U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service New England Cottontail Sylvilagus transitionalis

Disappearing rabbit trick Why would a rabbit, the epitome of prolific breeding, be considered for protection under the Endangered Species Act? The New England cottontail is in just this predicament. Its population numbers are declining. As recently as 1960, New England cottontails were found east of the Hudson River in New York, across all of Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massachusetts, north to southern Vermont and New Hampshire, and into southern Maine. Today, this rabbit's range has shrunk by more than 75 percent. Its numbers are so greatly diminished that it can no longer be found in Vermont and has been reduced to only five smaller populations throughout its historic range. A n n e

Where the bunnies are B r o

The New England cottontail prefers w early successional forests, often called n thickets, with thick and tangled New England cottontail vegetation. These young forests are generally less than 25 years old. Once Why are their numbers declining? The introduction of exotic invasive large trees grow in a stand, the shrub Biologists believe the reduced extent of species, such as multiflora rose, layer tends to thin, creating habitat that thicket habitat is the primary reason for honeysuckle bush and autumn olive, in the New England cottontail no longer the decline in numbers and range of New the last century has changed the type of finds suitable. England cottontails. Prior to European habitat available to New England settlement, New England cottontails cottontails. These plants form the major Active at dawn and at dusk or night, the were probably found along river valleys component of many patches where New England cottontail feeds on where floods and beavers created the cottontails can be found. It may be that grasses and plant leaves in spring and disturbances needed to generate its stands dominated by non-native species summer and eats bark and twigs in preferred habitat. Forest insect do not provide rabbits with the food winter. Home ranges vary from one-half outbreaks, large storms like hurricanes resources that native plant species do. to 8 acres, with adult males having and ice storms, and wild fire also created larger home ranges than females. disturbances in the forest that promoted Today white-tailed deer are found in Research has shown that New England thicket growth. During colonial times, extremely high densities throughout cottontails on patches of habitat larger much of the New England forest was the range of New England cottontails. than 12 acres are healthier than those cleared for agriculture and then Deer not only eat many of the same on patches less than 7 acres. subsequently abandoned during the early plants but also affect the structure and Presumably, rabbits on small patches of 1900s. This abandoned farmland allowed density of many understory plants that habitat deplete their food supply sooner for a great deal of early successional provide thicket habitat for New and have to eat lower quality food, or habitats to develop. Today, these habitats England cottontails. may need to search for food in areas are aging while others have been where there is more risk of being killed developed and are no longer suitable by a predator. for the New England cottontail. Introduced competitor Helping the cottontail In the early 1900s until the 1960s, The New England cottontail is the hunting clubs and some eastern states subject of research and habitat introduced another species of rabbit, the management in New York and the New eastern cottontail, into New England. England states. Halting the decline of Eastern cottontails appear able to thrive scrub and brushland habitat is in a greater variety of habitats than New paramount, as is identifying potential England cottontails through its ability to habitat free of competing eastern detect predators sooner. This helps cottontail to which New England eastern cottontails forage more safely in cottontails could be restored. The U.S. relatively open cover, while New England Fish and Wildlife Service shares the cottontails risk predation whenever they concern for the future of New England's leave the security of their dense thicket only native cottontail. Working together, habitats. The slightly better ability to states and federal agencies may help avoid predators enables eastern improve the chances of survival for the cottontails to live in more diverse New England cottontail. habitats, such as fields, farms and forest edges, and they are gradually replacing Northeast Region New England cottontails in many habitat U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service patches. 300 Westgate Center Drive Hadley, MA 01035 Identity is more than skin deep 413/253 8200 It is nearly impossible to distinguish a http://northeast.fws.gov New England cottontail from an eastern cottontail by looking at them. The minor Federal Relay Service differences of ear length, body mass, and for the deaf and hard-of-hearing presence or absence of a black spot 1 800/877 8339 between the ears and a black line on the front of each ear are subtle enough to be U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service missed and are not 100 percent accurate. 1 800/344 WILD Scientists used to rely on examining the http://www.fws.gov rabbits' skulls for positive identification, but can now use DNA analysis of fecal August 2006 pellets. Since rabbits drop fecal material all around their territory, the extracted DNA from pellets collected throughout the region can provide a picture of where the New England cottontail is found.