• Abstract and Figures
• Public Full-text

BOLD fMRI Scott H. Faro, MD Professor and Vice-Chairman of Radiology, Director of Functional Brain Imaging Center, Director of Radiology Research and Academics, and Clinical MRI, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Feroze B. Mohamed, PhD Associate Professor of Radiology, Associate Director of Functional Brain Imaging Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Editors BOLD fMRI A Guide to Functional Imaging for Neuroscientists Scott H. Faro, MD Feroze B. Mohamed, PhD Professor and Vice-Chairman Associate Professor of Radiology of Radiology Associate Director of Functional Director of Functional Brain Brain Imaging Center Imaging Center Temple University School of Medicine Director of Radiology Research Philadelphia, PA 19140 and Academics, and Clinical MRI USA Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA ISBN 978-1-4419-1328-9 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-1329-6 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1329-6 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010929273 © Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) represents one of the most advanced and enlightening functional imaging techniques that has ever been developed. One major area of research interest in fMRI is within the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, which focuses on understanding all aspects of the mental processes involved in awareness, reasoning, and acquisition of knowledge and behavior. This book includes selected chap- ters from Functional MRI: Basic Principles and Clinical Applications (S. Faro and F. Mohamed, Eds. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, LCC 2006) that the editors feel are of particular interest to neuroscientists, as the focus is primarily on describing the basic principles of Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) imaging and the developing clinical applications of fMRI in the neurosciences. The first section of the book is an introduction to the physics principles of BOLD imaging as well as a review of fMRI scanning methodologies, data analysis, experimental design, and clinical challenges. The second section reviews some current and future clinical applications of fMRI, including the clinical fields of Language, Memory, fMRI WADA, and Brain Mapping. The third and final section is a pictorial neuroanatomical atlas of the basic motor, sensory, and cognitive activation sites within the brain. This section will give neuroscientists a familiarity with some of the more clinically relevant brain activation sites that are discussed in other chapters. There has been a discovery of a tremendous body of knowledge in the relatively young field of fMRI. Functional imaging has quickly grown to be a vital tool for clinical and cognitive neuroscience research. It is the hope of the editors that this book will give a thorough introduction to this exciting field and will serve as a concise reference to all cognitive neuroscientists for the emerging clinical applications of fMRI. v Contents Preface .............................................................................................................. v Contibutors ...................................................................................................... ix Part I BOLD Functional MRI 1 Principles of Functional MRI ................................................................. 3 Seong-Gi Kim and Peter A. Bandettini 2 fMRI Scanning Methodologies .............................................................. 23 Alexander B. Pinus and Feroze B. Mohamed 3 Experimental Design and Data Analysis for fMRI ............................. 55 Geoffrey K. Aguirre 4 Challenges in fMRI and Its Limitations ............................................... 71 R. Todd Constable 5 Clinical Challenges of fMRI ................................................................... 93 Nader Pouratian and Susan Y. Bookheimer Part II fMRI Clinical Applications 6 Brain Mapping for Neurosurgery and Cognitive Neuroscience ...... 119 Joy Hirsch 7 fMRI of Memory in Aging and Dementia ........................................... 161 Andrew J. Saykin and Heather A. Wishart 8 fMRI of Language Systems: Methods and Applications ................... 183 Jeffrey R. Binder 9 fMRI Wada Test: Prospects for Presurgical Mapping of Language and Memory ..................................................................... 215 Brenna C. McDonald, Andrew J. Saykin, J. Michael Williams, and Bassam A. Assaf 10 Cognitive Neuroscience Applications .................................................. 249 Mark D’Esposito vii viii Contents Part III Neuroanatomical Atlas 11 Neuroanatomical Atlas ........................................................................... 277 Feroze B. Mohamed and Scott H. Faro Index ................................................................................................................. 287 Contributors Geoffrey K. Aguirre, MD, PhD Department of Neurology Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Bassam A. Assaf, MD Department of Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA Peter A. Bandettini, PhD Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Jeffrey R. Binder, MD Department of Neurology; and Language Imaging Laboratory, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA Susan Y. Bookheimer, PhD Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Brain Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA R. Todd Constable, PhD Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Biomedical Engineering; and the Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Mark D'Esposito, MD Henry H. Wheeler, Jr. Brain Imaging Center, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Scott H. Faro, MD Department of Radiology, Functional Brain Imaging Center and Clinical MRI, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA Joy Hirsch, PhD Departments of Radiology, Neuroscience, and Psychology; and Program for Imaging & Cognitive Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA ix x Contributors Seong-Gi Kim, PhD Departments of Neurobiology and Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Brenna C. McDonald, PsyD, MBA Department of Radiology; and Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA Feroze B. Mohamed, PhD Department of Radiology, Functional Brain Imaging Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA Alexander B. Pinus, PhD Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Nader Pouratian, MD, PhD Department of Neurological Surgery; and Functional Movement Disorder Program, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA Andrew J. Saykin, PsyD Department of Radiology; and Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA J. Michael Williams, PhD Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA Heather A. Wishart, PhD Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School , Lebanon, NH, USA Part I BOLD Functional MRI 1 Principles of Functional MRI Seong-Gi Kim and Peter A. Bandettini Introduction The idea that regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) could reflect neuronal activity began with experiments of Roy and Sherrington in 1890.1 This con- cept is the basis for all hemodynamic-based brain imaging techniques being used today. The focal increase in CBF can be considered to relate directly to neuronal activity because the glucose metabolism and CBF changes are coupled closely.2 Thus, the measurement of CBF change induced by stimula- tion has been used for mapping brain functions. Because cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglu) and CBF changes are coupled, it is assumed that cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) and CBF changes also are cou- pled. However, based on positron emission tomographic measurements of CBF and CMRO2 in humans during somatosensory and visual stimulation, Fox and colleagues reported that an increase in CBF surpassed an increase 3,4 in CMRO2. Consequently, a mismatch between CBF and CMRO2 changes

Load more

  294

Copy Link