Managing Hyperglycemia in Inpatients: Ensuring Success

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Managing Hyperglycemia in Inpatients: Ensuring Success Managing Hyperglycemia in Inpatients: Ensuring Success Presented as a Dinner Symposium and Live Webcast at the 48th ASHP Midyear Clinical Meeting and Exhibition Monday, December 9, 2013 Orlando, Florida Action Reminder Planned and conducted by ASHP Advantage Supported by an educational grant from Novo Nordisk Inc. Your educational opportunities related to managing hyperglycemia in inpatients extend beyond today’s symposium… Available in 2014 n A live webinar on March 19, 2014, where faculty will explore issues raised by participant questions in today’s symposium (1 hour CPE) n Informational podcasts featuring interviews with the faculty n e-Newsletters featuring tips for incorporating information from this symposium into practice, as well as updates on emerging information related to the management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients n Web-based activity based on today’s live symposium (2 hours of CPE, please note that individuals who claim CPE credit for the live symposium or webcast are ineligible to claim credit for the web-based activity) For more information and to sign up to receive e-mail updates about this educational series, visit www.ashpadvantage.com/hyperglycemia Action Have ideas about what YOU want to remember to do as a result of what you are Reminder Email learning in this educational session? Use the Action Reminder tool via your smart device, and you will be sent an email reminder from YOURSELF next month. If you do not have a smart device, access the Action Reminder for this activity at http://www.ashpadvantagemedia.com/hyperglycemia/remindme.php 2 Managing Hyperglycemia in Inpatients: Ensuring Success Webcast Information What is a live webcast? A live webcast brings the presentation to you – at your work place or in your home. You view and hear the presentations in “real time” complete with slides and video of the speakers and have the opportunity to ask questions at the end of the activity. Continuing pharmacy education (CPE) credits earned through participation in webcasts qualify as live CPE credit. Please join the webcast at least 5 minutes before the scheduled start time for important activity announcements. How do I register? Go to http://www.ashpadvantagemedia.com/hyperglycemia/webcast.php and click the Register for Webcast button. You will receive an email confirmation with webcast connection information. How do I process my CPE? After completion of this webcast, you will process your CPE online and print your statement of credit at the ASHP eLearning portal (http://elearning.ashp.org). You will need the enrollment code that will be announced at the end of the webcast. If you have questions about processing CPE online, contact [email protected]. What if I would like to arrange for my colleagues to participate in this webcast as a group? One person should register for the webcast and will receive the webcast linking instructions via email. Each participant processes his or her CPE statement online at the conclusion of the activity. How do I ask a question of the presenters during the webcast? Click the “Ask a Question” bubble icon to type a question and your email. The speakers will answer as many questions as possible at the conclusion of the activity. Responses to technical questions will be sent to the email address you provided. Why doesn’t the presentation appear? If you’re using a pop-up blocker, configure it to allow this site’s pop-ups. You will need to change settings in your browser. Why can’t I hear audio? Check your volume controls and whether the device you are using has speakers. There are three areas you may find volume controls: • Player volume: look for volume icon inside the player. • Adjust the volume slider and confirm that mute is not selected. • External speakers (optional): check whether the speakers have a volume control dial or knob that you can use to increase or decrease the volume level. What if my video frame keeps freezing, progressing a bit, and then freezing again? Depending on the speed of your internet connection, there may not be enough bandwidth to accommodate the audio, slides, and live video. To alleviate this, either minimize or turn off the video by using the icons on your screen. You can also use the Classic Player version of the webcast tool to achieve better viewing. 3 Managing Hyperglycemia in Inpatients: Ensuring Success What do I need to participate in the webcast? For the best presentation viewing experience, we recommend a broadband internet or Wi-Fi connection and the following system requirements: Microsoft® Windows® Mac® • Windows 8Windows 2008, • Mac OS® X 10.5.7 or Windows 7, Windows Vista, later Windows XP, Windows 2003 • Safari® 4 or later or • Internet Explorer® 7.0 or Firefox 3.6 or later later, Firefox® 3.6 or later or • Microsoft Silverlight 5* Google Chrome™ • Broadband Internet • Windows Media® Player 9.0 connection or later • Microsoft Silverlight® 5* • Broadband Internet connection * If Silverlight is not detected on your computer when viewing a presentation, you will be automatically prompted to install the plug-in. Silverlight only needs to be installed once and will then be available for watching any other presentations. Classic Player Option If you are unable to install Silverlight or your bandwidth speed is slower than required, another version of the webcast is available. The requirements are as follows: Microsoft® Windows® Mac® • Microsoft® Windows 7, • Mac OS X 10.4.8 or later Windows Vista, Windows • Safari™ 2.0.4 or later or XP, Windows Server 2008 Firefox 2.0 or later • Windows Server 2003 • Microsoft Silverlight 1.0 or • Internet Explorer 6.0 SP1 or later* later, Firefox® 2.0 or later, or • Broadband Internet Google™ Chrome 1.0 connection (256Kbps or • Windows Media® Player 9.0 more) or later 1. • Broadband Internet connection (256Kbps or more) * If Silverlight is not detected on your computer when viewing a presentation, you will be automatically prompted to install the plug-in. Silverlight only needs to be installed once and will then be available for watching any other presentations. 4 Managing Hyperglycemia in Inpatients: Ensuring Success iPad iPhone and iPod Android BlackBerry • iOS 4.3 or later • iPhone 4 or later • Android 4.0 or later • BlackBerry OS 7.0 • Mobile Safari™ • iPod 4th generation • On-demand or later • Wi-Fi or cellular or later playback only • On-demand data connection • iOS 4.3 or later • Wi-Fi or cellular data playback only (3G or higher) • Mobile Safari connection (3G or • Wi-Fi or cellular • Mediasite Mobile higher) data connection app (free download (3G or higher) available from the • Blackberry Apple® App Store) Playbook running • Wi-Fi connection QNX 5 Overview Hyperglycemia is common in both critically and non-critically ill hospitalized patients and occurs not only in patients with previously diagnosed diabetes but also in patients with undiagnosed diabetes or acute stress-induced hyperglycemia. Identifying and managing inpatients with hyperglycemia can lead to improvements in patient outcomes. Toward that end, this activity will provide an update on recommen- dations for managing hospitalized patients with hyperglycemia based on current guidelines and recently published clinical trials. Using case-based examples, participants will learn to identify patients with hyperglycemia, as well as to develop evidence-based insulin therapy regimens. Emphasis will be placed on transitioning from intravenous to subcutaneous insulin therapy, developing basal and nutritional sub- cutaneous insulin regimens, and determining corrective doses. The role of the pharmacist in establishing glycemic control programs, managing different populations of hospitalized patients with hyperglycemia, preventing hypoglycemia, and transitioning patients to outpatient settings will also be discussed. Agenda Learning Objectives 5:30 – 6:00 p.m. At the conclusion of this application-based Registration and Dinner educational activity, participants should be able to n Explain the adverse impact of hyperglycemia 6:00 – 6:05 p.m. and hypoglycemia on critically and non- Welcome and Introductory Remarks critically ill hospitalized patients. Curtis L. Triplitt, Pharm.D., CDE n Outline recommendations for managing hospitalized patients with hyperglycemia 6:05 – 6:25 p.m. as set forth by current guidelines and Current Guidelines and Evidence research studies. for Inpatient Hyperglycemic Control n Compare the advantages and disadvantages Curtis L. Triplitt, Pharm.D., CDE of various insulin agents and regimens for the treatment of inpatient hyperglycemia. 6:25 – 7:05 p.m. n Devise patient-specific basal and nutritional Practical Approach to Inpatient subcutaneous insulin regimens and corrective Glycemic Control insulin doses. Kevin W. Box, Pharm.D. n Examine approaches for managing hyperglycemia in special populations of 7:05 – 7:50 p.m. hospitalized patients. Issues and Special Populations n Outline a plan for pharmacists’ involvement in for Inpatient Glycemic Management improving glycemic control for hospitalized Paul M. Szumita, Pharm.D., BCPS patients, including preventing hypoglycemia and ensuring safe transition to outpatient settings. 7:50 – 8:00 p.m. Audience Questions 6 Managing Hyperglycemia in Inpatients: Ensuring Success Continuing Education Accreditation The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education as a provider of continuing pharmacy education. This activity provides 2 hours (0.2 CEUs) of continuing pharmacy education credit (ACPE activity # 0204-0000-13-484-L01-P). Attendees may print their official statements of continuing pharmacy education credit online after completion of the online evaluation. All statements are available online at the ASHP eLearning portal (http://elearning.ashp.org). For complete activity information, visit www.ashpadvantage.com/hyperglycemia. Complete instructions for receiving your statement of continuing pharmacy education credit online are available on the next page. Be sure to record the attendance code beginning with “M” announced during the activity. 7 Managing Hyperglycemia in Inpatients: Ensuring Success CPE Processing Instructions 1. Write down the Enrollment Code for the webcast you attend.
Recommended publications
  • Therapeutic Medications Against Diabetes: What We Have and What We Expect
    Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 139 (2019) 3–15 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/addr Therapeutic medications against diabetes: What we have and what we expect Cheng Hu a,b, Weiping Jia a,⁎ a Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China b Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, 6600 Nanfeng Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China article info abstract Article history: Diabetes has become one of the largest global health and economic burdens, with its increased prevalence and Received 28 June 2018 high complication ratio. Stable and satisfactory blood glucose control are vital to reduce diabetes-related compli- Received in revised form 1 September 2018 cations. Therefore, continuous attempts have been made in antidiabetic drugs, treatment routes, and traditional Accepted 27 November 2018 Chinese medicine to achieve better disease control. New antidiabetic drugs and appropriate combinations of Available online 5 December 2018 these drugs have increased diabetes control significantly. Besides, novel treatment routes including oral antidia- betic peptide delivery, nanocarrier delivery system, implantable drug delivery system are also pivotal for diabetes Keywords: fi Diabetes control, with its greater ef ciency, increased bioavailability, decreased toxicity and reduced dosing frequency. Treatment Among these new routes, nanotechnology, artificial pancreas and islet cell implantation have shown great poten- Drug delivery tial in diabetes therapy. Traditional Chinese medicine also offer new options for diabetes treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Postoperative Tight Glycemic Control
    Wang et al. BMC Endocrine Disorders (2018) 18:42 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-018-0268-9 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Postoperative tight glycemic control significantly reduces postoperative infection rates in patients undergoing surgery: a meta-analysis Yuan-yuan Wang1, Shuang-fei Hu2, Hui-min Ying1, Long Chen2, Hui-li Li1, Fang Tian1 and Zhen-feng Zhou2* Abstract Background: The benefit results of postoperative tight glycemic control (TGC) were controversial and there was a lack of well-powered studies that support current guideline recommendations. Methods: The EMBASE, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched utilizing the key words “Blood Glucose”, “insulin” and “Postoperative Period” to retrieve all randomized controlled trials evaluating the benefits of postoperative TGC as compared to conventional glycemic control (CGC) in patients undergoing surgery. Results: Fifteen studies involving 5053 patients were identified. As compared to CGC group, there were lower risks of total postoperative infection (9.4% vs. 15.8%; RR 0.586, 95% CI 0.504 to 0.680, p < 0.001) and wound infection (4. 6% vs. 7.2%; RR 0.620, 95% CI 0.422 to 0.910, p = 0.015) in TGC group. TGC also showed a lower risk of postoperative short-term mortality (3.8% vs. 5.4%; RR 0.692, 95% CI 0.527 to 0.909, p = 0.008), but sensitivity analyses showed that the result was mainly influenced by one study. The patients in the TGC group experienced a significant higher rate of postoperative hypoglycemia (22.3% vs. 11.0%; RR 3.145, 95% CI 1.928 to 5.131, p < 0.001) and severe hypoglycemia (2.8% vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Intensive Insulin Therapy for Tight Glycemic Control Research Therapy Monitoring Nursing
    Proceedings from The Seventh Conference The CareFusion Center for Safety and Clinical Excellence June 7-8, 2007, San Diego, CA Philip J. Schneider, MS, FASHP, Editor Intensive Insulin Therapy for Tight Glycemic Control Research Therapy Monitoring Nursing Conference Report Published by The CareFusion Center for Safety and Clinical Excellence www.cardinalhealth.com/clinicalcenter International Conference on Intensive Insulin Therapy for Tight Glycemic Control The seventh invitational conference at the CareFusion Center for Safety and Clinical Excellence in San Diego, held June 7-8, 2007, brought together a distinguished faculty from clinical practice, academia, and organizations. Judith Jacobi, PharmD, FCCM, FCCP, BCPS, Critical Care Pharmacist, Methodist Hospital/Clarian Health, Indianapolis, IN and Timothy S. Bailey, MD, FACE, CPI, Advanced Metabolic Care and Research, Escondido, CA chaired the conference. Internationally recognized experts on research, current issues and opportunities in the use of intensive insulin therapy for tight glycemic control (TGC IIT) presented. This conference report summarizes the information presented on TGC IIT with regard to research findings, safety concerns, emerging practices, monitoring, and nursing issues as researchers and clinicians seek to optimize insulin therapy to help maintain normoglycemia in critically ill patients. The proceedings were edited by Philip J. Schneider, MS, FASHP, Clinical Professor and Director, Latiolais Leadership Program, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus,
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacist Glycemic Control Team Associated with Improved
    At a Glance Original Research Practical Implications p e128 Author Information p e134 Full text and PDF www.ajmc.com Web exclusive Pharmacist Glycemic Control Team Associated With Improved Perioperative Glycemic and Utilization Outcomes David M. Mosen, PhD, MPH; Karen S. Mularski, MD; Richard A. Mularski, MD, MSHS, MCR; Ariel K. Hill, AB; and Elizabeth Shuster, MS atients with diabetes and stress hyperglycemia are frequently hospitalized for surgical procedures,1 and ABSTRACT recent estimates indicate that 30% to 50% of US inpa- Objectives: Perioperative hyperglycemia is a risk factor for P 1,2 tients have diabetes and/or hyperglycemia. Multiple studies increased surgical morbidity and mortality. Pharmacy-led manage- have documented the risks of perioperative hyperglycemia, ment teams may improve glycemic control and postoperative out- including poor surgical outcomes and higher readmission comes. We sought to determine whether a pharmacist-led glycemic control team is associated with improved glycemic control and rates.1-4 However, improved glycemic control leads to reduc- reduced postdischarge utilization and medical costs. tions in hospital complications, length of stay, and mortality.1,5-7 Study Design: Retrospective, observational study. Multiple professional societies, agencies, and task forces have issued guidelines recommending methods to achieve Methods: We assessed patient-level outcomes during a 12-month pre-intervention period and compared them at years 1 and 2 post safe and effective glycemic control in hospitalized patients.8-12 implementation at a tertiary care multi-specialty medical center. Although the optimal target glucose range for hospitalized The patients were noncritically ill postoperative surgical patients patients continues to evolve based on results of recent clini- followed 72 hours post surgery (days 1-3).
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
    THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND APPLIED RESEARCH AND EDUCATION VOLUME 39 | SUPPLEMENT 1 WWW.DIABETES.ORG/DIABETESCARE JANUARY 2016 PLE M E P N U T S 1 AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION STANDARDS OF MEDICAL CARE IN DIABETES—2016 ISSN 0149-5992 American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetesd2016 January 2016 Volume 39, Supplement 1 [T]he simple word Care may suffice to express [the journal’s] philosophical mission. The new journal is designed to promote better patient care by serving the expanded needs of all health professionals committed to the care of patients with diabetes. As such, the American Diabetes Association views Diabetes Care as a reaffirmation of Francis Weld Peabody’s contention that “the secret of the care of the patient is in caring for the patient.” —Norbert Freinkel, Diabetes Care, January-February 1978 EDITOR IN CHIEF William T. Cefalu, MD ASSOCIATE EDITORS EDITORIAL BOARD George Bakris, MD Nicola Abate, MD Rita Rastogi Kalyani, MD, MHS, FACP Lawrence Blonde, MD, FACP Silva Arslanian, MD Rory J. McCrimmon, MBChB, MD, FRCP Andrew J.M. Boulton, MD Angelo Avogaro, MD, PhD Harold David McIntyre, MD, FRACP David D’Alessio, MD Ananda Basu, MD, FRCP Gianluca Perseghin, MD Sherita Hill Golden, MD, MHS, FAHA John B. Buse, MD, PhD Anne L. Peters, MD Mary de Groot, PhD Sonia Caprio, MD Jonathan Q. Purnell, MD Eddie L. Greene, MD Robert Chilton, DO Peter Reaven, MD Frank B. Hu, MD, MPH, PhD Kenneth Cusi, MD, FACP, FACE Helena Wachslicht Rodbard, MD Derek LeRoith, MD, PhD Paresh Dandona, MD, PhD David J. Schneider, MD Robert G.
    [Show full text]
  • The Main Events in the History of Diabetes Mellitus
    Chapter 1 The Main Events in the History of Diabetes Mellitus Jacek Zajac, Anil Shrestha, Parini Patel, and Leonid Poretsky In Antiquity A medical condition producing excessive thirst, continuous urination, and severe weight loss has interested medical authors for over three millennia. Unfortunately, until the early part of twentieth century the prognosis for a patient with this condition was no better than it was over 3000 years ago. Since the ancient physicians described almost exclusively cases of what is today known as type 1 diabetes mellitus, the outcome was invariably fatal. Ebers Papyrus, which was written around 1500 BC, excavated in 1862 AD from an ancient grave in Thebes, Egypt, and published by Egyptologist Georg Ebers in 1874, describes, among various other ailments and their remedies, a condition of “too great emptying of the urine” – perhaps, the reference to diabetes mellitus. For the treatment of this condition, ancient Egyptian physicians were advocating the use of wheat grains, fruit, and sweet beer.1,2 Physicians in India at around the same time developed what can be described as the first clinical test for dia- betes. They observed that the urine from people with diabetes attracted ants and flies. They named the condition “madhumeha” or “honey urine.” Indian physicians also noted that patients with “madhumeha” suffered from extreme thirst and foul breath (probably, because of ketosis). Although the polyuria associated with diabetes was well recognized, ancient clinicians could not distinguish between the polyuria due to what we now call diabetes mellitus from the polyuria due to other conditions.3 Around 230 BC, Apollonius of Memphis for the first time used the term “diabetes,” which in Greek means “to pass through” (dia – through, betes – to go).
    [Show full text]
  • Tight Glycemic Control and Use of Hypoglycemic Medications in Older
    588 Diabetes Care Volume 38, April 2015 Carolyn T. Thorpe,1,2 Walid F. Gellad,1,3 Tight Glycemic Control and Use of Chester B. Good,1,2,3,4 Sijian Zhang,1 Xinhua Zhao,1,4 Maria Mor,1,5 and Hypoglycemic Medications in Michael J. Fine1,3 Older Veterans With Type 2 Diabetes and Comorbid Dementia Diabetes Care 2015;38:588–595 | DOI: 10.2337/dc14-0599 OBJECTIVE Older adults with diabetes and dementia are at increased risk for hypoglycemia and other adverse events associated with tight glycemic control and are unlikely to experience long-term benefits. We examined risk factors for tight glycemic control in this population and use of medications associated with a high risk of hypoglycemia in the subset with tight control. EPIDEMIOLOGY/HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This retrospective cohort study of national Veterans Affairs (VA) administrative/ clinical data and Medicare claims for fiscal years (FYs) 2008–2009 included 15,880 veterans aged ‡65 years with type 2 diabetes and dementia and prescribed antidi- abetic medication. Multivariable regression analyses were used to identify socio- demographic and clinical predictors of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) control (tight, moderate, poor, or not monitored) and, in patients with tight control, subsequent use of medication associated with a high risk of hypoglycemia (sulfonylureas, insulin). RESULTS 1Center for Health Equity Research and Promo- Fifty-two percent of patients had tight glycemic control (HbA1c <7% [53 mmol/mol]). fi tion, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare Sys- Speci c comorbidities, older age, and recent weight loss were associated with tem, Pittsburgh, PA greater odds of tight versus moderate control, whereas Hispanic ethnicity and obe- 2Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, sity were associated with lower odds of tight control.
    [Show full text]
  • Diabetes and Frail Older Patients: Glycemic Control and Prescription Profile in Real Life
    pharmacy Article Diabetes and Frail Older Patients: Glycemic Control and Prescription Profile in Real Life Anne-Sophie Mangé 1, Arnaud Pagès 1,2,3,* , Sandrine Sourdet 4, Philippe Cestac 1,2 and Cécile McCambridge 1 1 Department of Pharmacy, Toulouse University Hospital, UPS Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, 31000 Toulouse, France; [email protected] (A.-S.M.); [email protected] (P.C.); [email protected] (C.M.) 2 UMR 1027, Inserm, UPS Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, 31000 Toulouse, France 3 INSPIRE Project, Institute of Aging, Gérontopôle, Toulouse University Hospital, UPS Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, 31000 Toulouse, France 4 Geriatric Department, Toulouse University Hospital, UPS Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, 31000 Toulouse, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-567-776-418 Abstract: (1) Background: The latest recommendations for diabetes management adapt the objectives of glycemic control to the frailty profile in older patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the proportion of older patients with diabetes whose treatment deviates from the recommendations. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in older adults with known diabetes who underwent an outpatient frailty assessment in 2016. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) target is between 6% and 7% for nonfrail patients and between 7% and 8% for frail patients. Frailty was evaluated using the Fried criteria. Prescriptions of glucose-lowering drugs were analyzed based on explicit and implicit criteria. (3) Results: Of 110 people with diabetes with an average age of Citation: Mangé, A.-S.; Pagès, A.; 81.7 years, 67.3% were frail.
    [Show full text]
  • Glucose-Responsive Oral Insulin Delivery for Postprandial Glycemic Regulation
    Glucose-responsive oral insulin delivery for postprandial glycemic regulation Jicheng Yu1, Yuqi Zhang1, Jinqiang Wang1,2, Di Wen1,2, Anna R. Kahkoska3, John B. Buse3, and Zhen Gu1,2,3,4 () 1 Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA 2 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA 3 Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA 4 California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA © Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018 Received: 12 October 2018 / Revised: 3 December 2018 / Accepted: 4 December 2018 ABSTRACT Controlling postprandial glucose levels for diabetic patients is critical to achieve the tight glycemic control that decreases the risk for developing long-term micro- and macrovascular complications. Herein, we report a glucose-responsive oral insulin delivery system based on Fc receptor (FcRn)-targeted liposomes with glucose-sensitive hyaluronic acid (HA) shell for postprandial glycemic regulation. After oral administration, the HA shell can quickly detach in the presence of increasing intestinal glucose concentration due to the competitive binding of glucose with the phenylboronic acid groups conjugated with HA. The exposed Fc groups on the surface of liposomes then facilitate enhanced intestinal absorption in an FcRn-mediated transport pathway. In vivo studies on chemically-induced type 1 diabetic mice show this oral glucose-responsive delivery approach can effectively reduce postprandial blood glucose excursions.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimal Glucose Management in the Perioperative Period
    Optimal Glucose Management in the Perioperative Period Charity H. Evans, MD, MHCM*, Jane Lee, MD, PhD, Melissa K. Ruhlman, MD KEYWORDS Blood glucose Glucose management Glycemic control Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia Perioperative Surgical Tight glycemic control KEY POINTS Hyperglycemia, defined as a level of blood glucose (BG) greater than 180 mg/dL, in the perioperative period is associated with poor clinical outcomes; treating hyperglycemia in critically ill patients can lead to decreased morbidity and mortality. The gold standard for BG measurement is a venous plasma sample evaluated through the clinical laboratory. Intensive insulin therapy, defined as a target treatment BG range of 80 to 110 mg/dL, significantly increases the incidence of hypoglycemia and has not been proven to be beneficial in surgical patients. When determining when to treat surgical patients for hyperglycemia and what target BG to achieve, the surgeon must take into account the patient’s clinical status, because the evidence has shown optimal benefit at different levels. In critically ill and noncritically ill surgical patients, insulin therapy should be used with a goal BG of 140 to 180 mg/dL. INTRODUCTION Hyperglycemia is a common finding in patients undergoing surgery. Up to 40% of noncardiac surgery patients have a postoperative level of blood glucose (BG) greater than 140 mg/dL, with 25% of those patients having a level greater than 180 mg/dL.1 Perioperative hyperglycemia has been associated with increased morbidity, decreased survival, and increased resource utilization.2–4 For example, McConnell and researchers5 found a mean 48-hour postoperative glucose greater than Disclosure Statement: No actual or potential conflict of interest in relation to this review.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimal Glycemic Control in Neurocritical Care Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Andreas H Kramer1,2*, Derek J Roberts1,3,4 and David a Zygun1,2,3
    Kramer et al. Critical Care 2012, 16:R203 http://ccforum.com/content/16/5/R203 RESEARCH Open Access Optimal glycemic control in neurocritical care patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis Andreas H Kramer1,2*, Derek J Roberts1,3,4 and David A Zygun1,2,3 See related commentary by Bilotta and Rosa, http://ccforum.com/content/16/5/163. Abstract Introduction: Hyper- and hypoglycemia are strongly associated with adverse outcomes in critical care. Neurologically injured patients are a unique subgroup, where optimal glycemic targets may differ, such that the findings of clinical trials involving heterogeneous critically ill patients may not apply. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing intensive insulin therapy with conventional glycemic control among patients with traumatic brain injury, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, anoxic encephalopathy, central nervous system infections or spinal cord injury. Results: Sixteen RCTs, involving 1248 neurocritical care patients, were included. Glycemic targets with intensive insulin ranged from 70-140 mg/dl (3.9-7.8 mmol/L), while conventional protocols aimed to keep glucose levels below 144-300 mg/dl (8.0-16.7 mmol/L). Tight glycemic control had no impact on mortality (RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.83- 1.17; p = 0.88), but did result in fewer unfavorable neurological outcomes (RR 0.91; 95% CI 0.84-1.00; p = 0.04). However, improved outcomes were only observed when glucose levels in the conventional glycemic control group were permitted to be relatively high [threshold for insulin administration > 200 mg/dl (> 11.1 mmol/L)], but not with more intermediate glycemic targets [threshold for insulin administration 140-180 mg/dl (7.8-10.0 mmol/L)].
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Perioperative Tight Glycemic Control on Postoperative Outcomes: a Meta-Analysis
    ID: 18-0231 7 12 Z-Q Kang et al. Perioperative tight glycemic 7:12 R316–R327 control REVIEW Effects of perioperative tight glycemic control on postoperative outcomes: a meta-analysis Zhou-Qing Kang1, Jia-Ling Huo2 and Xiao-Jie Zhai1 1Department of Nursing, Jin Qiu Hospital of Liaoning Province, Geriatric Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China 2Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jin Qiu Hospital of Liaoning Province, Geriatric Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China Correspondence should be addressed to Z-Q Kang: [email protected] Abstract Background: The optimal glycemic target during the perioperative period is still Key Words controversial. We aimed to explore the effects of tight glycemic control (TGC) on surgical f tight glycemic control mortality and morbidity. f perioperative Methods: PubMed, EMBASE and CENTRAL were searched from January 1, 1946 to f surgical mortality February 28, 2018. Appropriate trails comparing the postoperative outcomes (mortality, f surgical morbidity hypoglycemic events, acute kidney injury, etc.) between different levels of TGC and liberal glycemic control were identified. Quality assessments were performed with the Jadad scale combined with the allocation concealment evaluation. Pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% CI were calculated using random effects models. Heterogeneity was detected by the I2 test. Results: Twenty-six trials involving a total of 9315 patients were included in the final analysis. The overall mortality did not differ between tight and liberal glycemic control (RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.78–1.07; I2 = 20.1%). Among subgroup analyses, obvious decreased risks of mortality were found in the short-term mortality, non-diabetic conditions, cardiac surgery conditions and compared to the very liberal glycemic target.
    [Show full text]