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Chromosome Numbers in Transvaal Grasses J. M. J. De Wet and L. J. Anderson Divisionof Botany,P

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1956 1 Chromosome Numbers in Transvaal Grasses J. M. J. de Wet and L. J. Anderson Divisionof Botany,P. O. Box994 , Pretoria,South Africa Received August 11, 1955 The family Gramineae is very well represented in South Africa , but very little work has been done on their cytology . This investigation represents the third in a series (de Wet 1954 a, b) on the chromosome numbers of South African grasses. Many of the chromosome numbers require little comment and are listed mainly to get them on record . A few are more important and will be discussed in detail . The genera investigated are classified according to Hubbard (1934) and Pilger (1954). This makes it possible to correlate the cytological observations with purely morphological data. Material and methods The majority of the species have been collected in the veld and were identified by Mr. J. A. Anderson of the South African National Herbarium . Seed of Phyllorachis sagitata Trimen were received from the Department of Botany, University of Pretoria. A few species were cultivated on the Prinshof Experimental farm , Division of Botany. Herbarium specimens together with corresponding root tip slides are filed with the Division of Botany at Pretoria. Root tips were fixed in Randolph's (1935) "CRAF" fluid. These were dehydrated, embedded and sectioned in the usual manner. Staining was done according to the method outlined by Stockwell (1934). For a study of leaf anatomy the procedure described by Prat (1948) was followed. Drawings were made with the aid of a camera lucida; the magnifications are indicated. Results The genera studied are listed and the chromosome numbers reported are summarized in table 1. Festuceae subtribe Festucinae. As was indicated by previous workers the basic chromosome number of Festuca is n=7 and the chromosomes are large. Tetrachne dregei is characterized by a basic chromosome number of n=10 and the chromosomes are smaller than those characteristic of the subtribe Festucinae. Anatomical and epidermal traits of the leaves indicate a closer relationship with the tribe Eragrosteae. Aveneae subtribe Aveninae. Agrostis eriantha has 42 large somatic chromosomes. This is in agreement with previous records indicating a basic chromosome number of n=7 for the genus. Arundinelleae. This tribe is placed by Hubbard (1934) in the neighbour Cytologia 21, 1956 1 2 J. M. J. de Wet and L. J Anderson Cytologia 21 Figs. 1-57. Chromosome number (2n). •~2800. 1. Festuca scabra, 28. 2. Agrostis eri antha, 42. 3. Tristachya biseriata, 24. 4. Phalaris tuherosa var . Stenoptera, 28. 5. Enneopogon brachystachys, 36. 6. E. cenchroides, 36. 7. E, pretoriensis, 18 . 8. Schnidtia glabra, 36. 9. Phyllorachis sagittata, 24. 10. Eragrostis denudata, 20. 11. E. lappula var, divaricata, 40. 12. Bewsia biflora, 30. 13. Dinebra retroflora, 20. 14, Sporobolus stapflanus, 36. 15. S. fimbriatus, 36. 16. S. nitens, 18. 17. S. smutsii , 36. 18. Mi.cro ch.loa caffra, 20. 19. Aristida curvata, 44. 20. A. diffasa var. burkei, 36 . 21. A, gracilior, 36. 22. A. transvaalensis, 24. 23. Perotis patens, 36. 24. Panicum repens, 36. 25. Brachiaris humidicola, 72. 26. Echinochloa pyramidalis, 54 . 27. Urochloa trichopus, 30. 28. U, mosambicensis, 30. 29. Digitaria diagonalis, 36. 30. D . longiflora, 18. 31. D. litoralis, 18. 32. D. seriata, 36. 33. D. tricholaenoides, 18 . 34. D. valida 36. 35. D. valida var, glauca, 36. 36. Setaria almaspicata, 36. 37, S. lindenbergiana , 36 . 38. S. lindenbergiana, 18. 39. S. perennis, 36. 40. S. phragmitoides, 54 . 41. S . splendida, 54. 42. S. tenuiseta, 36. 43. S. chevalieri, 36. 44, Axonopus suffultus , 40. 45 . Anthephora pubescens, 40. 46. Miscanthidium junceum, 30. 47. Ischaemum arcuatum , 50 . 48. Urelytrum squarosu.m, 20. 49. Chrysopogon montanus var. tremulus, 20 . 50 Dichanthiurn pappilosum, 30. 51. D. aristatum, 40. 52. Cymbopogon prolixus, 40 . 53. Andropogon appendiculatus, 20. 54. A. sehzinzii, 20. 55. Hyparrhenia filipendula, 40 56 . 1I. filipendula var. pilosa, 40. 57. Trachypogon spicatus, 20. 1956 Chromosome Numbers of Transvaal Grasses 3 Table 1. Classification of the genera and chromosome number of the species 1* 4 J. M. J, de Wet and L. J. Anderson Cytologia 21 Table 1. continued 1956 Chromosome Numbers of Transvaal Grasses 5 Table 1. continued hood of the Paniceae. It was indicated by de Wet (1954 a) that this tribe represents a stepping stone between the series Phragmitiformes and Panici formes of Avdulov (1931). The genus Tristachya is characterized by small chromosomes and the basic chromosome number is n=12. Leaf anatomy and epidermis is of the Panicoid type (cf. Avdulov, 1931 and Prat, 1936). Moffet and Hurcombe (1944) demonstrated a basic chromosome number of n=10 for this genus. Phalarideae. Two genera included by Pilger (1954) in this tribe have been investigated. The genus Phalaris is typically festucoid in respect to chromosome size and leaf anatomy. Ehrharta on the other hand has n=12 and small chromosomes (Parthasarathy, 1938), the chlorophyll distribution of the leaf is of the Festucoid type (Avdulov, 1931) and the epidermal charac teristic resemble those of the Oryzeae (Prat, 1936). The small chromosomes and a basic chromosome number of n=12, together with the anatomical data suggest affinities with the tribe Oryzeae. Pappophoreae. Avdulov (1931) includes this tribe in his miscellaneous series the Phragmitiformes. Prat (1936) records an Eragrostoid type of epi dermis for the genera Cottea and Pappophorunz, while for species of both genera Covas (1945) reports n=10 and small chromosomes. The genus Enneapogon is definitely characterized by small chromosomes and a basic number of n=9. It was thought by de Wet (1954 b) after counting 2n=36 in Enneapogon scoparius that the basic chromosomes number might be n=12. 6 J. M. J. de Wet and L. J. Anderson Cytologia 21 Enneapogon pretoriensis with 2n=18, however, rule out a basic number of n=12. Schmidtia glabra having 2n=36 indicates that this genus very likely is also characterized by a basic chromosome number of n=9. Anatomical data for the latter two genera are very peculiar. The chlorophyll distribution is of the Festucoid type. The siliceous cells are more or less dumb-bell-shaped and the bicellular haires are more or less club shapped. Thus, also in respect of these two genera, epidermal traits and cytology indicate a closer affinity with the series Eragrostiformes (de Wet, 1954 a) than with the Festuciformes. Because of the Festucoid type of chlorophyll distribution, however, this tribe is included in Avdulov's (1931) series the Phragmitiformes. It is therefore, possible to assume that the series Eragrostiformes could have had its origin in the neighbourhood of this tribe. Phyllorachieae. The genus Phyllorachis is one of the most interesting in the family Gramineae. Trimen (1879), who described the genus, points out that in spikelet structure it resembles the Chlorideae and Phalarideae. The habit of the grass, on the other hand, suggests an affinity with some genera of the Olyreae. Bentham (1881) indicates that the spikelet resembles that of Panicunz, but the fruiting glumes are less hardened. The inflorescence is roughly that of genera belonging to the Chlorideae, but the branches of the panicle are produced beyond the spikelets and the pedicel disarticulates below the glumes. Phyllorachis is treated as a member of the Paniceae by Hackel (1889), who groups it with other genera having heteromorphous or unisexual flowers. Hubbard (1939) studied Phyllorachis and the related genus Humbertochloa. A new tribe, the Phyllorachieae, was described by Hubbard on the basis of this investigation. Hubbard (1939) indicates that the Phyllorachieae differs from the Paniceae, Olyreae and Phalareae in a number of characters. The latter two tribes differ from the Phyllorachieae by their strictly 1-flowered spikelets. The Phyllorachieae differs from the Paniceae in the following salient morphological features. In the Paniceae the spikelets are usually bisexual and similar; the lower lemma is usually thinner than the upper ones; the rhachilla is usually not produced beyond the upper floret; the stamens are 3 or less and the caryopsis, usually, has a punctiform or small basal hilum. On the other hand, in the Phyllorachieae, the lower lemma of the female spikelet is thickened, firmer than the upper floret; the rhachilla is produced beyond the upper floret; the stamens are mostly 6-4 and the caryopsis is characterized by a linear hilum, equaling the caryopsis in length. Anatomical and cytological data similarly suggest that the genera Phyllo rachis and Humbertochloa should be removed from the Paniceae. Phyllo rachis sagitata Trimen and Humbertochloa greenwayi Hubbard were in vestigated. The leaf anatomy of these two genera are very similar. In cross section the parenchymatous outer bundle sheath is poorly differentiated but the mesotome sheath is well developed. Furthermore, the chlorophyll tissue 1956 Chromosome Numbers of Transvaal Grasses 7 is uniformly disposed between the bundles. The internal leaf anatomy is therefore typically of the Festucoid type as described by Avdulv (1931), Prat (1936) and de Wet (1954 a). The Panicoid type, in contrast, is characterized by a well developed outer bundle sheath, a poorly differentiated mesotome sheath and a localization of the chlorophyll tissue around the bundles. The epidermal characteristics are of the Oryzoid type. The siliceous cells are short, dumb-bell-shaped and placed transversely to the axis of the leaf. Long threadlike bicellular hairs are also always present on the ventral surface of the leaves. In respect to anatomical characters the genera included in the Phyllo rachieae resemble the tribe Oryzeae, both in shape and position of the siliceous cells. Avdulv (1931) showed that the angular starch grains of Phyllorachis are similar to those of Oryza except that the individual grains are smaller. Also in respect to gross morphological characteristics the Phyllorachieae can be brought into relationship with the Oryzeae. The elongated hilum and 6-4 stamens resemble the type characters of the Oryzeae.
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    GLOBAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PLANT FUNCTIONAL TRAITS AND ENVIRONMENT IN GRASSLANDS EMMA JARDINE A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Department of Animal and Plant Sciences Submission Date July 2017 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all I am enormously thankful to Colin Osborne and Gavin Thomas for giving me the opportunity to undertake the research presented in this thesis. I really appreciate all their invaluable support, guidance and advice. They have helped me to grow in knowledge, skills and confidence and for this I am extremely grateful. I would like to thank the students and post docs in both the Osborne and Christin lab groups for their help, presentations and cake baking. In particular Marjorie Lundgren for teaching me to use the Licor, for insightful discussions and general support. Also Kimberly Simpson for all her firey contributions and Ruth Wade for her moral support and employment. Thanks goes to Dave Simpson, Maria Varontsova and Martin Xanthos for allowing me to work in the herbarium at the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, for letting me destructively harvest from the specimens and taking me on a worldwide tour of grasses. I would also like to thank Caroline Lehman for her map, her useful comments and advice and also Elisabeth Forrestel and Gareth Hempson for their contributions. I would like to thank Brad Ripley for all of his help and time whilst I was in South Africa. Karmi Du Plessis and her family and Lavinia Perumal for their South African friendliness, warmth and generosity and also Sean Devonport for sharing all the much needed teas and dub.
  • Grasses of Namibia Contact

    Grasses of Namibia Contact

    Checklist of grasses in Namibia Esmerialda S. Klaassen & Patricia Craven For any enquiries about the grasses of Namibia contact: National Botanical Research Institute Private Bag 13184 Windhoek Namibia Tel. (264) 61 202 2023 Fax: (264) 61 258153 E-mail: [email protected] Guidelines for using the checklist Cymbopogon excavatus (Hochst.) Stapf ex Burtt Davy N 9900720 Synonyms: Andropogon excavatus Hochst. 47 Common names: Breëblaarterpentyngras A; Broad-leaved turpentine grass E; Breitblättriges Pfeffergras G; dukwa, heng’ge, kamakama (-si) J Life form: perennial Abundance: uncommon to locally common Habitat: various Distribution: southern Africa Notes: said to smell of turpentine hence common name E2 Uses: used as a thatching grass E3 Cited specimen: Giess 3152 Reference: 37; 47 Botanical Name: The grasses are arranged in alphabetical or- Rukwangali R der according to the currently accepted botanical names. This Shishambyu Sh publication updates the list in Craven (1999). Silozi L Thimbukushu T Status: The following icons indicate the present known status of the grass in Namibia: Life form: This indicates if the plant is generally an annual or G Endemic—occurs only within the political boundaries of perennial and in certain cases whether the plant occurs in water Namibia. as a hydrophyte. = Near endemic—occurs in Namibia and immediate sur- rounding areas in neighbouring countries. Abundance: The frequency of occurrence according to her- N Endemic to southern Africa—occurs more widely within barium holdings of specimens at WIND and PRE is indicated political boundaries of southern Africa. here. 7 Naturalised—not indigenous, but growing naturally. < Cultivated. Habitat: The general environment in which the grasses are % Escapee—a grass that is not indigenous to Namibia and found, is indicated here according to Namibian records.