New Shoot Buildings, Kilnsey Estate, Yorkshire Dales – Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment ______
SUBTERRANEAN DWELLING, THE BOWERLEY
LANGCLIFFE, NORTH YORKSHIRE
HERITAGE STATEMENT
JB Archaeology Ltd
On behalf of
P Wales Esq.
November 2020
______JB Archaeology Ltd on behalf of Countrywise Leisure Management Subterranean Dwelling, Bowerley, Langcliffe, North Yorkshire – Heritage Statement ______
JB Archaeology Ltd
Company Number 10299372 VAT Registration Number 247354789
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Contents
1.0 Introduction 4
Purpose of report 4 Location Topography and Land Use 4 Summary of Historic Background 6 Relevant Statutory Protection and the Site/Proposals 6 Listed Building and Scheduled Monuments 6 Conservation Area 6 Planning History 6 The Site/Proposals 7 Historic Mapping 12
2.0 Development of the Site 18
3.0 Summary of significance 18
4.0 Impact of Proposed works 19
5.0 Conclusions 20
Heritage Statement Summary Table 22
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SUBTERRANEAN DWELLING, THE BOWERLEY
LANGCLIFFE, NORTH YORKSHIRE
HERITAGE STATEMENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Purpose of report 1.1 This Heritage Assessment has been commissioned by Mr P Wales to provide supporting information for an application for planning permission for the construction of a new subterranean dwelling in the grounds of Bowerley at Langcliffe, North Yorkshire (application reference 2020/22172/FUL).
1.2 This report is the result of the following:
a site visit - 29th November 2018; a NYCC Historic Environment Record (HER) search - 3rd December 2018 and NYCC archives search - 1st/3rd December 2018
This report also takes into consideration the comments in the Heritage Advice produced by Hinchliffe Heritage (2018). This report also takes into consideration the results of the decision of the Planning Inspectorate June 2020 with regard to the minimal impact the proposals would have upon the conservation area.
Location, Topography and Land Use 1.3 The proposed development site is located in an area of terraced/sloping ground at a height of c.170mOD to the south-west of the complex of dwellings know as Bowerley. Bowerley itself lies to the west of the minor road (B6479) which runs between Settle and Langcliffe (NGR SD 82025 64807) Figures 1&2.
1.4 The new dwelling would be situated on a marked break of slope created by the landscaping during the original construction of Bowerley in the mid 19th century. The break of slope is further enhanced by the former kitchen garden for the main house which was created by terracing into the hillside (Plates 1 - 7).
1.5 The land immediately surrounding the proposed dwelling is part of the grounds of Bowerley and, with the exception of the kitchen garden, is all laid to grass. In the wider landscape there is a small area of pasture to the south with the railway line to the west.
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Based upon Ordnance Survey data with permission of Her Majesty’s Controller of Stationary Office Crown Copyright. JB Archaeology Ltd, Rosebank, Newby Wiske DL7 9EX. Licence Number 100048796
Figure 1. Site Location
Figure 2. Detailed Site Location (Craven Design Partnership)
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Summary of Historic Background 1.6 The land at Bowerley is first referred to as Bowerley Heads in land sale records from c.1700 onwards although the name is not mentioned in the Tithe Map of 1841 (Figure 3) or the Tithe assessment of 1844. The original house was built in 1854 by William Foster, a solicitor and farmer. On his death in 1859 his wife Catherine (or Elizabeth) was forced to sell due to debt shortly after the house was completed. The property was auctioned at the Lion Inn in Settle in 1860 when it was described as “A capital messuage (dwelling house with outbuildings and land assigned to its use) and boasted a coach house, harness room, shipping, cart house and two dog kennels set in 3 acres of gardens, lawns and pleasure grounds.” for £1000 to William Coulthurst. The property has since been in the possession of a number of owners. See http://www.northcravenheritage.org.uk/NCHTJ2011/2011/bowerley/bowerley. html and Further Information below for additional details of the ownership history.
Relevant Statutory Protection and the Site/Proposals Listed Building and Scheduled Monuments 1.7 Bowerley is not a Listed Building nor does it, or the surrounding land, form part of a Scheduled Monument.
1.8 A search of the NYCC HER did not produce any historic or archaeological sites within, or adjacent to Bowerley.
Conservation Area 1.9 Bowerley lies on the south-western edge of the Langcliffe Conservation Area (CA) (Internet Ref 1) and adjacent to the Settle Carlisle Conservation Area (Baxter, 2016). The professionally undertaken Langcliffe Conservation Area Appraisal (CAA) in 2010 recommended that Bowerley be removed from the CA due to its location away from the main built up area of the settlement; its separation form the core of the settlement by the B6479 and the range of modern developments and alterations in the site continuing into 2018 (Hinchliffe, 2018, section 3.1). The CAA also concluded that The Bowerley “retains little historic or architectural interest” (LCAA, 2010, Section 6). However, this recommendation was not implemented as a result of the public consultation process. The public consultation was attended by 21 members of the public 13 of whom who lived in the CA completed questionnaires. The estimated population of the CA is 350 therefore the response to the CAA questionnaire was c.3% of the population of the CA. (Wales and Reynolds Correspondence).
1.10 Bowerley does, informally, mark the start of the settlement of Langcliffe but at the same time stands away from the core of the village and on the whole is not generally indivisible with much of the settlement.
Planning History 1.11 This specific part of the site has seen one previously refused planning application. In addition to this there have been a number of previous planning applications relating to the various buildings of Bowerley itself have. In recent years this includes:
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The demolition of the physical link between the main house and its ancillary buildings. The addition of a prominent sun-room extension to the road facing elevation (2016/7) The introduction of multiple non-conservation roof-lights to every roof surface. The addition of a large balustraded extension and roof-terrace to the principal south-facing elevation. Multiple additions to and blocking up of window and door openings to most elevations. An extension and porches added to the original ancillary buildings. The removal of a section of roof to the main house to introduce a high level roof terrace thereby breaking the historic “roof-line” of the property.
1.12 These numerous permitted changes on the historic building with in the Conservation Area (CA) have all added to a gradual degradation of the setting, legibility and appearance of Bowerley (for details of previous works see the relevant planning application documentation). This said the building is still clearly identifiable as acting as a “gateway to the village”.
1.13 The current proposals would not directly affect the buildings of Bowerley nor would they have any impact on the setting of Bowerley when seen from the road or the remainder of the CA.
1.14 The most recent application for planning at The Bowerley, planning reference 2017/18518/FUL (08 Sep 2017) for the erection of subterranean eco-dwelling with subterranean garage was refused on 27th February 2018.
The Site/Proposals 1.14 The proposed development site lies on the very edge of the Langcliffe Conservation Area. Interestingly the boundary of the CA actually follows the boundary wall of the 19th century kitchen garden and not, as would be expected, the boundary of the holding. Thus this acts to sub-divide the holding in a rather odd manner which does not relate to the historic (or modern) boundaries of the site and therefore reduces both the legibility and overall integrity of the site as a whole.
1.15 The proposed development is for a subterranean dwelling which would be located in the north-eastern corner of the existing kitchen garden and would lie underneath part of the terrace which forms the grounds of Bowerley (Figures 2 & 3; Plates 1 – 6). See associated plans for the details of the proposed dwelling. The terrace would have been created when the site was levelled in order to build the house in 1854 and it was then used to mark the line of a circular walk around the grounds with a viewing point to look down the valley to the south-west. The viewing point probably had a bench set in a circular area of gravel and later a sun dial was added. The site visit did not record any remains of the circular path or viewing point shown on the historic mapping.
1.16 The proposals would entail the excavation of a 12m² footprint (Figures 2 & 3) in order to create the new dwelling. The ground floor would rise 2.5 meters to
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a height just short of the top of the kitchen garden wall to provide a continuity of this line. The upper story would be of the same dimensions but stepped back 4 meters from the lower section to echo the terraced effect of the surrounding landscape. The finished earth covering would coincide with and blend into the height of the existing terrace edge that runs diagonally across the grounds. This design would have no visual impact with the existing view from the direction of the original house (Plates 2, 4 & 6). The overall design is aimed to blend in with the natural sloping landscape of the area. For further details see the accompanying architectural plans.
1.17 A solar array to provide power to the dwelling would be located to the north of the kitchen garden in the sunken area formerly used for a glasshouse (Plate 6).
1.18 All works traffic would use the access routes that are already in existence.
Circular path Glass house
Shelter belt
Glass house
Viewing point
Edge of terrace
Ha-ha Kitchen garden
Figure 3. Detail of location of proposed dwelling with location of historic features (Craven Design Partnership)
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Plate 1. Terrace looking north
Plate 2. South-western end of terrace where viewing point would have been
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Plate 3. Kitchen garden, looking south-west, from proposed site of dwelling
*
Plate 4. Kitchen garden, looking north, proposed dwelling would be at *
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Plate 5. Kitchen garden, looking north-east, showing approximate location of the visible part of proposed dwelling
Plate 6. Location of one of the glasshouses, looking north
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Plate 7. Ha-ha along southern boundary, note remains of iron railings set into wall top
Historic Mapping 1.19 There is a good coverage of historic mapping for the site from middle the 18th century onwards (Figures 3-11). The earliest map dates from 1751 (A Map of Land at Langcliff Belonging to William Dawson (NYCRO ZXC; MIC 2234/191)) which shows the proposed site as open fields. Similarly the 1801, 1841 and 1851 maps also show open land (Figures 3-5).
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N
Figure 3. 1801 Map of an estate at Langcliffe belonging to Betty Starkie, gentlewoman (NYCRO ZXC; MIC 2234/184)
N
Figure 4. 1841 Plan of the township of Langcliffe [?copy tithe map] (NYCRO ZXF M 1/7/33; MIC2165/464)
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N
Figure 5. OS 6” Series 1st edition 1851 (National Library of Scotland)
1.20 The first map to show Bowerley and its grounds is the 1865 plan for the Settle to Carlisle Line for the Midland Railway (Figures 6&7). This shows the house and ancillary buildings along with a basic plan of the grounds. The grounds consist of a circular walk with a walled off kitchen garden in the south- western corner.
1.21 The following four editions of the Ordnance Survey (Figures 8-11) show the house and grounds with a very few changes in detail. The details shown on the various editions of the historic mapping are annotated on Figures 10 & 11. The principle of these are:
The kitchen garden Glasshouses Circular path Sun dial Shelter belt of trees for the house Terrace in the grounds
In addition to these cartographic details Figures 10 & 11 also show landscape features noted during the site visit.
1.22 From the cartographic evidence it can be seen that the building and grounds currently occupying the site are the only features to have been created there. A wide selection of the historic mapping for the site is reproduced below.
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N
Figure 6. Extract from engineering drawing of 1865 for the Midland Railway, Settle to Carlisle Railway No.1, 0-3 miles (NYCRO QDP (M) 150; MIC 2722/09)
Figure 7. Extract from Book of Reference of November 1865 for the Midland Railway, Settle to Carlisle, Railway No.1 (NYCRO QDP M 150; MIC 2722/294)
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N
Figure 8. OS 6” series 1896 (National Library of Scotland)
N
Figure 9. 6” series 1910 (National Library of Scotland)
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Circular walk
N
Figure 10. 1st edition 25” series 1894 (National Library of Scotland)
Shelter belt Edge of Glasshouses terrace
Ha-ha
Kitchen Viewing garden point Sun dial
N
Figure 11. 25” series 1909 (National Library of Scotland)
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2.0 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SITE
2.1 From the evidence detailed above it can be seen that Bowerley and its grounds were built in 1854 and are the first features to be created here. The historic mapping shows a very simple layout to the grounds with a circular path using the edge of the building terrace to loop to a viewing point and then back to the house. The site visited noted that there is no longer any visible evidence for the path or the viewing area but that the terrace is very much as it was originally created when the site was levelled. The site visit also noted a second terrace which forms a ha-ha along the southern boundary of the holding.
2.2 The evidence also shows that the kitchen garden and sites of the associated glasshouses were created as part of the 1854 layout and have remained relatively unchanged, apart from the removal of the actual glasshouses themselves.
2.3 The tree cover within the grounds appears to form three components. The first is a shelter belt to the south-west of the house which would have acted to protect the building from the prevailing weather. This group of trees would have been planted to both protect the house and act as a backdrop when walking around the grounds to give an enclosed feeling that would then open out with the vista when you got to the viewing point. The arboricultural survey (Tearne, 2017) recorded 35 trees of 15 different species with a significant dominance of sycamores (13 individuals). Many of the trees are native species with a small number of more decorative trees (e.g. copper beech) to provide a different texture and colour to the appearance of the plantings. The relatively narrow range of species and lack of exotics would seem to show that the planting was not intended to ‘show off’ the owners taste and wealth by the use of expensive species that where being brought back by the Victorian plant hunters of the time.
2.4 The second component is what is now an over developed series of beeches along the southern boundary. These beeches appear to be the remains of a former hedge but it is unlikely that the hedge was part of the original layout of the grounds as it would have run along the top of the ha-ha which had iron railings set in to the capping stones (Plate 7). It would seem very unlikely that a ha-ha would have been built only to negate its purpose by planting a hedge along it. The beeches are a later addition, probably when the railings had started to decay.
2.5 The third component is a belt of trees along the roadside to screen house from that direction and also act as a backdrop to the grounds themselves.
3.0 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANCE
3.1 The proposed development site lies on the very edge of the Langcliffe CA and has a local significance as an example of a small ‘country house and grounds’ of a relatively wealthy landowner/professional. Its significance is moderated by its more distant location from the core of the CA and by its use as a hotel
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for many years. The subsequent various developments and additions to the built element of Bowerley after it ceased to be a hotel have also contributed to an ongoing degradation of sites significance.
3.2 There has also been a degradation of the wider setting of Bowerley and the south-western edge of the Conservation Area by the presence of a large caravan and holiday home development; a paper finishing mill (with its associated HGV traffic) and the Watershed Mill retail centre which all have an ongoing negative impact on the setting of this part of the Conservation Area. This situation is also exacerbated by regular HGC quarry traffic.
3.3 With regard to the grounds although it is still possible to clearly see, with the aid of historic mapping, much of the development of the site there has also been a degradation of some of the minor elements of the site – for example the loss of the paths; removal of the glasshouses and the decay of the ha-ha railings.
3.4 Overall Bowerley and its grounds can be seen to be locally significant as an example of a local, small scale landowners/professional mans’ estate.
4.0 IMPACT OF PROPOSED WORKS
4.1 It is inevitable that any development will have an impact on the features and setting of any landscape. In the case being considered here the impacts will be:
Kitchen garden – there would be some loss of the original corner of walling which would be a minor loss of fabric and a visual impact as seen, fleetingly, from the adjacent railway line; The viewing point/terrace – as a ‘cut and cover’ method of construction is proposed there would be a, short term, high impact on the landscape but as the proposals are to return the landscape of the development area to its original profile after the works have been completed there would be little net impact on the visual appearance of the site; A solar array is proposed – this would be effectively hidden in sunken location of former glasshouse and would have no visual or physical impact; The construction traffic and subsequent access routes would all use of existing routes and therefore have no further impact on the site; The Settle to Carlisle railway was opened by the Midland Railway in 1876 as a direct route to Scotland. A significant portion of the route has been designated as a Conservation Area due to the combination of the survival of railway infrastructure and the area of natural beauty through which it passes (Internet Ref 2; Baxter, 2016). As part of this Conservation Area runs adjacent to the proposed development there would be a very slight, negative visual impact on the Settle to Carlisle commercial railway for the few seconds a passenger train would take to pass. It is felt that this is would be offset by having an innovative design and development that demonstrates that ‘green credentials’ can be applied to historically sensitive areas with little impact on setting and significance.
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4.2 Overall the proposed development would have significantly ‘less than substantial harm’ on the historic environment and it is felt that the minor loss of part of the kitchen garden wall is an acceptable level of harm compared to the overall benefits of the proposals.
5.0 CONCLUSIONS
5.1 From the various strands of evidence presented and discussed above it can be seen that the site at Bowerley is a locally significant example of a mid 19th century, modestly wealthy, landowners/professional mans’ estate. When originally built it was very typical of the mid 19th century style that dominated at the time. Various changes in fortune over time have resulted in the dwelling aspect of the holding being subdivide with new buildings being erected to the rear of the original house.
5.2 Although the main building and its environs have, and continue to see changes the grounds still retain a degree of legibility of their development, albeit with the aid of historic mapping. Over time much of the detail of the grounds has been lost – for example the circular path, viewing point, sun dial and railings for the ha-ha.
5.3 The current proposed development would result in an overall significantly less than substantial impact on part of the kitchen garden in the form of the loss of a short section of walling. There would also be a minor visual impact from the adjacent railway which can be considered to have no harmful affect on the railway or its setting. As the landscape of the terrace would be reinstated and no new access routes are proposed there would be little net change in the appearance of the site. This coupled with the maintenance of the current tree cover and open spaces would mean that on completion of the proposed development only very minor changes would be visible and it is felt that the small loss of historic features is acceptable when set against the gains from the proposed development.
Bibliography Baxter, A, 2016, Settle-Carlisle Railway Conservation Area Appraisal Correspondence between P Wales and P Reynolds November 2018 regarding the CAA Results Hinchliffe Heritage, 2018, Heritage Advice: Bowerley, Langcliffe. Unpublished planning documentation Historic England, 2017, The Setting of Heritage Assets Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 3 (Second Edition) Internet References Internet 1: http://www.yorkshiredales.org.uk/living-and-working/historic-buildings/conservation- areas/nested-pdf-files/2010-12-03_gir_langcliffe_ca_appraisal_final.pdf Internet 2:
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Tearne, G, 2017, Arboricultural Survey. The Bowerley, Langcliffe, Settle. Unpublished contractors documentation
Further Information: Yorkshire Dales Community Archives: Langcliffe http://www.dalescommunityarchives.org.uk/content/organisation/langcliffe-history- collection-4 [accessed 07/12/18] See also an article about Langcliffe Fields (has reference to Bowerley) http://www.dalescommunityarchives.org.uk/content/catalogue_item/langcliffe- history-collection-2/langcliffe-history-chapters/14-chapter-12-langcliffe-fields
Historic OS mapping 6” Series 1851 Yorkshire 132 (includes: Langcliffe; Settle) Surveyed: 1847 1896 Yorkshire CXXXII (includes: Langcliffe; Settle) Surveyed: 1893 to 1894 1910 Yorkshire CXXXII.NW (includes: Giggleswick; Langcliffe; Settle; Stainforth) Revised: 1907
25” Series 1894 Yorkshire CXXXII.6 (Giggleswick; Langcliffe; Settle) Surveyed: 1892 1909 Yorkshire CXXXII.6 (Giggleswick; Langcliffe; Settle) Revised: 1907
Historic Maps and Plans consulted in the NYCRO relating to Langcliffe (Those in bold show the area of Bowerley) NYCRO NYCRO MIC Ref Title Date Ref ZXC MIC 2234/189-192 A map of land at Langcliff belonging to 1751 William Dawson WYCRO MIC 604 Langcliffe enclosure map 1793 ZXC MIC 2234/180-188 Map of an estate at Langcliffe belonging to 1801 Betty Starkie, gentlewoman T MIC 1793/314 Langcliffe tithe map: village centre only 1841 ZXF M MIC 2165/458-464 Plan of the township of Langcliffe 1841 1/7/33 [? copy tithe map, no apportionment] ZXF MIC 2165/147-149 2 parts of a plan of property belonging to George 1845 1/7/9 Hartley esq in Langcliffe, Settle and Giggleswick ZXF MIC 2165/150-152 A plan of the Winskill estate in the townships of 1850 1/7/10 Langcliffe and Stainforth, the property of William Foster esq. ZXF M MIC 2165/154-156 Plan of High & Low Winskill estates in the 1860 1/7/12 townships of Langcliffe and Stainforth QDP (M) MIC 2722/1-477 Midland Railway, Settle to Carlisle, Railway 1865 150 No.1, with accompanying Book of Reference (November 1865) ZXF M MIC 2165/492-496 Plan of the Winskill estate belonging to T. 1893 1/7/37 Stackhouse ZXF M MIC 2165/188-190 Plan of lots 15-26 fronting on to the public nd 1/7/24 highway from Langcliffe to settle [19th C]
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Heritage Statement Summary Table Feature Description Heritage significance Proposed works Impact of proposed works on heritage significance
Kitchen garden Randomly coursed wall made from Part of the original 1854 Removal of the NE corner of Loss of part of the original corner of walling - large cobbles and roughly dressed construction the wall to create the frontage overall a minor loss of fabric and a visual impact local stone. of the dwelling as seen, fleetingly, from the adjacent railway line;
Viewing point/terrace Viewing point at the furthest point Part of the original 1854 Excavation to formation level As a ‘cut and cover’ construction there would be of the circular walk which follows construction to create new building at SW a, short term, high impact on the landscape but the the edge of the levelling terrace end of terrace under viewing proposals are to return the landscape to its original used for the house point profile after the works have been completed. Therefore little net impact on the visual appearance of the site Sunken area for former Sunken area walled with randomly Part of the original 1854 Location of a solar array The array would be freestanding and hidden glasshouse coursed wall made from large construction within the sunken feature and would have no cobbles and roughly dressed local visual or physical impact stone
Current paths and tracks A series of paths and tracks which The original paths are part of Use by construction traffic and As the construction traffic and subsequent access have developed over the last the 1854 design for the grounds subsequently as access routes would all use of existing routes there would 150yrs. Some follow the original but the more recent ones (late be no further impact on the site paths others are more recent 20th century) have no heritage significance Settle-Carlisle Railway Railway built in 1876 and still in Locally significant as line of Visual impact of development There would be a very slight visual impact on Conservation Area use for commercial passenger and historic railway between Settle when seen from railway commercial railway for the few seconds a freight traffic as well as heritage and Carlisle passenger train would take to pass and would have trains no overall harmful effect on the railway. This is offset by having an innovative design and development that demonstrates that ‘green credentials’ can be applied to historically sensitive areas with little impact on setting and significance.
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