1586 UNITED STATES OF AMERIOA.

unfortunately making increasing ravages, and especially so in number of precautions and safeguards the adoption of which the Ottoman army. It is asserted that the figures of deaths in in recent years it was hoped would reduce the annual record the latter case, as officially reported by the authorities, are of such fatalities. Further, an unduly large proportion of far below the actual numbers. It is believed that the these fatalities were of the avoidable kind ; yet, although epidemic originally showed itself among the soldiers who someone is thus clearly responsible, this responsibility seems had been camping in very insanitary conditions on the hills not to have been adequately brought home to anyone in a of the left shore of the Upper Golden Horn. At present single case. While tuberculosis, infectious diseases, diseases strict measures are being taken everywhere. It has been due to insanitary conditions all receive adequate and intelli- decided to assign another sum of a million piasters for pur- gent consideration and are vigorously combated in the United poses of combating the spread of the scourge. This decision States, with a consequent lessening of the death-rate there- has now been submitted to the sanction of the Sultan, who from, the constant toll levied by industrial necessities seems will, of course, not be slow in acceding to it. Conferences to continue unchecked and even to increase. are being held in order to deliberate on the best means of Death of Dr. F. -T]-. the of the An Wiggin. stemming progress epidemic. extraordinary Dr. Frederick Holme of New of commission has been in Scutari under the Wiggin, York, secretary sanitary appointed the Judicial Council of the American Medical Association, of the governor of that district, Faik This presidency Bey. at Atlantic on 28th. He was born commission is of six members, medical and died City, N.J., Oct. at composed lay, in but in medicine in and it will visit in the different and will Kingston-on-Thames 1853, graduated person quarters, give this instruction to the as to how to act in cases of country. public School Lectures on Tuberculosis. cholera, indicating the necessary prophylactic measures It is announced that a course of lectures on tuberculosis after consultation with the municipal medical men. will form of the school curriculum in New York In Kadikeuy, not far from Scutari, all the residents i part public and proprietors of houses, shops, baths, carriages, city. Among the lecturers will be Dr. T. Darlington, Dr. H. Dr. J. A. Dr. J. B. Dr. S. boats, &c., receive, after a visit from the sanitary Lorber, Miller, Huber, Adolphus Dr. and Dr. Huddleston. authorities, a special card certifying that thorough disinfec- Knopf, L. H. Klein, J. tion has been carried out in the respective places. In the The Feeding of Public School Children in Chicago. European districts of Pera, Galata, &c., the following The School Management Committee of Chicago has measures have been taken. Every municipal circle has been Attempted to grapple with the problem of the great number divided into sections, each of which possesses a commission of underfed children of the poorest classes attending the of a member of the a consisting municipal council, police public schools in that city. Lunch rooms are to be estab- agent, a gendarme, and a medical man, whose business it is lished in six of the largest public schools situated in to see that the streets, hotels, baths, and other public districts densely inhabited by a foreign immigrant popula- are clean and disinfected. All buildings kept properly negli- tion. For 1 cent as much soup and bread-and- in matters and of the (d) gence hygienic disregard municipal butter as the children can eat will be given. An effort to decisions and regulations will be punished. Every measure make the scheme of educational value will be made teach- to the will be carried out at by necessary safeguard population ing the girls how to set and serve the food. The boys will be the expense of the municipalities. The Ministry of Public taught in the manual training department to make the Instruction has sent a communication to the oecumenical " tireless cookers " in which the soup, made the him to with the decision of the preceding patriarchate, asking comply is to be over As every child and to make it that evening, kept night. hungry superior sanitary council, compulsory will be fed, whether of a cent or not, it will be the in all the Greek schools of the possessed drinking-water metropolis interesting to note what proportion of cents to meals will be shall be boiled. forthcoming. The Medical Faculty. Nov. 12th. The students of the medical faculty are lodging various their whose actions and complaints against professors, MEDICAL INSPECTION.- In to the scheme decisions they consider to be The students are regard arbitrary. for the of the school medical staff much dissatisfied with the new and strict examination rules, reorganisation inspection the London Council on Nov. lst bat it is impossible not to see that the professors have acted agreed upon by County with the intention of improving the standard of medical (see THE LANCET, Nov. 5th, p. 1364) the Education Com- education in Turkey. The medical students of the mittee has approved the appointment of Mr. J. A. H. Brincker, higher and Miss classes have submitted a protest to the Minister of Educa- M.B.Cantab., D.P. H., Gowdey, M. B. Lond., two whose have come tion, and it may be found that the changes in the curriculum part-time officers, engagements just have been made too suddenly. ’ to an end, as full-time assistant medical officers (education) Nov. 15th. at commencing salaries of f:500 a year. The first of a series ______of weekly returns as to the progress of medical inspection was submitted. It set forth : Number of school doctors UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. engaged, 71 ; schools inspected, 73; children inspected, 5521 ; number found to require treatment (all ailments), (FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENTS.) 2369 ; number of those for whom treatment is available under the Council’s scheme, 1558. The Fifth International Prison Congress. COLONIAL MEDICAL SERVICES.—West African THIS congress, recently held at Washington, proved a very Medical Staff :-Dr. J. H. Paterson, medical officer, Northern and successful There is much important meeting. gratifica- Nigeria, has retired on a pension, and Mr. W. S. Webb, tion over the endorsement by the congress of certain medical officer, Gold Coast, has resigned his appointment, which an the principles occupy important place here-viz., with a gratuity. Mr. D. Alexander, medical officer, Northern indeterminate sentence on parole and the establishment of Nigeria, has been promoted junior sanitary officer, Sierra farm colonies for vagrants. On the whole, the reformatory Leone ; Mr. H. A. Foy, medical officer, Northern Nigeria, aspect takes precedence in this country over the retributory junior sanitary officer, Northern Nigeria; and Mr. J. B. H. and deterrent aspects of official punishment, and the sense Davson, formerly senior medical officer, Gold Coast, has been of the congress seems to have favoured this attitude. It is reappointed senior medical officer, Sierra Leone. The to be remembered, however, that the homicide account of following gentlemen have been selected for appointment to the country is disproportionately great ; and if in that be the staff : Mr. P. C. Conran (Northern Nigeria), Mr. C. G. included the vast number of deaths from industrial accidents Grey (Southern Nigeria), Mr. J. P. B. Snell (Southern of the distinctly avoidable class-for which someone should Nigeria).—Other Colonies and Protectorates :—Mr. C. K. but for criminal surely be, rarely is, punished negligence- Attlee has been appointed assistant to the colonial surgeon, appallingly so. St. Helena ; Dr. A. K. Cosgrave has been appointed a house Railroad Fatalities. surgeon, Medical Department, Straits Settlemerts ; Dr. F. W. A most disquieting thing in this country is the terrible Greaves has been appointed a supernumerary medical officer and increasing fatality roll of the railroads. According to in Trinidad; Dr. H. M. C. Green has been appointed a the official report for the year ending June, 1910, there were medical officer in the Straits Settlements ; and Dr. N. P. 3804 people killed and 82,374 injured here during that period, Jewell has been appointed an assistant medical officer in an increase over last year, and this notwithstanding the Seychelles. OBITUARY. 1587

still more widely as one of the best known dermato. logists in this country. "To the last," writes one of Obituarg. his colleagues, "it was over some rare skin disease that he would display his keenest interest." The same colleague adds : " As a teacher Payne was at his best with a small JOSEPH FRANK PAYNE, M.D. OxoN., F.R.C.P. LOND., crowd rather than a large. For one thing, his voice was not CONSULTING PHYSICIAN TO ST. THOMAS’S HOSPITAL ; HARVEIAN strong enough to arrest the vagrant attention of the casual LIBRARIAN OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS and for another he did not it ! OF LONDON. student, compel by systematic resort to the Socratic method. But to those who cared to WE much to announce the death of Dr. regret Joseph learn and whose interests were not limited to what Frank to St. Thomas’s might Payne, consulting physician Hospital, useful in the next examination he could be a most one of the most learned members of our prove and profession, teacher. As his Fitz Patrick lectures showed, which occurred at New Barnet, Hertfordshire, on Wednesday, delightful there was hardly a bypath of medical lore that he could not Nov. 16th, in the seventieth year of his age. illuminate, and perhaps the very variety of his Frank was born at Camberwell on Jan. 10th, knowledge Joseph Payne made him less inclined to give systematic instruction." As 1840, the son of Joseph Payne, the first professor of an examiner, was in much request, his education at the College of Preceptors, whose learning Payne great learning and natural kindness gave him the right blend of and were well reflected in his son. Professor severity industry Payne, and tolerance, though his shyness sometimes infected the moreover, married a famous schoolmistress, so that on his candidates. He was examiner in medicine at the Uni- mother’s side also the of this memoir had an heredi- subject versities of Oxford, Cambridge, and London, and in 1899 right to academic distinction. He was educated at tary became a Fellow of the University of London. home by his parents, and obtained a demyship at Magdalen As historian and scholar Payne was not only a worthy College, Oxford, where he crowned a career of prize-winning of the of Oxford, but a with a first class in the Natural Science Elected a representative University philosopher Tripos. of whom medicine well be He a sound Fellow of his he his medical studies may proud. possessed college, began of his in all its at St. and as M.B. Oxon. in knowledge profession branches, being equally George’s Hospital, graduated an diseases of the skin 1867, while he won the Burdett-Coutts authority upon general pathology, Scholarship and the infections, In 1879 he went in and the Radcliffe Travelling in especially plague. Geology Fellowship as a member of the British Commission for the Medicine. But he also at the of Investiga- graduated University tion of the in Russia at and his London as a Bachelor of Science in 1866, and took the Plague Vetlanka, valuable this were of the of of London in observations of epidemic embodied Membership Royal College Physicians in Vol. IV. of the Transactions of the 1868. After attending clinics in Paris, Berlin, and Vienna Epidemiological Society of London Much of his was with an industry that accounted for the wide range of (p. 362). experience also contained in the careful and learned article on his exact he from St, Hos- Plague knowledge, migrated George’s which he contributed to Vol. I. of Allbutt’s of to St. Thomas’s Hospital, where he was elected ’’ System pital Medicine." He embodied in a small book, entitled Rare assistant physician in 1873, in which year he also became Diseases of the Skin," some valuable notes on a Fellow of the Royal of of London. interesting College Physicians cases which had come before him in the course of his In 1874 he was Goulstonian lecturer at the when College, at the BIackfriars for Diseases of the Skin. he took as his the and Relation of New practice Hospital subject Origin He was at different President of the Growths. Abstracts of these lectures will be found in times Pathological of the of THE LANCET and show the of his Society London, Dermatological Society Great sufficiently range patho- and the that in at the time as well as his earnest of Britain, Epidemiological Society, showing logical learning spirit each of the branches of medicine where he worked research. The third of these lectures, which was devoted to especially his labours were by his the question whether cancer be a local or a con- appreciated colleagues. answering But although the practical side of Payne’s work in stitutional disease, is a model of how to supply information medicine was so valuable, he will be best remembered without This was the of a very close dogmatism. beginning as a medical a branch of literature for which connexion with the where he was Lumleian lecturer historian, College, both and he was well fitted. in 1891, Harveian orator in 1896, and FitzPatrick lecturer in by training temperament The task of the medical historian is by no means easy. The 1903 and 1904, while he was Harveian librarian in appointed ideal medical historian should be a and 1899 in succession to Dr. William Munk. Of his FitzPatrick good Greek, Latin, Arabic scholar, as well as an expert in palaeography, while in lectures we speak below-they more definitely than any of addition, if he deals with our own country, he should be able his work revealed him as and historian, but his archaeologist to read and Erse. There is no Harveian oration showed the original bent of his great Anglo-Saxon, Welsh, perhaps one who can fulfil this ideal, and we do not mean to say that learning. He sketched on this occasion the course of did so. But he had a of German mediseval and took occasion to do to Galen, Payne thorough knowledge medicine, justice and Latin and a with he had a whose errors have been much but whose methods working acquaintance Greek ; magnified, for a a and of work Dr. showed to be scientific. passion accuracy, good memory, scholarly mind, Payne truly a love for his which to his of In 1887 he became full to St. Thomas’s subject gave writings something physician Hospital, the innate of the work of a mediaeval craftsman whose and in 1888 there came out the Manual of General beauty Pathology," handiwork and are in all his work. the of which at once raised Dr. to the front temperament apparent publication Payne In 1901, when Mrs. Fitz Patrick her wish to rank of medical men of letters. Until some 10 or 15 years expressed honour the memory of her husband by some foundation before the of this book pathology was treated publication in the of of London, it was almost from an anatomical of view even in Royal College Physicians solely point Dr. Norman Moore’s advice which turned the in the best of and one such work had himself gift manuals, Payne the direction of medical a in which he him- edited. But the of had since that history, subject already study pathology self excels, and was chosen the to be the time received a the of the Payne by College grand impetus through growth first Fitz Patrick lecturer. He was well known as a science of and in was able already bacteriology, consequence Payne medical historian the admirable article on the of to include in his Manual of much by History Pathology" descrip- Medicine which he had contributed to tion of vital where earlier authors had been the "Encyclopaedia processes an edition of the De of content with the of disease. In Britannica," by Temperamentis perforce describing products and his Harveian Oration. as he in this manual was able to handle the new Galen, by Acquainted particular Payne was with the brilliant and works on the of with and and the profound subject bacteriology lucidity exactitude, history of medicine which foreign countries, notably reception of his book was favourable immediately. Germany, France, and Italy, have produced, it was At St. Thomas’s Hospital Payne made a favourable im- ever a matter for sorrow with him that his own country pression from the first. He at once identified himself closely was so far behind others, not only in the bulk but in with the interests of the place and became a son by adoption the value of its contributions to the historv of medicine. if not by birth. And yet in some ways he failed to the full reap Therefore no one welcomed the foundation of the Fitz Patrick advantage of his membership of the staff. He was elected Lectures more warmly than he did, for he saw in them, to use at a more advanced age than is the rule, and promotion was his own words, "the first attempt to have the history of unusually slow, so that he did not leave the out-patient room medicine or expounded in this His intro- for the wards till within a few years of his retire- taught country." compulsory remarks to his first course of lectures well be ment by lapse of time. Still, in the meanwhile he had ductory may made a name for himself not only in medicine but perhaps 1 THE LANCET, Oct. 24th, 1896, p. 1134.