Aquatic Macrophytes of Khandwa Pond &Sendh Pond, Naya Raipur

Indian J. Applied & Pure Bio. Vol. 32(2), 245-254 (2017).

Aquatic Macrophytes of Khandwa pond &Sendh Pond, Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh F.Bux1 and V.Acharya2 1Research Scholar, Department of Botany, Govt. D.B.G.P.G. College, Raipur-492 001 (India) email- [email protected] 2Asst. Professor, Department of Botany, Govt. D.B.G.P.G. College, Raipur-492001 (India) email- [email protected]

Abstract The present study deals with the genuine findings and reporting of aquatic macrophytes in the ponds of Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh. This work is a fruitful outcome of the study survey undertaken from January, 2014 to December 2016, which showcases the occurrence and distribution of the aquatic macrophytes in the selected ponds, and were classified according to their habit. Both the water bodies viz. Khandwa Pond & Sendh Pond comply to be persistently water- charged all the year round thereby thriving its vegetation which includes Scirpus articulatus, Hydrilla verticillata, Marsilea minuta, Ipomoea aquatica are certain species to name a few. The study records the occurrence of 66 angiospermic, 2 Algal, and 3 Pteridophytic taxa, which would serve as the baseline data for the region.

Terrestrial environs do not have the eyes3. Certainly they are characterized by their similar set of properties as aquatic does, which less rigid structure, few or no stomata on the is depicted by the aquatic biota and its aerial parts or leaves, less organized roots, composition, comparatively water is a denser fleshy turgid leaves and stem. They mostly and viscid medium than air. Being the elixir of inhabit ponds, tanks, lake, wetlands, life, water also supports many plant life forms. temporarily flooded areas such as paddy fields, The term ‘macrophytes’ is commonly used for swamps etc., and are adapted to aquatic-life all macroscopic forms of aquatic vegetation22 which is been depicted by their adaptive which require accurate environmental and structure(s) both anatomical and ecological state of affairs for their existence. morphological. Undoubtedly, aquatic plants Aquatic macrophytes are considered to be have originated from terrestrial plants15. The large plants of the water-bodies which could aquatic macrophytes have been classified comparatively be distinguished from other plant differently by different workers as per their life forms, as they are visible by our naked purpose and findings. Macrophytes are (246) considered to provide abode for the aquatic 81°47’18"E long. Oomen11. Which spreads invertebrates including the aquatic avian fauna. over an area of about 8000 hectares &includes Aquatic plants are the provider of food, (either 41 villages. A lot of water bodies in the form directly or indirectly) for the grazing birds like of ponds, lakes, and irrigation canals are also coots13 and ducks which feed on the roots and present in this area. shoots of macrophytes, provide the shelter needed by the aquatic organisms (like The summer temperature ranges from zooplanktons and certain insects), also act as 30oC to 48oC and winter temperature from 5oC a preferred habitat for Pisces. A good number to 25oC. Rainfall is mostly due South-West of macrophytes also act as bio-indicators monsoon which commences from mid of June depicting the health of an aquatic ecosystem and prevails till the last week of September. The and its continuance. The source of nutrient study was undertaken at two sites in the Naya supply to the macrophytes is mainly through Raipur area of Chhattisgarh, India. First site the sediments and the water source. Aquatic is Khandwa Pond in the Jungle Safari area, macrophytes had been studied by various the second site is SendhPond. workers including Arber1, Biswas & Calder2, Fassett6, Subramanyam18, Cook5, Tiwari19, Khandwa Pond (Kh) was developed Unni20. Sinha & Naik17 studied the marshy and around 35-36 yrs ago as a freshwater resource aquatic vegetation of Raipur area. to cater the need of irrigation in the areas surrounding, later this was constructed into a Study area : stop-dam, with water-canals. It lies between Chhattisgarh was declared a newly 21°05´42´Ń & 21°6´18´´ N to 81°46´12´É & formed state of India out of Madhya Pradesh, 81°47´12´É, at Sector 39. Presently this water-body is included in the Jungle Safari, India on 1st November, 2000. It lies between Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh. The infiltration of 17o46’N to 24o5’N latitude and from 80o15’E o the water into this water body is from surface- to 84 46’E longitude. After the formation of water runoffs during rainy season, and also new state Chhattisgarh in the year 2000, the from the water-runoffs and soil water state government has declared to create a percolation from the water-bodies lying in the well-planned new city for Raipur. So a new nearby areas of Bhelwadih village and special area has been notified under Section Abhanpur block too. This pond harbours a 64 of Nagar Tatha Gramnivesh Adhiniyam, large community of aquatic macrophytes, 1973. Naya Raipur (New Raipur) is the new along-with other aquatic life forms, viz. fishes, capital city of Chhattisgarh, India. It lies 15 aquatic avian fauna, insects, etc. which km away to the south-east of Raipur and is form a part of the aquatic ecosystem of the divided into three layers: Layer I (The region. Proposed Naya Raipur (Area-80.13 sq.km.), Layer II (Naya Raipur Peripheral Region Sendh Pond (SL) is also a freshwater (NRPR) (Area-130.28 sq.km.), and Layer III area which lies at 21° 12´1´´ N &21°12´27´Ń (Airport Zone (Area-11.92 sq.km.). Naya to 81° 48´36´É & 81° 49´2´É, at Sector 4 Raipur is located at 21°9’32"N lat.& behind the International Cricket Stadium, Naya (247)

Not to Scale

Study area

Not to Scale Map: Naya Raipur

Khandwa Dam, Naya Raipur Sendh Lake, Naya Raipur

Courtsey: Google Earth Maps Courtsey: Google Earth maps (248)

Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Many aquatic These type of macrophytes are regarded as macrophytes mark their presence in the region, ‘edge species’, which are prominently found this water-body also has room for other aquatic in amphibious forms. Being emergent they can life forms too. The infiltration of water into even survive in the submerged condition the lake is from surface run-offs during rains, adjacent to the shore-line of the waterbody. as this water body is in the low-lying area, in The bank of the water bodies are saturated addition, it does not dry up easily, rather water profusely with water beneath the soil. eg- level falls down during summers, which makes Scirpus articulatus and Butomopsis lanceolata the area more penetrable, this water level etc. recedes back during rainy season. Rooted submerged (RS)–These A detailed survey for study of the aquatic macrophytes bear roots which are anchored macrophytes in the study area was conducted in the water body’s substratum, with the whole from January 2014 to December 2016. plant submerged in the water (Hydrilla Collection of the macrophytes was done by verticillata). walking along the shore line of the water body. Rooted floating-leaved (RFL)-These Certain submerged macrophytes were types are equipped with roots for anchorage collected by wading into the shallow areas of in the muds and bear leaves which float/are the study sites using gumboot. The collected above the water surface (Marsilea minuta). plant specimens for identification were carefully uprooted and instantly stored in Free floatng (FF)-These macrophytes polybags. A small digger was also used to are found floating freely over the water surface uproot the delicate plant(s) easily. The (Spirodela poylrhiza). submerged & floating plants which were far Suspended macrophytes(SM)– off from the vicinity of standing position during These macrophytes are found suspended on collection, were entangled in a mesh trap/ or over the water surface (Utricularia crank attached to a stick of suitable length for aurea). action (anchoring & dragging method). The Rooted floating-shoots (RFS)– collected macrophytes were processed for These macrophytes are rooted with floating herbarium & identified with the help of shoots and/or leaves & flowers (Ipomoea published flora, standard literatures & aquatica). monographs (Hooker7, Unni20, Sinha & Naik17 Biswas & Calder2, Verma, Pant & Hanfi,21). Macrophytes diversity : The collected specimens were cross checked A total of Seventy-one (71) species for their authentic identity by Prof. (Retd.) were identified, of which sixty-six (66) were Dr. M.L. Naik (Renowned Botanist & angiospermic taxa belonging to thirty-two (32) Taxonomist), Raipur, C.G. families in which dicotyledonous species were thirty-seven (37)and monocotyledonous The life forms of aquatic macrophytes species were tweny-nine (29). Two (2) Algal were classified based on their habitat as: taxa belonging to solo family Characeae and three (3) Pteridophytic taxa belonging to two Emergent amphibious macrophytes (EM) - (2) families were identified. The above (249) findings were further classified according to season species like Ipomoea carnea, their habit in which total Emergent amphibious Gnaphalium indicum, Hygrophila auriculata, macrophytes (EM) were 56 species, Rooted Panicum interruptum, Vallisneria spiralis Submerged(RS) were 4 species., Rooted were also reported. Utricularia sp. commonly floating-leaved(RFL) were 5 species, designated as bladder-wort, an aquatic Suspended macrophytes (SM) were 3 carnivore marks its presence in the Khandwa species, Rooted floating-shoots (RFS) were pond. 3 species, Free Floating (FF) were not recorded due their non-occurrence. Other species such as Hoppea dichotoma, Exacum pedunculatum, Nymphaea During the rainy season species like sp.etc. occurred seasonally. Species like Scirpus articulatus, Butomopsis lanceolata, Nechamandra alternifolia, Hydrilla Eleocharis palustris, Ipomoea aquatica, veriticillata, Typha aungustifolia, Rotala Ipomoea carnea, Polygonum glabrum, indica, Isoetes coromandeliana, Marsilea Merremia emarginata etc. were abundant minuta, Ceratopteris thalictroides were also with luxuriant growth.While in the winter recorded during the study.

Table 1: Aquatic macrophytes of the Naya Raipur Ponds. (Angiosperms) Name of the species Family Habit R S W Loc. Aeschymone indica L. Fabaceae EM + - + Kh, Alternanthera sessilis L. R. Br. ex DC. Amaranthaceae EM + + + Kh, SL Alternanthera philoxeroides Mar. Grisep. Amaranthaceae RFS + + + Kh, SL Ammania baccifera L. Lythraceae EM - - + Kh Ammania multiflora Roxb. Lythraceae EM - - + SL Ammania pentandra Clarke Lythraceae EM - + + Kh Aneilema spiratum R. Br. Commelinaceae EM + - + Kh, SL Aponogeton natans L. Engl. & Krause Aponogetonaceae RFL + - + SL Blumea lacera Burm. f. D.C. Compositae EM + + + Kh, SL Butomopsis lanceolata Kunth. Enum. Pl. Butomaceae EM + + + Kh, SL Caesulia axillaris Roxb. Compositae EM + - + Kh Canscora diffusa Vahl R. Br. Gentianaceae EM - + + Kh Crinum asiaticum L. Amaryllidaceae EM + + + SL Crotolaria spectabilis Roth. Fabaceae EM - + + Kh Croton bonplandianum Baillon Euphorbiaceae EM - + + Kh, SL Cynodon dactylon L. Pers. Gramineae EM + + + Kh, SL Cyperus castaneus Willd. Cyperaceae EM + + + Kh, SL Cyperus iria L. Cyperaceae EM + + + Kh, SL Cyperus kylinga Endl. Cyperaceae EM + + + Kh, SL Desmodium triflorum L. D.C. Fabaceae EM + + + Kh, SL Digitaria sp. Haller Poaceae EM + + + Kh, SL Eclipta alba L. Hassk. Compositae EM - + + Kh Eleocharis acutangula Roxb. Cyperaceae EM - - + Kh (250)

Eleusine indica L. Gaertn. Poaceae EM - + + Kh, SL Eragrostis tenella L. P. Beauvex R. & S. Poaceae EM - + + Kh, SL Eriocaulon quinquangulare L. Eriocaulaceae EM + + + Kh, SL Exacum pedunculatum L. Gentianaceae EM - - + Kh Fimbristylis sp.Vahl Cyperaceae EM - + + Kh, SL Fuirena ciliaris L. Roxb. Cyperaceae EM - - + Kh Gnaphalium indicum auct. non L. Compositae EM + - + Kh Grangea sp. Adans. Compositae EM - + + Kh, SL Heliotropium indicum L. Boraginaceae EM + + + Kh, SL Hoppea dichotoma Heyne ex Willd. Gentianaceae EM - - + Kh Hydrilla veriticillata L. f. Hydrocharitaceae RS - + + Kh, SL Hygrophila auriculata Schum. Acanthaceae EM + - + Kh, SL Indigofera linifolia L.f. Fabaceae EM - - + Kh, SL Ipomoea aquatic Forsk. Convolvulaceae RFS + + + Kh, SL Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Convolvulaceae EM + + + Kh, SL Jatropha gossypifolia L. Euphorbiaceae EM + - + Kh, SL Limnophila conferata Benth. Scrophulariaceae EM - - + Kh Limnophila indicaL. Scrophulariaceae EM - - + Kh Lippia nodifloraRich. Verbenaceae EM + - + Kh, SL Malvastrum coromandelianum L. Malvaceae EM + - + Kh, SL Merremia emarginata Burm. f. Convolvulaceae EM + + + Kh, SL Merremia tridentata L. Convolvulaceae EM - + + Kh, SL Najas indica Willd. Najadaceae RS + + + Kh Nechamandra alternifolia Roxb. Hydrocharitaceae RS - - + Kh Nymphaea pubescens Willd. Nymphaeaceae RFL + + + Kh Nymphaea rubra Roxb. Nymphaeaceae RFL + + + Kh Oldenlandia dichotoma Roth. Rubiaceae EM - + + Kh Oryza rufipogon Griff. Poaceae EM + - + Kh, SL Panicum interruptum Willd. Poaceae EM + - + Kh Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin. Poaceae EM - + + Kh, SL Polygonum glabrum Willd. Polygonaceae EM + + + Kh, SL Rotala indica Willd. Lythraceae EM + - + Kh, SL Saccharum spontaneum L. Poaceae EM - + + Kh, SL Scirpus articulatus L. Cyperaceae EM + + + Kh, SL Scirpus grossus L. f. Cyperaceae EM + + + Kh, SL Setaria sp. P. Beauv. Poaceae EM - - + Kh, SL Solanum sp. L. Solanaceae EM - - + Kh, SL Striga sp. Lour. Scrophulariaceae EM + - + Kh Thysanolaena maxima Roxb. O. Ktze. Poaceae EM + + SL Typha aungustifolia auct., non L. Typhaceae EM + + + Kh, SL (251)

Utricularia stellaris L. Lentibulariaceae SM + + + Kh Vallisneria spiralis auct. Hydrocharitaceae RS + + + Kh, SL Vigna trilobata L. Fabaceae EM + - + Kh, SL

Pteridophytes Plant Name Family Habit R S W Loc. Ceratopteris thalictroides L. Brogn. Polypodiaceae RFS + - + SL Marsilea minuta Linn. Marsileaceae RFL + + - Kh, SL Marsilea quadrifoliata Linn. Marsileaceae RFL + - + Kh, SL

Algae Plant Name Family Habit R S W Loc. Chara zeylanica Wild. Characeae SM + + + Kh, SL Nitella globulosa Characeae S - - + Kh, SL

Keyto Table 1: Table 2: Macrophytes diversity EM: Emergent amphibious Macrophytes, Macrophytes No. of Species RS: Rooted Submerged, Occurrence RFL: Rooted floating-leaved, FF: Free Floating Angiosperms 66 SM :Suspended macrophytes. Algae 2 Loc.:Locality, Kh: Khandwa Pond, SL: Sendh Pteridophytes 3 Pond. R: Rainy,S: Summer, W: Winter, Total 71 ‘+’: Present, ‘-’ : Absent (252)

Marsilea quadrifoliata Ceratopteris thalictroides

Hydrilla verticillata Nitella globulosa

Ipomoea carnea Crinum asiaticum Exacum pedunculatum (253)

It was concluded that aquatic macro- (Chairman, DRC). phytes does not exhibit ample endemism, rather they depict wide range of distribution, as they References: are even reported from other parts of the sub- continent and beyond the sub-continent. 1. Arber, Agnes (1920) Water Plants: A Perhaps, the reason behind would be, Study of Aquatic Angiosperms, Cambridge accessibility to the similar set of habitat Univ. Press, London. conditions which have supported their 2. Biswas and Calder (1937) A Handbook cosmopolitan distribution. of Common water and marsh plants of India & Burma, Govt. Press, Delhi. The present study will provide a 3. Chambers, P.A., P. Lacoul, K.J. Murphy, baseline data of the aquatic macrophytes for and S.M. Thomaz (2008) Hydrobiologia, the Naya Raipur region. Many aquatic species 595: 9-26. of Cyperaceae, Graminae, Panicaceae etc. 4. Cook, C.D.K. (1985) J. Aquat. Plant was found to compete, for survival, against Manag., 23: 1-6. Ipoemea carnea which formed the floating 5. Cook, C.D.K. (1996) Aquatic and stands in the above studied water bodies all Wetland Plants of India, Oxford University throughout the year. Scirpus articulates was Press, New York. found to gain a measured height of 48cm and 6. Fassett, N.C. (1957) A Manual of Aquatic it also depicted inter-specific occurrence with Plants, The University of Wisconsin Butomopsis lanceolata other species which Press, Madison. exhibited inter-specific association were 7. Hooker, J.D. (1872-97) The Flora of Butomopsis lanceolata and Eriocaulon British India, I-VII, Reeve & Co., Kent. quinquangulareL. During the study it was London. also ascertained that the aquatic plants had 8. Hutchinson, G.E. (1967) A treatise on good luxuriant growth, perhaps due to no Limnology, I, John Wiley and sons Inc., hindrance from shading of trees. New York. 9. Madsen, J.D., P.A. Chambers, W.F. James, The study revealed that Khandwa E.W. Koch and D.F. Westlake (2001) Pond area is very rich in aquatic macrophytes’ Hydrobiologia, 444: 71-84. floristic diversity, perhaps reason behind could 10. Mudgal, V., K.K. Khanna and P.K. Hajra be it falls under a protected area (Jungle (1997) Flora of Madhya Pradesh, II, Safari). Comparatively, the Sendh Pond BSI, Calcutta, 1-676. depicts a less significant floristic diversity. 11. Oomen, P. J. (2008) Naya Raipur Development Plan-2031, Naya Raipur The authors are thankful to Prof. Development Authority (NRDA). (Retd.) Dr. M.L. Naik, Raipur, C.G. for his 12. Panigrahi, G. and S.K. Murti (1989-99) kind help, also to Dy. Collector Mr. V.R. Flora of Bilaspur District, M.P., I&II, Meshram (Ex-Director, Environment, NRDA). BSI, Calcutta. Mr. A.M.K. Bharos, President, Chhattisgarh 13. Perrow, M.R. et al. (1997) Developments Wildlife Society, Raipur. Dr. A. Girolkar in Hydrobiology, 119: 241-255. (254)

14. Porsch, O. (1903) On the knowledge of Shukla University, Raipur. the stomatal apparatus of submersed plant 18. Subramanyam (1962) Aquatic angios- parts. Sitzungsber. Imperial Academy of perms: A systematic account of common Vienna, Faculty of Mathematics and Nat. Indian aquatic angiosperms, CSIR Sciences, 1-3. Publications, New Delhi. 15. Scremin-Dias, E. (2009): Tropical Aquatic 19. Tiwari, D.K. (1960) Proc. Indian Sci. Plants: Morphoanatomical Adaptations, Cong., 3: 407-408. Encyclopedia of Tropical Biology and 20. Unni, K.S. (1967) Journ. BNHS, 64 (1): Conservation Management, Paris 95-102. UNESCO/ EOLSS, I: 84-132. 21. Verma, D.M., P.C. Pant and M.I. Hanfi 16. Sculthorpe, C.D. (1967) The Biology of (1985) Flora of Raipur, Durg and Aquatic Vascular Plants, Reprint 1985, Rajnandgaon, BSI, Howrah. Edward Arnold, London. 22. Wetzel, R.G. (1975) Limnology. W. B. 17. Sinha, S. and M. L. Naik (1997) Phyto- Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London, and planktons and Macrophytes in the Toronto ponds of Raipur City Area, Pt. Ravishankar