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Configuring Cisco Express Forwarding
CHAPTER13 Configuring Cisco Express Forwarding This module contains information about Cisco Express Forwarding and describes the required and optional tasks for configuring a load-balancing scheme for Cisco Express Forwarding traffic. Load-balancing allows you to optimize resources by distributing traffic over multiple paths. Cisco Express Forwarding is an advanced Layer 3 IP switching technology. It optimizes network performance and scalability for all kinds of networks: those that carry small amounts of traffic and those that carry large amounts of traffic in complex patterns, such as the Internet and networks characterized by intensive web-based applications or interactive sessions. The following sections describe Cisco Express Forwarding: • Information About Cisco Express Forwarding, page 13-1 • Configuring Cisco Express Forwarding, page 13-6 • Configuration Examples for Configuring a Load-Balancing Scheme for Cisco Express Forwarding Traffic, page 13-11 Information About Cisco Express Forwarding Before using Cisco Express Forwarding or distributed Cisco Express Forwarding, you should understand the following: • Cisco Express Forwarding Benefits—Improved Performance, Scalability, and Resilience, page 13-1 • Media Supported by Cisco Express Forwarding, page 13-2 • Main Components of Cisco Express Forwarding Operation, page 13-3 • FIB Overview, page 13-3 • Cisco Express Forwarding Adjacency Tables Overview, page 13-4 • Cisco Express Forwarding Operation Modes—Central and Distributed, page 13-5 Cisco Express Forwarding Benefits—Improved Performance, Scalability, and Resilience Cisco Express Forwarding offers the following benefits: • Improved performance—Cisco Express Forwarding is less CPU-intensive than fast switching route caching. As a result, more CPU processing power can be dedicated to Layer 3 services such as quality of service (QoS) and encryption. -
Implementing Cisco Express Forwarding
Implementing Cisco Express Forwarding • Implementing Cisco Express Forwarding, on page 1 Implementing Cisco Express Forwarding Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) is an advanced, Layer 3 IP switching technology. CEF optimizes network performance and scalability for networks with large and dynamic traffic patterns, such as the Internet, on networks characterized by intensive web-based applications, or interactive sessions. CEF is an inherent feature and the users need not perform any configuration to enable it. If required, the users can change the default route purge delay and static routes. Components Cisco IOS XR software CEF always operates in CEF mode with two distinct components: • Forwarding Information Base (FIB) database: The protocol-dependent FIB process maintains the forwarding tables for IPv4 and IPv6 unicast in the route processor . The FIB on each node processes Routing Information Base (RIB) updates, performing route resolution and maintaining FIB tables independently in the route processor . FIB tables on each node can be slightly different. • Adjacency table—a protocol-independent adjacency information base (AIB) CEF is a primary IP packet-forwarding database for Cisco IOS XR software. CEF is responsible for the following functions: • Software switching path • Maintaining forwarding table and adjacency tables (which are maintained by the AIB) for software and hardware forwarding engines The following features are supported for CEF on Cisco IOS XR software: • Bundle interface support • Multipath support • Route consistency • High availability features such as packaging, restartability, and Out of Resource (OOR) handling • OSPFv2 SPF prefix prioritization Implementing Cisco Express Forwarding 1 Implementing Cisco Express Forwarding Verifying CEF • BGP attributes download CEF Benefits • Improved performance—CEF is less CPU-intensive than fast-switching route caching. -
LLDP-MED and Cisco Discovery Protocol
White Paper LLDP-MED and Cisco Discovery Protocol DEVICE DISCOVERY PROTOCOLS Device discovery protocols enable directly connected devices to discover information about each other. They advertise information about the device over every interface, allowing any device in the network to “know” everything it is connected to. Examples of applications that use the information conveyed by discovery protocols include: ● Network topology—A network management system (NMS) can accurately represent a map of the network topology. ● Inventory—A management system can query a switch to learn about all the devices connected to that switch. ● Emergency services—Location of a phone can be determined by the switch port to which it is connected. ● VLAN configuration—The switch can tell the phone which VLAN to use for voice. ● Power negotiation—The phone and the switch can negotiate the power that the phone can consume. Cisco Systems ® introduced the Cisco ® Discovery Protocol in 1994 to provide a mechanism for the management system to automatically learn about devices connected to the network. Cisco Discovery Protocol runs on Cisco devices (routers, switches, phones, etc.) and is also licensed to run on some network devices from other vendors. Using Cisco Discovery Protocol, network devices periodically advertise their own information to a multicast address on the network, making it available to any device or application that wishes to listen and collect it. Because Cisco Discovery Protocol runs over Ethernet, ATM, and Frame Relay links, it is independent of network protocol (for example, TCP/IP, Internetwork Packet Exchange [IPX], AppleTalk, etc.). With this capability in the network, Cisco customers can introduce a new network management application that can discover and display an accurate topology of all the Cisco devices active on the network. -
Cisco IOS IP Switching Command Reference May 2008
Cisco IOS IP Switching Command Reference May 2008 Americas Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA http://www.cisco.com Tel: 408 526-4000 800 553-NETS (6387) Fax: 408 527-0883 THE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING THE PRODUCTS IN THIS MANUAL ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ALL STATEMENTS, INFORMATION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS MANUAL ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT ARE PRESENTED WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USERS MUST TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR APPLICATION OF ANY PRODUCTS. THE SOFTWARE LICENSE AND LIMITED WARRANTY FOR THE ACCOMPANYING PRODUCT ARE SET FORTH IN THE INFORMATION PACKET THAT SHIPPED WITH THE PRODUCT AND ARE INCORPORATED HEREIN BY THIS REFERENCE. IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO LOCATE THE SOFTWARE LICENSE OR LIMITED WARRANTY, CONTACT YOUR CISCO REPRESENTATIVE FOR A COPY. The Cisco implementation of TCP header compression is an adaptation of a program developed by the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) as part of UCB’s public domain version of the UNIX operating system. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1981, Regents of the University of California. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER WARRANTY HEREIN, ALL DOCUMENT FILES AND SOFTWARE OF THESE SUPPLIERS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” WITH ALL FAULTS. CISCO AND THE ABOVE-NAMED SUPPLIERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE, OR TRADE PRACTICE. IN NO EVENT SHALL CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS OR LOSS OR DAMAGE TO DATA ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS MANUAL, EVEN IF CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. -
Provisioning Link Layer Discovery Protocol
Provisioning Link Layer Discovery Protocol The Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) is a device discovery protocol that runs over Layer 2 (the data link layer) on all Cisco-manufactured devices (routers, bridges, access servers, and switches). CDP allows network management applications to automatically discover and learn about other Cisco devices connected to the network. To support non-Cisco devices and to allow for interoperability between other devices, the switch supports the IEEE 802.1AB Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP). LLDP is a neighbor discovery protocol that is used for network devices to advertise information about themselves to other devices on the network. This protocol runs over the data link layer, which allows two systems running different network layer protocols to learn about each other. LLDP supports a set of attributes that it uses to discover neighbor devices. These attributes contain type, length, and value descriptions and are referred to as TLVs. LLDP supported devices can use TLVs to receive and send information to their neighbors. Details such as configuration information, device capabilities, and device identity can be advertised using this protocol. By default, LLDP is disabled globally and on interfaces. The switch supports these basic management TLVs. These are mandatory LLDP TLVs. • Port description TLV • System name TLV • System description • System capabilities TLV • Management address TLV These organizationally-specific LLDP TLVs are also advertised to support LLDP-MED. • Port VLAN ID TLV (IEEE 802.1 organizationally specific TLVs) • MAC/PHY configuration/status TLV (IEEE 802.3 organizationally specific TLVs) • How To Configure LLDP, page 2 • Other Commands For LLDP Configuration, page 8 Cisco ME 1200 Series Carrier Ethernet Access Devices Controller Configuration Guide, Cisco IOS 15.6(1)SN and Later Releases 1 Provisioning Link Layer Discovery Protocol How To Configure LLDP How To Configure LLDP Setting LLDP Global Configuration DETAILED STEPS Command or Action Purpose Step 1 configure terminal Enters global configuration mode. -
Understanding and Configuring CDP
CHAPTER20 Understanding and Configuring CDP This chapter describes how to configure Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) on the Catalyst 4500 series switch. It also provides guidelines, procedures, and configuration examples. This chapter includes the following major sections: • Overview of CDP, page 20-1 • Configuring CDP, page 20-2 Note For complete syntax and usage information for the commands used in this chapter, refer to the Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Configuration Guide, Release 12.2; Cisco IOS System Management; Configuring Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) at this URL: http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios122/122cgcr/ffun_c/fcfprt3/fcf015.htm and to the Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Command Reference, Release 12.1; Cisco IOS System Management Commands; and CDP Commands publication at this URL: http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios122/122cgcr/ffun_r/ffrprt3/frf015.htm Note For complete syntax and usage information for the switch commands used in this chapter, refer to the Catalyst 4500 Series Switch Cisco IOS Command Reference and related publications at http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios122/122cgcr/index.htm. Overview of CDP CDP is a protocol that runs over Layer 2 (the data link layer) on all Cisco routers, bridges, access servers, and switches. CDP allows network management applications to discover Cisco devices that are neighbors of already known devices, in particular, neighbors running lower-layer, transparent protocols.With CDP, network management applications can learn the device type and the SNMP agent address of neighboring devices. CDP enables applications to send SNMP queries to neighboring devices. -
IP Switching Cisco Express Forwarding Configuration Guide, Cisco IOS XE Release 3SE (Catalyst 3650 Switches)
Cisco Express Forwarding This module contains an overview of the Cisco Express Forwarding feature. Cisco Express Forwarding is an advanced Layer 3 IP switching technology. It optimizes network performance and scalability for all kinds of networks: those that carry small amounts of traffic and those that carry large amounts of traffic in complex patterns, such as the Internet and networks characterized by intensive web-based applications or interactive sessions. • Finding Feature Information, page 1 • Information About CEF, page 1 • How to Configure CEF, page 9 • Configuration Examples for CEF, page 9 • Additional References, page 9 • Feature Information for Cisco Express Forwarding, page 11 Finding Feature Information Your software release may not support all the features documented in this module. For the latest caveats and feature information, see Bug Search Tool and the release notes for your platform and software release. To find information about the features documented in this module, and to see a list of the releases in which each feature is supported, see the feature information table at the end of this module. Use Cisco Feature Navigator to find information about platform support and Cisco software image support. To access Cisco Feature Navigator, go to www.cisco.com/go/cfn. An account on Cisco.com is not required. Information About CEF This document presents the following topics to explain the changes you will find with the implementation of the Cisco Express Forwarding enhancements. This information should be helpful as you transition to Cisco IOS software that includes the Cisco Express Forwarding and MFI enhancements. The fifth and sixth topics provide information about the CLI changes implemented as part of the Cisco Express Forwarding enhancements. -
Stealth Analysis of Network Topology Using Spanning Tree Protocol
Stealth Analysis of Network Topology using Spanning Tree Protocol Stephen Glackin M.Sc. in Software and Network Security 2015 Computing Department, Letterkenny Institute of Technology, Port Road, Letterkenny, Co. Donegal, Ireland. Stealth Analysis of Network Topology using Spanning Tree Protocol Author: Stephen Glackin Supervised by: John O’ Raw A thesis presented for the award of Master of Science in Software and Network Security. Submitted to the Higher Quality and Qualifications Ireland (QQI) Dearbhú Cáilíochta agus Cáilíochtaí Éireann May 2015 Declaration I hereby certify that the material, which l now submit for assessment on the programmes of study leading to the award of Master of Science in Computing in Software and Network Security, is entirely my own work and has not been taken from the work of others except to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my own work. No portion of the work contained in this thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification to this or any other institution. Signature of Candidate Date Acknowledgements I would like to thank my wife, kids, family members and extended family members for their support and encouragement, without them this project never would have been completed. Also I would like to offer my greatest appreciation to my supervisor Mr. John O'Raw for all his help and support. His knowledge with regards to everything relating to computing is truly amazing and I am very grateful for the time he has given in assisting me to carry out this project. -
IP Switching Cisco Express Forwarding Configuration Guide, Cisco IOS XE Release 3S
IP Switching Cisco Express Forwarding Configuration Guide, Cisco IOS XE Release 3S Americas Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA http://www.cisco.com Tel: 408 526-4000 800 553-NETS (6387) Fax: 408 527-0883 THE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING THE PRODUCTS IN THIS MANUAL ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ALL STATEMENTS, INFORMATION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS MANUAL ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT ARE PRESENTED WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USERS MUST TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR APPLICATION OF ANY PRODUCTS. THE SOFTWARE LICENSE AND LIMITED WARRANTY FOR THE ACCOMPANYING PRODUCT ARE SET FORTH IN THE INFORMATION PACKET THAT SHIPPED WITH THE PRODUCT AND ARE INCORPORATED HEREIN BY THIS REFERENCE. IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO LOCATE THE SOFTWARE LICENSE OR LIMITED WARRANTY, CONTACT YOUR CISCO REPRESENTATIVE FOR A COPY. The Cisco implementation of TCP header compression is an adaptation of a program developed by the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) as part of UCB's public domain version of the UNIX operating system. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1981, Regents of the University of California. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER WARRANTY HEREIN, ALL DOCUMENT FILES AND SOFTWARE OF THESE SUPPLIERS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS" WITH ALL FAULTS. CISCO AND THE ABOVE-NAMED SUPPLIERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE, OR TRADE PRACTICE. IN NO EVENT SHALL CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS OR LOSS OR DAMAGE TO DATA ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS MANUAL, EVEN IF CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. -
IP Switching Cisco Express Forwarding Configuration Guide, Cisco IOS XE Gibraltar 16.10.X Americas Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc
IP Switching Cisco Express Forwarding Configuration Guide, Cisco IOS XE Gibraltar 16.10.x Americas Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA http://www.cisco.com Tel: 408 526-4000 800 553-NETS (6387) Fax: 408 527-0883 THE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING THE PRODUCTS IN THIS MANUAL ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ALL STATEMENTS, INFORMATION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS MANUAL ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT ARE PRESENTED WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USERS MUST TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR APPLICATION OF ANY PRODUCTS. THE SOFTWARE LICENSE AND LIMITED WARRANTY FOR THE ACCOMPANYING PRODUCT ARE SET FORTH IN THE INFORMATION PACKET THAT SHIPPED WITH THE PRODUCT AND ARE INCORPORATED HEREIN BY THIS REFERENCE. IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO LOCATE THE SOFTWARE LICENSE OR LIMITED WARRANTY, CONTACT YOUR CISCO REPRESENTATIVE FOR A COPY. The Cisco implementation of TCP header compression is an adaptation of a program developed by the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) as part of UCB's public domain version of the UNIX operating system. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1981, Regents of the University of California. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER WARRANTY HEREIN, ALL DOCUMENT FILES AND SOFTWARE OF THESE SUPPLIERS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS" WITH ALL FAULTS. CISCO AND THE ABOVE-NAMED SUPPLIERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE, OR TRADE PRACTICE. IN NO EVENT SHALL CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS OR LOSS OR DAMAGE TO DATA ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS MANUAL, EVEN IF CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. -
Crash Course: Ipv6 & Network Protocols
SharkFest ’18 Europe Crash Course: IPv6 & Network Protocols by looking at packets! Johannes Weber Network Security Consultant #sf18eu#sf18eu • Imperial • Johannes Riding Weber School • https://weberblog.net Renaissance Vienna •• @webernetz Oct 29 - Nov 2 #whoami: Johannes Weber • Network Security Consultant @ TÜV Rheinland i-sec GmbH • (Next-Gen) Firewalls • VPN/Crypto • Routing/Switching • IPv6, DNS, NTP • https://weberblog.net • @webernetz #sf18eu • Johannes Weber • https://weberblog.net • @webernetz Agenda/Motivation • Many „unknown“ packets • IPv6 • Network Protocols • Crash course -> fast, no deep dive & skipping ;) • Normally: 2 day workshop for IPv6 only • Never ending acronyms • Who is familiar with IPv6? #sf18eu • Johannes Weber • https://weberblog.net • @webernetz Tracefiles • https://tinyurl.com/ipv6-crash-course • -> download of „weber01.zip“ • -> 3x pcaps • Plz do me a favour: listen first ;) • flavoured with 12x challenges #sf18eu • Johannes Weber • https://weberblog.net • @webernetz “Today’s latte, World IPv6 Launch.” by Yuko Honda is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0. • Johannes Weber • https://weberblog.net • @webernetz• https://weberblog.net • Weber Johannes • #sf18eu IPv6 • IPv4 space is exhausted • IPv6 brings enough addresses ;) • every client is global addressable • end-to-end communication (no NAT!) • subnets for everyone • Only layer 3 changes (almost) • No broadcast anymore, but multicast #sf18eu • Johannes Weber • https://weberblog.net • @webernetz IPv6 Addresses • 128 bits long, hexadecimal, 8 groups called „hextets“ -
Cisco IOS Asynchronous Transfer Mode Command Reference Americas Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc
Cisco IOS Asynchronous Transfer Mode Command Reference Americas Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA http://www.cisco.com Tel: 408 526-4000 800 553-NETS (6387) Fax: 408 527-0883 THE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING THE PRODUCTS IN THIS MANUAL ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ALL STATEMENTS, INFORMATION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS MANUAL ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT ARE PRESENTED WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USERS MUST TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR APPLICATION OF ANY PRODUCTS. THE SOFTWARE LICENSE AND LIMITED WARRANTY FOR THE ACCOMPANYING PRODUCT ARE SET FORTH IN THE INFORMATION PACKET THAT SHIPPED WITH THE PRODUCT AND ARE INCORPORATED HEREIN BY THIS REFERENCE. IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO LOCATE THE SOFTWARE LICENSE OR LIMITED WARRANTY, CONTACT YOUR CISCO REPRESENTATIVE FOR A COPY. The Cisco implementation of TCP header compression is an adaptation of a program developed by the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) as part of UCB's public domain version of the UNIX operating system. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1981, Regents of the University of California. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER WARRANTY HEREIN, ALL DOCUMENT FILES AND SOFTWARE OF THESE SUPPLIERS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS" WITH ALL FAULTS. CISCO AND THE ABOVE-NAMED SUPPLIERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE, OR TRADE PRACTICE. IN NO EVENT SHALL CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS OR LOSS OR DAMAGE TO DATA ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS MANUAL, EVEN IF CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.