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Epapyrus PDF Document 소아과:제44권 제1호 2001년 □ 증례□ 1) Hyperglycerolemia와 Congenital Adrenal Hypoplasia, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy가 동반된 Xp21 Contiguous Gene Deletion Syndrome 한림대학교 의과대학 춘천성심병원 소아과, University Children's Hospital*, Munich, Germany Department of Pediatrics†, Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands 신대원·허준·이홍진·박원일·이경자·신윤숙*·D.R. Sjarif†·B.T. Poll-The† A Case of Xp21 Contiguous Gene Deletion Syndrome with Hyperglycerolemia, Congenital Adrenal Hypoplasia and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Dae-Won Shin, M.D., Jun Huh, M.D., Hong-Jin Lee, M.D., Won-Ill Park, M.D. Kyung-Ja Lee, M.D., Yoon-Sook Shin, Ph.D.*,D.R.Sjarif,M.D.† and B.T. Poll-The, M.D.† Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Korea, Universtiy Children's Hospital*, Munich, Germany, Department of Pediatrics, Metabolic Diseases†, University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands On Xp21 region several genes such as adrenal hypoplasia congenita(AHC) gene, glycerol kinase (GK) gene and Duchenne muscular dystrophy(DMD) gene are located contiguously. If there is a long deletion in that region, various combination of genetic defect can be occurred from one kind of genetic defect to all three kinds of genetic defect simultaneously. In caseofmorethantwo genetic defects simultaneously, we call it contiguous gene deletion syndrome. The major clinical manifestations of the Xp21 contiguous gene deletion syndrome are sum of each diseases, elec- trolyte imbalance and hyperpigmentation for adrenal hypoplasia congenita, psychomotor retardation, letharginess and convulsion for glycerol kinase deficiency and muscle weakness and hypotonia for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Goals of the treatment are control of each disorders, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid for adrenal hypoplasia congenita, low fat diet and prevention of fasting and hypercatabolic status for glycerol kinase deficiency and physiotherapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In case of hyponatremia and hyperkalemia combined with hyperpigmentation, adrenal hypoplasia congenita could be suspected. In glycerol kinase deficiency, markedly elevated glycerol excretion can be detected on urine organic acid analysis by gaschromatography with mass spectrometry. On Duchenne muscular dystrophy, creatinine kinase is markedly elevated on chem- istry. We report here first Korean case of Xp21 contiguous gene deletion syndrome of adrenal hypoplasia congenita, glycerol kinase deficiency and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. (J Korean Pediatr Soc 2001;44:83-88) Key Words : Hyperglycerolemia, Hyperglyceroluria, GKD(Glycerol kinase deficiency), CAH(Con- genital adrenal hypoplasia), DMD(Duchenne muscular dystrophy) 서론 접수 : 2000년 5월 9일, 승인 : 2000년 8월 16일 책임저자 : 이홍진, 한림대학교 춘천성심병원 소아과 Tel : 033)252-9970 Fax : 033)255-6244 Xp21 contiguous gene deletion syndrome이란, 83 84 신대원외7인:Hyperglycerolemia와 CAH, DMD가 동반된 Xp21 Contiguous Gene Deletion Syndrome 성염색체 Xp21 Region1, 2)에 위치하는 여러 gene 중 시에는 소변의 유기산 분석이 불가능하여 GKD로 진 에서, hyperglycerolemia 및 hyperglyceroluria를 초 단 되지 않았다). 또, 퇴원 후 13-14개월경, 성장과 래하는 glycerol kinase deficiency(GKD) gene lo- 발달지연 등을 주소로 1주일 동안 재입원 했던 병력 cus와, congenital adrenal hypoplasia(CAH)를 유발 이 있었다. 하는 gene locus 및 Duchenne muscular dystrophy 현병력 : 내원 수 일 전부터 심해진 지속적인 구토 (DMD)를 발생시키는 gene locus가 연속적으로 결손 와 기면, 보챔과 음식물섭취의 현저한 감소 등과 함 되거나 변이 되어, 여러 가지 복합적인 임상증상을 나 께, 심한 운동발달장애 및 행동발달장애와 저체중 등 타내는 증후군을 말한다1-4, 6). 성염색체와 연계된 유전 으로 보다 자세한 검사와 치료를 위해 입원하였다. 적 질환으로서 모계에 의해 유전되며, 여성은 보인자 이학적 소견 : 전반적으로 쇠약감을 보였고, 체중은 (carrier)로 대부분의 경우에서 잠재되고, 남성은 환자 6.1kg(3 percentile 미만), 신장은 75cm(25 percen- (patient)로서 다양한 임상증상으로 표현된다2, 5-8).대 tile)이었고, 맥박수는 130회/분, 호흡수는 36회/분, 체 부분의 경우에서 발달 및 발육장애와 정신지체가 동 온은 36.4℃이었다. 성장 및 발달지체와 함께 약간 처 반되며2, 4, 9, 18), 1978년 외국에서 최초로 보고1, 3)된이 져 보였으나 탈수증상은 심하지 않았다. 안면의 정 래, 국내에서는 처음으로 확인된 1례를 경험하였기에 중선을 기준으로 중간부위가 좁아진 두부형태(hour- 보고하는 바이다. glass appearance)와, 양쪽 안구의 간격이 비교적 넓 고, 양쪽 귀가 얇고 납작한 특이한 모습을 보였다. 흉 증례 부청진과 이학적 복부검사에서 특이소견은 없었으나, 신경학적 검사에서 전반적인 근위축 및 근력저하와 환아:길○선(남아, 15개월) 심부건반사의 감소가 경부와 양측 상지 및 하지에서 주소:구토, 기면 및 보챔, 감소된 음식섭취, 성 모두 관찰되었다. 성기는 비교적 왜소하였고, 전신에 장장애 등 서 과다색소침착(hyperpigmentation)의 소견을 보였 분만력 및 가족력 : 재태기간 40주, 출생체중 3.3kg, 다. 입원 당시 겨우 머리만 가눌(head control) 정도 질식 분만된 정상 신생아였고, 양쪽 부모가 모두 비교 였고 엎치거나 앉는(rolling from to back, sitting 적 건강한 편이나, 환아 모친의 경우에서 약간의 지능 unsupported)등의,생후6-9개월에서볼수있는신 저하를 보였으며, 그 밖의 특이한 선천적 기형이나 이 체 및 운동발달이 결여되어 있었다. 상은 없었다. 임신 중 약물 복용력이나 주산기 병력, 검사 소견 : 입원 때 시행한 말초혈액검사에서 총 3 혹은 방사선에 노출된 경력도 없었다. 환아를 제외하 백혈구수 8,900cells/mm , 혈색소 13.7g/dL, 혈소판수 3 고 위로 3명(2남 1여)이 있었으나 남아 1명(장남)은 111,000cells/mm 이었고, 전해질검사에서 Na/K/Cl는 유아기에 원인불명으로 사망하였다. 현재 생존하고 있 각각 120mEq/L, 9.5mEq/L, 108mmoL/L이었다. 동맥 는 환아 이외의 2명 중(남아 및 여아) 남아 1명은 혈가스검사에서 pH/pCO2/pO2/HCO3/BE는 각각7.180, 정상이나 여아 1명은 중등도의 지능저하를 보였다. 41.9mmHg, 75.1mmHg, 25.4mmoL/L, -0.9mmoL/L이 과거력 : 출생직후3-4일경부터중등도의열과 었다. 혈중 암모니아는 59μg/dL(정상 : 15-45μg/ dL), 함께 소변량 및 수유량의 감소, 기면 및 처짐, 그리고 AST/ALT는 각각 86/124IU/L, lactate dehydrogen- 보챔 등을 주소로 외래를 경유, 입원하여 약 51일 ase 및 alkaline phosphatase는 각각 914/395IU/L이었 동안 치료 받은 병력이 있었다. 그때 시행한 검사에 다. 혈중 renin, aldosterone 및 17α-OH progester- 서 심한 저나트륨혈증(120mEq/L)과 고칼륨혈증(9.5 one은 각각 22.4ng/mL(정상 : 16.6ng/mL 이하), 56.2 mEq/L), 대사성산혈증(pH : 7.180, pCO2 : 41.9mmHg, pg/mL(정상 : 70-540pg/mL), 0.1ng/mL(정상 : 0.53-1 HCO3 : 25.4mmoL/L, BE : -0.9mmoL/L), 혈중 ren- ng/mL)로 나타나 부신기능부전의 소견을 보였다. nin 수치의 증가(22.4ng/mL/hr; 정상은 16.6ng/mL/ 혈청 CPK는 6,232IU/L(정상 : 5-130IU/L)로 매우 높은 hr 이하), 혈중 aldosterone 수치의 감소(56.2pg/mL; 수치를 보였고, 근전도검사(EMG)에서 비정상적인 자 정상은 70-540pg/mL) 등의 소견을 보였으며, 부신성 발전위(abnormal spontaneous activity)가 나타나 기증후군 및 패혈증의 진단하에 치료를 받았다(이 당 DMD에서볼수있는myopathy의소견(Fig.1)을보 소아과 : 제 44 권 제 1 호 2001년 85 Fig. 1. Electromyogram findings of patient's calf muscle. The positive sharp wave can be seen on myopathy. glycerol Fig. 3. Schematic rerpresentation of the deletion observed in the patient's X-chromosome. 경과:혈중 glycerol의 농도를 낮추기 위해 금식 이나 절식을 금하되, 주로 저지방이 함유된 음식만을 섭취토록 하였고, 과도한 신체적 자극이나 감염증 등 이 유발되지 않도록 주의시켰다. 또한 선천성 부신기 Fig. 2. The chromatogram of the patient's urine organic acid analysis with GC/MS. Characteristic- 능저하증에서 발생될 수 있는 저나트륨혈증과 고칼륨 ally, very high level of urine glycerol is noted(ar- 혈증, 대사성산혈증, 비정상적인 부신피질호르몬 생성 rowhead). 등을 교정하기 위해서 mineralcorticoid와 glucocorti- 였다. 소변의 유기산검사에서는 glycerol의 수치가 coid를 경구투여 하면서 외래를 통해 관찰하던 중, 현 49,033mmoL/moL creatinine(정상 : 0)로 매우 상승되 재는 추적이 중단되었다. 어 hyperglyceroluria의 소견(Fig. 2)을 보였다. 그리 고, 네델란드의 Utrecht 대학과 독일의 Munich 대학 고찰 에 분자생물학적인 검사를 의뢰하여 측정한 환아 백 혈구의 GK activity가 5.9pmoL/min/mg protein(정 Xp21 contiguous gene deletion syndrome이란, 상 : 200-300pmoL/min/mg protein)으로 매우 낮게 성염색체 Xp21 region내의 어느 특정부위의 gene lo- 측정되어, GKD의 검사소견(Fig. 3)과 일치하였다. cus가 연속적으로 결손 되거나 변이 되어 나타나는 86 신대원외7인:Hyperglycerolemia와 CAH, DMD가 동반된 Xp21 Contiguous Gene Deletion Syndrome 유전학적인 질환으로1, 3-6, 8), 모계에 의해 유전되며, 여 이위험해질수있다11-13). 이 환아의 경우에서도, 신 성은 보인자로서 대부분 그 증상이 잠재되나 남성의 생아 초기 부터 같은 임상증상을 나타냈는데, 검사소 경우에서는 여러 가지의 다양한 임상증상이 나타나게 견도 선천성 부신기능부전의 소견을 보였다(초기에는 된다. 즉, 본 증례의 경우처럼, 성염색체 Xp21 region 부신성기증후군 및 패혈증 등으로 오인되었다). 에 존재하는 여러 가지 gene loci 중에서, hypergly- Xp21 contiguous gene deletion syndrome을 구 cerolemia 및 hyperglyceroluria를 유발하는 glycerol 성하는 또 다른 결손인 DMD의 경우, Dystrophin과 kinase deficiency(GKD)의 gene locus와, congenital cytoskeleton protein의 encoding gene의 결손이나 adrenal hypoplasia(CAH)를 발생시키는 gene locus 변이에 의해 발생된다. Dystrophin gene의 크기는 약 및 Duchenne muscular dystrophy(DMD)를 초래하 2,500kb 정도이며, 80여개의 exon으로 구성7)되고, 이 는genelocus가연속적으로결손,혹은변이되어, gene의 결손이나 변이에 의해 진행성의 근위축증이 각각의 gene locus defect에 의한 증상이 함께 발현 발생된다. 초기에는 근위 골격근(proximal skeletal 되는, 복합적인 임상증후군이다. muscles)에서 주로 병변이 시작되지만, 점차 심근 및 Xp21 contiguous gene deletion syndrome의 한 호흡근 등으로 근위축증이 진행될 수 있다. 근전도검 부분을 구성하는 GKD의 경우, GK의 gene의 크기는 사에서 비정상적인 muscle activity를 보이며, 근육생 약 50kb로 20개의 exon으로 구성되며, 주된 GK 검에서는 fibrotic changes를 나타낸다4, 7). 특징적으로 mRNA는 2,581bp의 크기를 갖는 것으로 알려져 있다 혈중 CPK가 매우 증가된 소견을 보이며, 혈중 cre- 2, 7).이GKgene의결손,즉GKD에의해glycerol atine kinase 상승과 함께 aldolase의 상승도 관찰된 metabolism의 장애가 초래되면, 세포내에 glycerol이 다. 이 환아의 경우에서는 보호자의 거부로 근육생검 축적되어 hyperglycerolemia와 hyperglyceroluria 등 을 시행하지 못했으나, 혈청검사에서 CPK가 6,232IU/ 의 생화학적 변화가 일어나고1), 구토나 설사, 발한, 처 L(정상 : 5-130IU/L)로 심한 상승을 보였고, 근전도검 지거나 기면 상태, 착란, 혼수나 경련 등의 임상증상 사에서도 비정상적인 자발전위의 myopathy 소견을 이나타나게된다1, 3).이환아의경우에서도동일한 보여, DMD가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 임상소견을 보였다. 환아 소변의 유기산분석에서 소변 1978년에 Xp21 contiguous gene deleion syn- 내 glycerol이 49,033mmoL/moL creatinine(정상 : 0) drome이 처음으로2, 14, 15) 보고된 이후 지금까지 전세 으로 매우 높은 수치를 보였고, 분자효소분석검사에서 계적으로 약 100례 이상이 보고2, 8, 12) 되었으며, 그 중 GK 활성도가 5.9pmoL/min/mg protein(정상 : 200- 에서약13명의환아가신생아및유아초기의부신 300pmoL/min/mg protein)으로 매우 낮은 수치를 보 기능부전에 대한 부적절한 치료나, 혹은 기타 원인불 여, GKD에 부합되는 소견을 보였다.
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