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The Family of Henry VIII: an Allegory of the Tudor Succession, C The Family of Henry VIII: An Allegory of the Tudor Succession, c. 1570–75. Lucas de Heere. Oil on panel. National Museum and Gallery of Wales, Cardiff. 236 Lucas de Heere/National Museum and Gallery of Wales, Cardiff/Bridgeman Art Library 00236-0250236-0250 UOU2-845482.inddUOU2-845482.indd 236236 11/29/07/29/07 10:07:1110:07:11 AMAM UNIT TWO The English Renaissance 1485–1650 Looking Ahead Near the end of the 1400s, a cultural movement known as the Renaissance, which had begun in Italy a century earlier, reached England. Although the next one hundred and fifty years in England were marked by bitter conflicts at home and military threats from abroad, they also produced some of the greatest works of English literature, notably William Shakespeare’s plays and the King James Bible. Keep the following questions in mind as you read: What were the characteristics of Renaissance humanism? How is humanism reflected in Shakespeare’s works? How did the metaphysical and Cavalier poets respond to the religious conflicts of their time? OBJECTIVES In learning about the English Renaissance, you will focus on the following: • analyzing the characteristics of various literary periods and how the issues influenced the writers of those periods • evaluating the influences of the historical period that shaped literary characters, plots, settings, and themes • connecting literature to historical contexts, current events, and your own experiences 237 00236-0250236-0250 UOU2-845482.inddUOU2-845482.indd 237237 11/8/07/8/07 11:25:1011:25:10 AMAM Dr. Faustus, 17th c. engraving. Timeline 1485–1650 BRITISH LITERATURE 1475 1550 1476 1549 1557 1590 William Caxton establishes Book of Common Prayer Tottel’s Miscellany, an early Sir Edmund Spenser the first printing press in is published collection of English songs publishes the first part England and sonnets, is published of The Faerie Queene c. 1500 1564 1597 Everyman, a morality play, William Shakespeare is born Sir Francis Bacon’s first is first performed essays are published 1576 1516 First professional playhouse 1599 Sir Thomas More writes opens in London The Globe Theatre, home Utopia of Shakespeare’s company, c. 1582 is founded Sir Philip Sidney writes BRITISH EVENTS Astrophel and Stella 1475 1550 1485 1547 1553 Wars of the Roses end; Edward VI begins reign Mary I begins reign (until Henry VII begins reign (until 1553) 1558) (until 1509) 1558 Queen Elizabeth I 1509 Elizabeth I begins reign medal c. 1588 Henry VIII begins reign (until 1603) (until 1547) 1580 1588 1534 Sir Francis Drake English navy defeats Henry VIII breaks with circumnavigates the globe Spanish Armada Roman Catholic Church WORLD EVENTS 1475 1550 1492 1520 1556 Columbus reaches Suleiman the Magnificent Akbar becomes ruler New World becomes ruler of Ottoman of Mughal Empire Empire 1498 1580 Vasco Da Gama 1543 Michel de Montaigne reaches India Nicholas Copernicus publishes Essais (Essays) publishes his heliocentric 1517 ▲ theory Martin Luther posts his Ninety-Five Theses, 1545 criticizing abuses in the Council of Trent begins church and spearheading Catholic Counter- the Protestant Reformation Reformation 238 UNIT 2 THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE (t)Ancient Art & Architecture Collection Ltd, (cl)Ancient Art & Architecture Collection Ltd, (cr)Nicolas Hilliard/British Museum, London, UK/Bridgeman Art Library, (bl)Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS, (br)Time Life Pictures/Getty Images 00236-0250236-0250 UOU2-845482.inddUOU2-845482.indd 238238 77/10/06/10/06 9:27:409:27:40 AMAM 1600 1640 1604 ▲ 1642 1648 Christopher Marlowe’s 1611 Theaters are closed by Robert Herrick publishes Doctor Faustus is published King James Bible order of the Puritans Hesperides 1609 is published Shakespeare’s sonnets 1616 are published William Shakespeare dies 1610–1611 1623 John Donne writes First Folio, Shakespeare’s Holy Sonnets collected works, is published 1600 1640 1600 1607 East India Company Jamestown colony is chartered is established 1603 1616 Map of Virginia, c. 1590 Elizabeth I dies; James I William Harvey discovers begins reign (until 1625) the circulation of the blood 1642 Civil war erupts 1605 1625 Gunpowder Plot Charles I begins reign 1649 is uncovered (until 1649) Charles I is beheaded; Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector 1600 1640 1603 1644 Edo (Tokyo) becomes new Ming Dynasty ends in China capital of Tokugawa Japan Hizen ware, c. 17th century 1605 ▲ Miguel de Cervantes 1609 writes Don Quixote, Part I Galileo constructs his first telescope 1606 Timeline Visit www.glencoe.com Dutch painter Rembrandt 1619 for an interactive timeline. is born First enslaved Africans arrive in America Reading Check 1624 Japan prohibits European Analyzing Graphic Information Who ruled England contact longer, Queen Elizabeth I or King James I? INTRODUCTION 239 (t)Newberry Library/Stock Montage, (c)Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY, (bl)Getty Images, (br)Seattle Art Museum/CORBIS 00236-0250236-0250 UOU2-845482.inddUOU2-845482.indd 239239 77/10/06/10/06 9:27:569:27:56 AMAM By the Numbers The Spanish Armada SPANISH AND ENGLISH LOSSES In 1588, during the reign of 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 Elizabeth I, England became one of the great sea powers of the world. Spanish ships 130 In that year, Philip II, king of Spain engaged and the most powerful ruler on the Spanish ships lost 55 Continent, sent his renowned English ships 197 Spanish Armada, a huge fleet of engaged warships, to fight England’s small English ships lost 0 navy. Philip II sought to overthrow England’s Protestant monarch and restore the supremacy of the 5K 10K 15K 20K 25K 30K Roman Catholic Church in England. The English navy won an impres- Spanish soldiers & sailors engaged 30K sive victory, aided by the inhospita- ble climate of the English seas. The Spanish casualties 15K defeated survivors of the “invincible English soldiers 16K Armada” returned to Spain, and & sailors engaged England’s mastery over the seas English casualties 2K was unchallenged thereafter. Source The Spanish Armada by Colin Martin and Geoffrey Parker HOLIDAYS LONDON’S POPULATION EARNING POWER A 1552 act prohibited work on During this period, plague fre- During Shakespeare’s time, Sundays and listed 23 feast day quently swept through the city of approximately 2 percent of the holidays, with 11 more days London. Epidemics occurred in population controlled most of off at Easter, Whitsun (the 1498, 1535, 1543, 1563, 1589, the nation’s land and wealth. seventh Sunday after Easter), 1593 (over 10,000 deaths), 1603 The incomes for some members and Christmas. (over 25,000 deaths), 1625 (over of this upper class reached 26,000 deaths), and 1636. nearly $94,000 a year. Yeomen— Despite these deaths, the popu- free, land-owning farmers— EXECUTIONS lation of London grew steadily. In earned from $94 to $188 a year. 1500 approximately 50,000 peo- A teacher earned about $28.80 In Tudor England, executions for ple lived in London; a century a year; a laborer, a shilling, or treason—which sometimes meant later, approximately four times as about 9 cents, a day. professing a religion that was out many inhabitants lived there. of favor—were not uncommon. According to a recent study, Henry VIII executed 308 people THEATER PRICES for treason between 1532 and 1540. Mary I, Henry’s Catholic The Globe and other outdoor the price of a movie ticket daughter, executed 132 for that playhouses held approximately today; those who wished to sit crime during her five-year reign. 3,000 spectators. The “ground- in the covered galleries paid Later, Elizabeth I, Henry’s lings,” who stood in the large from two pennies to a shilling. Protestant daughter, executed central courtyard, paid a penny 183 traitors during her long reign. to enter—roughly equivalent to 240 UNIT 2 THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE 00236-0250236-0250 UOU2-845482.inddUOU2-845482.indd 240240 66/21/06/21/06 10:34:4710:34:47 AMAM y ar t Libr Being There dgeman Ar i , UK/Br By the early 1600s, England, Scotland, and Wales rdshire o f t were politically united under King James I. London, , Her the hub of the nation’s economy, was now one of the great capitals of Europe with a population exceeding 100,000. Tudor and Stuart monarchs lived in gorgeous palaces in or near London. Many writers spent their A Musicians at Wadley House, detail from entire lives working in London or its suburbs. is , Hoefnagel/Hatfield House The Life and Death of Sir Henry Unton, (b)Jor c. 1596. English School. Oil on panel. National Portrait Gallery, London. SCOTLAND Edinburgh Glasgow Berwick B The Southeast Prospect of Hampton Court, NORTH Herefordshire, c. 1699. Leonard Knyff. Oil on SEA 1 1 canvas, 58 /2 x 84 /2 in. Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection, New Haven, CT. Belfast IRISH York Dublin IRELAND SEA ENGLAND Norwich l Birmingham ne an Cambridge Ch WALES 's rge Stratford-upon-Avon eo G Oxford St. B A London Bristol C er Portsmouth ov f D Plymouth t o ai Str A Fete at Bermondsey, c. 1570. Joris Hoefnagel. C English Channel Hatfield House, Hertfordshire, England. 0 50 100 mi. Maps in Motion Visit www.glencoe.com for an interactive map. 0 50 100 km Reading Check 2. At the Globe Theatre, how many times more was the highest price of admission than the lowest one? Analyzing Graphic Information: 1. In 1588, what percentage of the ships in the 3. About how many miles from London is Spanish Armada were lost? Shakespeare’s birthplace, Stratford-upon-Avon? INTRODUCTION 241 (t)National Portrait Gallery, London, UK/Bridgeman Art Library, (c)Leonard Knyff/Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection/Bridgeman Art Library 00236-0250236-0250 UOU2-845482.inddUOU2-845482.indd 241241 77/10/06/10/06 9:28:129:28:12 AMAM The English Renaissance 1485–1650 Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces Tudor England When Henry VII, a Tudor, became king of England in 1485, he was starting a new royal line.
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