Type V Secretion Systems: an Overview of Passenger Domain Functions
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Yersinia Enterocolitica
Yersinia enterocolitica 1. What is yersiniosis? - Yersiniosis is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium, Yersinia. In the United States, most human illness is caused by one species, Y. enterocolitica. Infection with Y. enterocolitica can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the age of the person infected. Infection occurs most often in young children. Common symptoms in children are fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, which is often bloody. Symptoms typically develop 4 to 7 days after exposure and may last 1 to 3 weeks or longer. In older children and adults, right- sided abdominal pain and fever may be the predominant symptoms, and may be confused with appendicitis. In a small proportion of cases, complications such as skin rash, joint pains or spread of the bacteria to the bloodstream can occur. 2. How do people get infected with Y. enterocolitica? - Infection is most often acquired by eating contaminated food, especially raw or undercooked pork products. The preparation of raw pork intestines (chitterlings) may be particularly risky. Infants can be infected if their caretakers handle raw chitterlings and then do not adequately clean their hands before handling the infant or the infant’s toys, bottles, or pacifiers. Drinking contaminated unpasteurized milk or untreated water can also transmit the infection. Occasionally Y. enterocolitica infection occurs after contact with infected animals. On rare occasions, it can be transmitted as a result of the bacterium passing from the stools or soiled fingers of one person to the mouth of another person. This may happen when basic hygiene and hand washing habits are inadequate. -
Structural and Functional Characterization of the Fimh Adhesin of Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli and Its Novel Applications
Open Access Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology Research Article Structural and Functional Characterization of the FimH Adhesin of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Its Novel Applications Neamati F1, Moniri R2*, Khorshidi A1 and Saffari M1 Abstract 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School Type 1 fimbriae are responsible for bacterial pathogenicity and biofilm of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, production, which are important virulence factors in uropathogenic Escherichia Kashan, Iran coli strains. Many articles are published on FimH, but each examined a specific 2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, aspect of this protein. The current review study aimed at focusing on structure Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Qutb Ravandi and conformational changes and describing efforts to use this protein in novel Boulevard, Kashan, Iran potential treatments for urinary tract infections, typing methods, and expression *Corresponding author: Moniri R, Department of systems. The current study was the first review that briefly and effectively Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of examined issues related to FimH adhesin. Medical Sciences, Qutb Ravandi Boulevard, Kashan, Iran Keywords: Uropathogenic E. coli; FimH Adhesion; FimH Typing; Received: June 05, 2020; Accepted: July 03, 2020; Conformation Switch; FimH Antagonists Published: July 10, 2020 Abbreviations FimH proteins play important roles in UPEC pathogenicity and the formation of bacterial biofilms [7]. FimH binds to mannosylated UTIs: Urinary Tract Infections; UPEC: Uropathogenic E. uroplakin proteins in the bladder lumen and invades into the Coli; IBCs: Intracellular Bacterial Communities; QIR: Quiescent superficial umbrella cells [8]. After the invasion, UPEC is expelled out Intracellular Reservoir; LD: Mannose-Binding Lectin; PD: Fimbria- of the cell in a TLR4 dependent process, or escape into the cytoplasm Incorporating Pilin; MBP: Mannose-Binding Pocket; LIBS: Ligand- [9]. -
Interactions of Bacteriophages with Animal and Human Organisms—Safety Issues in the Light of Phage Therapy
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Interactions of Bacteriophages with Animal and Human Organisms—Safety Issues in the Light of Phage Therapy Magdalena Podlacha 1 , Łukasz Grabowski 2 , Katarzyna Kosznik-Kaw´snicka 2 , Karolina Zdrojewska 1 , Małgorzata Stasiłoj´c 1 , Grzegorz W˛egrzyn 1 and Alicja W˛egrzyn 2,* 1 Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; [email protected] (M.P.); [email protected] (K.Z.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (G.W.) 2 Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; [email protected] (Ł.G.); [email protected] (K.K.-K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-58-523-6024 Abstract: Bacteriophages are viruses infecting bacterial cells. Since there is a lack of specific receptors for bacteriophages on eukaryotic cells, these viruses were for a long time considered to be neutral to animals and humans. However, studies of recent years provided clear evidence that bacteriophages can interact with eukaryotic cells, significantly influencing the functions of tissues, organs, and systems of mammals, including humans. In this review article, we summarize and discuss recent discoveries in the field of interactions of phages with animal and human organisms. Possibilities of penetration of bacteriophages into eukaryotic cells, tissues, and organs are discussed, and evidence of the effects of phages on functions of the immune system, respiratory system, central nervous system, gastrointestinal system, urinary tract, and reproductive system are presented and discussed. -
HOW BLUE WATERS IS AIDING the FIGHT AGAINST SEPSIS Allocation: Illinois/520 Knh PI: Rafael C
BLUE WATERS ANNUAL REPORT 2019 GA HOW BLUE WATERS IS AIDING THE FIGHT AGAINST SEPSIS Allocation: Illinois/520 Knh PI: Rafael C. Bernardi1 TN 2 Collaborator: Hermann E. Gaub 1University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 2Ludwig–Maximilians–Universität BW EXECUTIVE SUMMARY to investigate with exquisite precision the mechanics of interac- Owing to their high occurrence in ever more common hos- tion between SdrG and Fgβ. SdrG is an SD-repeat protein G and pital-acquired infections, studying the mechanisms of infection is one of the adhesin proteins of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Fgβ by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus is of is the human fibrinogen β and is a short peptide that is part of broad interest. These pathogens can frequently form biofilms on the human extracellular matrix. implants and medical devices and are commonly involved in sep- For SMD molecular dynamics simulations, the team uses Blue sis—the human body’s often deadly response to infections. Waters’ GPU nodes (XK) and the GPU-accelerated NAMD pack- Central to the formation of biofilms is very close interaction age. In a wide-sampling strategy, the team carried out hundreds between microbial surface proteins called adhesins and compo- of SMD runs for a total of over 50 microseconds of simulation. nents of the extracellular matrix of the host. The research team To characterize the coupling between the bacterial SdrG pro- uses Blue Waters to explore how the bond between staphylococ- tein and the Fgβ peptide, the team conducts SMD simulations cal adhesin and its human target can withstand forces that so far with constant velocity stretching at multiple pulling speeds. -
Preventing Foodborne Illness: Yersiniosis1 Aswathy Sreedharan, Correy Jones, and Keith Schneider2
FSHN12-09 Preventing Foodborne Illness: Yersiniosis1 Aswathy Sreedharan, Correy Jones, and Keith Schneider2 What is yersiniosis? Yersiniosis is an infectious disease caused by the con- sumption of contaminated food contaminated with the bacterium Yersinia. Most foodborne infections in the US resulting from ingestion of Yersinia species are caused by Y. enterocolitica. Yersiniosis is characterized by common symptoms of gastroenteritis such as abdominal pain and mild fever (8). Most outbreaks are associated with improper food processing techniques, including poor sanitation and improper sterilization techniques by food handlers. The dis- ease is also spread by the fecal–oral route, i.e., an infected person contaminating surfaces and transmitting the disease to others by not washing his or her hands thoroughly after Figure 1. Yersinia enterocolitica bacteria growing on a Xylose Lysine going to the bathroom. The bacterium is prevalent in the Sodium Deoxycholate (XLD) agar plate. environment, enabling it to contaminate our water and Credits: CDC Public Health Image Library (ID# 6705). food systems. Outbreaks of yersiniosis have been associated with unpasteurized milk, oysters, and more commonly with What is Y. enterocolitica? consumption of undercooked dishes containing pork (8). Yersinia enterocolitica is a small, rod-shaped, Gram- Yersiniosis incidents have been documented more often negative, psychrotrophic (grows well at low temperatures) in Europe and Japan than in the United States where it is bacterium. There are approximately 60 serogroups of Y. considered relatively rare. According to the Centers for enterocolitica, of which only 11 are infectious to humans. Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately Of the most common serogroups—O:3, O:8, O:9, and one confirmed Y. -
A Case Series of Diarrheal Diseases Associated with Yersinia Frederiksenii
Article A Case Series of Diarrheal Diseases Associated with Yersinia frederiksenii Eugene Y. H. Yeung Department of Medical Microbiology, The Ottawa Hospital General Campus, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; [email protected] Abstract: To date, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are the three Yersinia species generally agreed to be pathogenic in humans. However, there are a limited number of studies that suggest some of the “non-pathogenic” Yersinia species may also cause infections. For instance, Yersinia frederiksenii used to be known as an atypical Y. enterocolitica strain until rhamnose biochemical testing was found to distinguish between these two species in the 1980s. From our regional microbiology laboratory records of 18 hospitals in Eastern Ontario, Canada from 1 May 2018 to 1 May 2021, we identified two patients with Y. frederiksenii isolates in their stool cultures, along with their clinical presentation and antimicrobial management. Both patients presented with diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting for 5 days before presentation to hospital. One patient received a 10-day course of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; his Y. frederiksenii isolate was shown to be susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole- trimethoprim, but resistant to ampicillin. The other patient was sent home from the emergency department and did not require antimicrobials and additional medical attention. This case series illustrated that diarrheal disease could be associated with Y. frederiksenii; the need for antimicrobial treatment should be determined on a case-by-case basis. Keywords: Yersinia frederiksenii; Yersinia enterocolitica; yersiniosis; diarrhea; microbial sensitivity tests; Citation: Yeung, E.Y.H. A Case stool culture; sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; gastroenteritis Series of Diarrheal Diseases Associated with Yersinia frederiksenii. -
Structure-Based Discovery of Glycomimetic Fmlh Ligands As Inhibitors of Bacterial Adhesion During Urinary Tract Infection
Structure-based discovery of glycomimetic FmlH ligands as inhibitors of bacterial adhesion during urinary tract infection Vasilios Kalasa,b,c, Michael E. Hibbinga,b, Amarendar Reddy Maddiralac, Ryan Chuganic, Jerome S. Pinknera,b, Laurel K. Mydock-McGranec, Matt S. Conovera,b, James W. Janetkaa,c,1, and Scott J. Hultgrena,b,1 aCenter for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; bDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and cDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Edited by Roy Curtiss III, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, and approved February 13, 2018 (received for review November 20, 2017) Treatment of bacterial infections is becoming a serious clinical tive antibiotic-sparing approaches to combat bacterial pathogens. challenge due to the global dissemination of multidrug antibiotic Recently, promising efforts have been made to target the virulence resistance, necessitating the search for alternative treatments to mechanisms that cause bacterial infection. These studies have disarm the virulence mechanisms underlying these infections. provided much-needed therapeutic alternatives, which simulta- Escherichia coli – Uropathogenic (UPEC) employs multiple chaperone neously reduce the burden of antibiotic resistance and minimize usher pathway pili tipped with adhesins with diverse receptor spec- disruption of gastrointestinal microbial communities that are ificities to colonize various host tissues and habitats. For example, beneficial to human health (16). UPEC F9 pili specifically bind galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the main etiological epitopes on the kidney and inflamed bladder. Using X-ray structure- guided methods, virtual screening, and multiplex ELISA arrays, we agent of UTIs, accounting for greater than 80% of community- rationally designed aryl galactosides and N-acetylgalactosaminosides acquired UTIs (17, 18). -
Yersinia Enterocolitica
APPENDIX 2 Yersinia enterocolitica • Direct contact with animal sources, particularly pigs Likelihood of Secondary Transmission: Disease Agent: • Person-to-person transmission is rare. However, con- • Yersinia enterocolitica tamination of food by an infected food handler and Disease Agent Characteristics: nosocomial infections have been described. • Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, bacillus to At-Risk Populations: coccobacillus, nonmotile, nonspore-forming, facul- • Infants and children have the highest risk of symp- tatively intracellular bacterium tomatic infection. • Order: Enterobacteriales; Family: Enterobacteriacea • Individuals with advanced liver disease and syn- • Size: 0.5-0.8 ¥ 1.0-2.0 mm dromes associated with iron overload have the • Nucleic acid: The genome of Yersinia enterocolitica is highest risk of septicemic disease. 4616 kb of DNA. • Rural populations and those living in cooler temper- • Growth of Y. enterocolitica is enhanced by cold ate zones enrichment and exposure to 4°C for a period of time, • Certain racial and ethnic groups through exposure to and the organism is capable of growth at 4°C. particular foods and food preparation methods Disease Name: Vector and Reservoir Involved: • Yersiniosis • Domestic animals (livestock) are the important Priority Level: animal reservoir. The major animal reservoir for strains that cause human illness is pigs. • Scientific/Epidemiologic evidence regarding blood safety: Low/Moderate; decreased frequency of Blood Phase: transfusion-associated cases over the past 10 years • Prolonged or recurrent bacteremia occurs in some • Public perception and/or regulatory concern regard- individuals after acute or chronic symptomatic or ing blood safety: Very low subclinical infection. • Public concern regarding disease agent: Absent • Persistent infection, when present, lasts for weeks in most instances, but it can persist for several years. -
Bacterial Virulence and Subversion of Host Defences Steven AR Webb1 and Charlene M Kahler2
Available online http://ccforum.com/content/12/6/234 Review Bench-to-bedside review: Bacterial virulence and subversion of host defences Steven AR Webb1 and Charlene M Kahler2 1School of Medicine and Pharmacology and School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Intensive Care Unit, Royal Perth Hospital, Wellington Street, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia 2School of Biomolecular, Biochemical and Chemical Science, Microbiology M502, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6909, Australia Corresponding author: Steven AR Webb, [email protected] Published: 10 November 2008 Critical Care 2008, 12:234 (doi:10.1186/cc7091) This article is online at http://ccforum.com/content/12/6/234 © 2008 BioMed Central Ltd Abstract problem of antibiotic resistance – a problem that ICUs both Bacterial pathogens possess an array of specific mechanisms that contribute to as well as suffer from [4]. Despite the rising confer virulence and the capacity to avoid host defence mecha- incidence of antibiotic resistance in many bacterial patho- nisms. Mechanisms of virulence are often mediated by the sub- gens, interest in antibiotic drug discovery by commercial version of normal aspects of host biology. In this way the pathogen entities is in decline [5]. modifies host function so as to promote the pathogen’s survival or proliferation. Such subversion is often mediated by the specific Bacterial virulence is ‘the ability to enter into, replicate within, interaction of bacterial effector molecules with host encoded proteins and other molecules. The importance of these mechanisms and persist at host sites that are inaccessible to commensal for bacterial pathogens that cause infections leading to severe species’ [6]. -
Challenges in Detection and Sub Typing of Yersinia Enterocolitica by Conventional Culture Methods
SL Gastroenterology Special Issue Article “Yersiniosis” Short Review Challenges in Detection and Sub typing of Yersinia Enterocolitica by Conventional Culture Methods Stefanos Petsios* Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Yersinia enterocolitica is an important food borne pathogen, but the incidence of Received Date: January 13, 2020 Accepted Date: February 11, 2020 infected people is underestimated since clinical samples are not routinely tested for Published Date: February 13, 2020 Yersinia. Problems emerge also from the similarities with other Enterobacteriaceae and KEYWORDS Y. enterocolitica-like species and the heterogeneity of Y. enterocolitica as it comprises both pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates. This review focuses on the methods for Yersinia Enterocolitica Y. enterocolitica detection and sub typing by culture methods as well as the difficulties Food LPS that are met. INTRODUCTION Copyright: © 2020 Stefanos Petsios. Yersinia enterocolitica is a Gram negative bacterium that belongs to the order SL Gastroenterology. This is an open Enterobacteriales and the family Yersiniaceae [1]. It is highly heterogonous species access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which according to biochemical activity and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O antigens is which permits unrestricted use, divided into six biotypes and in about 70 O-serotypes, respectively. Biotypes distribution, and reproduction in any includethe non-pathogenic 1A and the pathogenic biotypes 1B, 2, 3, 4 and medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 5.Additionally, the Presence Of The Virulence Plasmid (pYV) is a strong indication of pathogenicity that is essential for the bacterium to survive and multiple in lymphoid Citation for this article: Stefanos tissues 2,3]. -
RTX Adhesins Are Key Bacterial Surface Megaproteins in the Formation of Biofilms
RTX Adhesins are key bacterial surface megaproteins in the formation of biofilms Citation for published version (APA): Guo, S., Vance, T. D. R., Stevens, C. A., Voets, I. K., & Davies, P. L. (2019). RTX Adhesins are key bacterial surface megaproteins in the formation of biofilms. Trends in Microbiology, 27(5), 453-467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2018.12.003 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.12.003 Document status and date: Published: 01/05/2019 Document Version: Author’s version before peer-review Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. -
Yersinia Pestis
YERSINIA PESTIS [(Plague, Pest, black death, pestilential fever) The second pandemic of plague, known then as the "Black Death," originated in Mesopotamia about the middle of the 11th century, attained its height in the 14th century and did not disappear until the close of the 17th century. It is thought that the Crusaders, returning from the Holy Land in the 12th and 13th centuries, were instrumental in hastening the spread of the disease. Again the land along trade routes was primarily involved and from them the infections spread east, west, and north. During the course of the disease, 25,000,000 people perished, a fourth of the population of the world.] SPECIES: wild rodents, dogs & cats AGENT: a gram negative coccobacillus RESERVOIR AND INCIDENCE: Endemic in wild rodents in Southwestern U.S., as well as in Africa and Asia. Most important reservoirs worldwide are the domestic rat, Rattus rattus, and the urban rat, Rattus norvegicus. Human infections have increased since 1965 and usually result from contact with infected fleas or rodents. The disease is also associated with cats, goats, camels, rabbits, dogs and coyotes. Dogs and cats may serve as passive transporters of infected rodent fleas into the home or laboratory. TRANSMISSION: Contact with infected rodent fleas or rodents. Fleas may remain infected for months. Note: a protein secreted by the Yersinia is a coagulase that causes blood ingested by the flea to clot in the proventriculus. The bacillus proliferates in the proventriculus, and thousands of organisms are regurgitated by obstructed fleas and inoculated intradermally into the skin. This coagulase is inactive at high temperatures and is thought to explain the cessation of plague transmission during very hot weather.