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Threats to Blue Mussels — a European Risk Analysis

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Threats to Blue Mussels — a European Risk Analysis Threats to blue mussels — a European risk analysis Ane Timenes Laugen Centre for Coastal Research (CCR), Universitetet i Agder, Kristiansand NAEMO, Oban, 2019-10-30 Acknowedgements •Åsa Strand, IVL Swedish Environmental Institute •Kristina Svedberg, IVL & University of Gothenburg •Matthias Obst & Jon Havenhand, University of Gothenburg [Why] are blue mussels in decline? Human disturbance Coastal exploitation/ shoreline hardening • Direct damage (anchoring etc.) • Sediment dispersal & noise during construction Boat traffic • Turbulence (wave exposure, sediments) • Direct damage (anchoring etc.) • Noise Pollution • Engines • Toilets • Antifouling http://havsmiljo.se/media/fritidsbatars_miljopaverkan.pdf; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawall#/media/File:Seawallventnor.jpg https://balticeye.org/sv/livsmiljoer/kustmiljobloggen/fritidsbatar-och-undervattensnatur/ Qualitative threat analysis Svedberg 2019. MSc thesis, Gothenburg University Eutrophication Increased presence of epibionts/fouling • reduced hard surface areas for settlement • increased energy allocation to byssus production • increased risk for dislodging Increased abundance of food 1 cm Buschbaum, C., & Saier, B. (2001). Growth of the mussel Mytilus edulis L. in the Wadden Sea affected by tidal emergence and barnacle epibionts. Journal of Sea Research, 45(1), 27–36 Biotoxins / pollution Algal toxins • reduced risk of algal blooms with decreased eutrophication • increased risk of algal blooms with increasing temperatures PAH • negative effect on M galloprovincialis (Cajaraville et al 1995) • little knowledge about effects of PCB, HCB, DDT PCB, HCB, DDT, others • more or less unknown Climate change Ocean warming • growth/reproduction • risk of disease • distribution range • epibionts/fouling Extreme weather • nutrient runoff • disturbance (ice, sediments, storms) Ocean acidification • growth/reproduction/survival Laugen, Strand, Havenhand, Obst (in prep) Invasive species Pacific oyster (Magallana gigas) • competition (space/food) • protection (fouling/predation) • settling surface Sea walnut (Crepidula fornicata) • competition (space/food) Common slipper shell (Mnemiopsis leidiy) • larval mortality Predation/pathogens Birds • eider populations varies in space and time Invertebrates • crabs and sea stars prefer mussels to pacific oysters Pathogens • spatiotemporal variation in outbreak risk • expected to increase with climate change Strand, Fredriksson & Laugen (in prep) Extending the risk assessment •From qualitative to quantitative whenever possible •Multidisciplinary (aquaculture/wild-harvest/ecology/evolution etc.) •International (from regional to European/North Atlantic) •Call for collaboration.
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    NOBANIS - Marine invasive species in Nordic waters - Fact Sheet Crepidula fornicata Author of this species fact sheet: Kathe R. Jensen, Zoological Museum, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universiteteparken 15, 2100 København Ø, Denmark. Phone: +45 353-21083, E-mail: [email protected] Bibliographical reference – how to cite this fact sheet: Jensen, Kathe R. (2010): NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet – Crepidula fornicata – From: Identification key to marine invasive species in Nordic waters – NOBANIS www.nobanis.org, Date of access x/x/201x. Species description Species name Crepidula fornicata, Linnaeus, 1758 – Slipper limpet Synonyms Patella fornicata Linnaeus, 1758; Crepidula densata Conrad, 1871; Crepidula virginica Conrad, 1871; Crepidula maculata Rigacci, 1866; Crepidula mexicana Rigacci, 1866; Crepidula violacea Rigacci, 1866; Crepidula roseae Petuch, 1991; Crypta nautarum Mörch, 1877; Crepidula nautiloides auct. NON Lesson, 1834 (ISSG Database; Minchin, 2008). Common names Tøffelsnegl (DK, NO), Slipper limpet, American slipper limpet, Common slipper snail (UK, USA), Østerspest (NO), Ostronpest (SE), Amerikanische Pantoffelschnecke (DE), La crépidule (FR), Muiltje (NL), Seba (E). Identification Crepidula fornicata usually sit in stacks on a hard substrate, e.g., a shell of other molluscs, boulders or rocky outcroppings. Up to 13 animals have been reported in one stack, but usually 4-6 animals are seen in a stack. Individual shells are up to about 60 mm in length, cap-shaped, distinctly longer than wide. The “spire” is almost invisible, slightly skewed to the right posterior end of the shell. Shell height is highly variable. Inside the body whorl is a characteristic calcareous shell-plate (septum) behind which the visceral mass is protected.
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