (W~rtt.), W. Germany. Glasshea.-thers 300W Schego Schemel & Goetz KG 605 Offenbach am Main Robert Jenkins & Co Ltd Wortley Road, Rotherham, Yorks. U.K. (Graphite heat exchangers). James Jobling & Co Ltd Process Plant Div: Newstead Industrial (Glassheat exchangers) Estate, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent ST48JG, U.K. Grant Instruments Ltd., Barrington, Cambridge CB2 5Q2, U.K. (temperature controlled tanks). Zephyr, N.V., Zoetermeer - The Netherlands. Graphite Equipment Ltd Arundel Road Industrial Estate Uxbridge Engeland (Graphite Heat Exchangers) Light. Lamps: Algal tank AEG Isolux - D, 65 W Colour blue (Osram 64) red (Osram 77) white (Osram 20) Aquarium Colour white (Osram 20) white (Osram 30) Spot light 100 W (Osram Concentra) 76 - 76 - For high economical ,.d?-ylight-similar lighting: halogen-metal vapour high pressure lamps 2 eg. OSRAM "power stars" HQI 250 W (20 000 1m, 80 lm/W, 1 200 cd/cm , average life expectance 6 000 hrs.) price ca. DM 74,- Electronic control and surveillance Ltd. Beltonlane, Grantham Lincolnshire, England (Wet environment light sources) Safety devices. Fuchs Electrical Industries (Earth fault relay equipment). Instant seawater. 25 plastic bags, each for 1 cbm, per bag DM 43, 100 plastic bags, each for 1 cbm, per bag DM 40,45 Fa. H. Wiegandt, Postfach 3135, D- 4150 Krefeld 1, W. Germany. Aquarium Systems Inc., 33208 Lakeland Blvd., Eastlake, Ohio 44094, U.S.A. (Instant ocean). Miscellaneous. Information on titanium products Imperial Metal Industries (Kynöch) Ltd New Metals Division P 0 Box 216 Wi tton, Birmingham., U.K. Polypropylene and polyethylene Jonex Products square mesh netting Gellia Mills, Bonsall, Matlock, Derbyshire., U.K. Water Deionizing: Fabr. Köttermann Type 7010 750 l/h 3165 Hänigsen / Han., W. Germany. /wm/ds ..