Digitale Wissenschaftskommunikation – Formate Und Ihre Nutzung

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Digitale Wissenschaftskommunikation – Formate Und Ihre Nutzung LU L INGUISTISCHE U NTERSUCHUNGEN Thomas Gloning/Gerd Fritz (Hg.) Digitale Wissenschaftskommunikati on – Formate und ihre Nutzung Gießener Elektronische Bibliothek 2011 Linguistische Untersuchungen 3 Herausgegeben von Iris Bons, Gerd Fritz und Thomas Gloning ______________________________________________________ Schlagwörter Wissenschaftskommunikation; digitale Medienformate; Web 2.0; Interaktivität; Open Peer Review; Wissenschaftsblogs; wissenschaftliche Mailinglists; Texttypen; Kontroversen _________________________________________________________________ Gloning, Thomas/Fritz, Gerd (Hg.): Digitale Wissenschaftskommunikation – Formate und ihre Nutzung. Gießen: Gießener Elektronische Bibliothek 2011 – URL: http://geb.uni-giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2011/8227/ (Linguistische Untersuchungen, Band 3. Hg. von Iris Bons, Gerd Fritz und Thomas Gloning) Inhalt Interne Wissenschaftskommunikation im Zeichen der Digitalisierung. Formate, Nutzungsweisen, Dynamik Thomas Gloning ............................................................................... 3 Das Web 2.0 in der wissenschaftlichen Praxis Michael Nentwich .......................................................................... 35 Zur Entwicklung von Formaten und Kommunikationsformen in der digitalen Wissenschaftskommunikation – eine evolutionäre Betrachtungsweise Anita Bader/Gerd Fritz .................................................................. 55 Vom Überleben einer bedrohten Spezies. Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung der Nutzung wissenschaftlicher Mailinglists Anita Bader/Jurgita Baranauskaite/ Kerstin Engel/Sarah Julia Rögl ..................................................... 87 Interaktives Open-Access-Publizieren und öffentliche Fachbegutachtung: Effektivität und Perspektiven von Transparenz und Selbstregulierung in der wissenschaftlichen Kommunikation und Evaluation Ulrich Pöschl ............................................................................... 117 Wirbelstürme im digitalen Open-Peer-Review-Verfahren: Die Makarieva-Kontroverse in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2008/09) – eine Fallstudie Gerd Fritz ..................................................................................... 143 2 Inhalt Themenmanagement und Kritik im Open-Peer-Review- Verfahren. Das Beispiel Gobiet et al., ‘Retrieval of temperature profiles ...’ (ACP 2007) Thomas Gloning ........................................................................... 175 Lehrreiche wissenschaftliche Kontroversen im Internet? Gerd Fritz ..................................................................................... 193 Texttypen in wissenschaftlichen Blogs. Eine exemplarische Analyse am Beispiel des Language Log Gerd Fritz ..................................................................................... 205 „A new idea of how to communicate ideas“. Zur Entwicklung wissenschaftlicher Blogs – ein Interview mit den Gründern des Gruppenblogs The n-Category Café. Mit einer Einführung von Anita Bader John Baez/Urs Schreiber/Bruce Bartlett ...................................... 287 „Die Digitalisierung ist aus meiner Arbeit nicht wegzudenken“. Zur Nutzung digitaler Formate in der Wissenschaft – ein Interview mit Prof. Anatol Stefanowitsch Anatol Stefanowitsch .................................................................... 313 Thomas Gloning Interne Wissenschaftskommunikation im Zeichen der Digitalisierung. Formate, Nutzungsweisen, Dynamik Gliederung* 1. Gegenstand und Ziele ............................................................ 4 2. Interne Wissenschaftskommunikation ................................... 4 3. Digitale Formate und Kommunikationsformen in der internen Wissenschaftskommunikation ................................. 9 4. Formatkonstellationen und ihr Nutzungspotenzial .............. 18 5. Variation und Nutzungsprofile digitaler Formate ............... 20 6. Evolution von Formaten und Dynamik ihrer kommunikativen Nutzung ................................................... 25 7. Begleitende Reflexion kommunikativer Entwicklungen ..... 27 8. Ein Ausblick ........................................................................ 29 Literatur ............................................................................................. 30 * Ich danke Anita Bader, Jurgita Baranauskaite, Iris Bons, Kerstin Engel, Gerd Fritz und Sarah Rögl für Hinweise und Hilfe. – Der VolkswagenStiftung gebührt herzlicher Dank für die Förderung des Projekts „Interactive Science“. 4 Thomas Gloning 1. Gegenstand und Ziele Gegenstand des vorliegenden Beitrags sind Entwicklungen in der internen Wissenschaftskommunikation, der Kommunikation unter WissenschaftlerIn- nen im Unterschied zur (popularisierenden) Vermittlung von Wissenschaft an eine größere Öffentlichkeit (public understanding of science). Leitende Perspektive ist die Frage, wie sich zentrale Formen und Prinzipien der inter- nen Wissenschaftskommunikation mit der Nutzung interaktiver Digital- medien verändert haben und welche kommunikationsanalytischen Grundla- gen für die Beschreibung dieser Entwicklungen nötig sind. Diese Überlegun- gen dienen als Grundlage für die in diesem Band versammelten Einzelstu- dien, sie sollen aber auch Zielsetzungen und erste Ergebnisse des Interactive- Science-Teilprojekts „Wissenschaftliche Information, Kritik und Kontrover- se in digitalen Medien“ präsentieren. Als Grundlage für dieses Programm werde ich im folgenden Abschnitt zu- nächst einige zentrale Aspekte der internen Wissenschaftskommunikation holzschnittartig beschreiben. Sie dienen als Folie für die Veränderungen, die mit der Nutzung von interaktiven Digitalmedien verbunden sind. 2. Interne Wissenschaftskommunikation Der Betrieb der Wissenschaft beruht in wesentlichen Teilen auf unterschied- lichen Formen der sprachlichen Kommunikation.1 Diese These betrifft nicht nur das Kerngeschäft, bei dem es um die Produktion von „Erkenntnis“ geht, sondern ebenso die Aspekte der gesellschaftlichen Organisation von Wissen- schaft und darüber hinaus auch die menschlich-fachliche Grundlage des per- sönlichen Zusammenarbeitens von WissenschaftlerInnen. Man könnte diese drei Bereiche als drei Säulen der internen Wissenschaftskommunikation be- zeichnen. (i) Die zentralen Bestandteile des Kerngeschäftes sind zum einen das Ver- fassen und Publizieren von sprachlichen, neuerdings zunehmend auch mul- 1 Zur Wissenschaftskommunikation und zum Sprachgebrauch in den Wissenschaf- ten in unterschiedlicher Perspektive vgl. beispielhaft: Weinrich 1995; Gross 1990; Gross/Harmon/Reidy 2002; Engelhardt/Caplan 1987; Machamer/Pera/Bal- tas 2000; Danneberg/Niederhauser 1998; Danneberg 1993; Gieryn 1999; zahlrei- che Beiträge in Biagioli 1999; Golinski 1998. Interne Wissenschaftskommunikation im Zeichen der Digitalisierung 5 timodalen Darstellungen von Erkenntnissen, zum anderen die prinzipienge- steuerte Rezeption wissenschaftlicher Darstellungen sowie schließlich ihre öffentliche Kritik und Diskussion. Information, Kritik und Kontroverse sind somit wesentliche Kommunikationsformen im Kernbereich der internen Wissenschaftskommunikation. Für die Erledigung dieser Aufgaben haben sich historisch mehr oder weniger stark verfestigte Arbeitsabläufe und Dar- stellungsformen herausgebildet, z.B. das wissenschaftliche Handbuch, die Monographie, der Zeitschriftenartikel, der kollegiale Vorabkommentar zu einem Manuskript, das Gutachten zu einem Manuskript im Rahmen eines Peer-Review-Verfahrens, die Rezension, die Erwiderung (rejoinder) usw. Die kommunikativen Gepflogenheiten und Spielräume haben sich historisch in enger Abhängigkeit von Medien entwickelt, so dass es sich lohnt, bei der Beurteilung der gegenwärtigen Entwicklungen immer auch Seitenblicke zu werfen auf frühere Stadien einer Kommunikations- und Mediengeschichte der Wissenschaften. (ii) Wissenschaft ist keine Privatsache, sondern eine gesellschaftlich orga- nisierte, öffentlich finanzierte Angelegenheit, die einen hohen Grad an Kol- laboration und Kooperation, an Arbeitsteilung, wechselseitiger Abstimmung, gegenseitiger Information und Wissensaktualisierung, aber auch kompetitive Formen des Streitens um knappe Mittel erfordert. Zu den Kommunikations- formen und Texttypen, welche dieser Funktion dienen, gehören gegenwärtig u.a. Projektanträge bei Drittmittelgebern und die darauf bezogenen kommu- nikativen Praktiken der Begutachtung und der Evaluation. Entsprechende Gegenstücke früherer Zeiten waren z.B. visionäre Briefe mit Geldforderun- gen an Landesherren, wie sie etwa Leibniz zeit seines Lebens geschrieben hat. Auch in diesen Verfahren der Geldbeschaffung spielen Formen der Kri- tik und der Beurteilung eine zentrale Rolle, wobei hier Fragen der Erkenntnis („Ist die Konzeption tragfähig für ein Projekt?“) und Fragen der Ökonomie („Gibt es Möglichkeiten der Einsparung?“) kombiniert sind. Auch Festreden, Danksagungen, Nachrufe und Gedenkschriften, Kon- gressberichte, Institutsgeschichten, Laudationes, Antrittsvorlesungen u.ä. sind auf wichtige Zwecke ausgerichtet: Sie dienen unter anderem der Verfer- tigung, der Zementierung oder auch der Modifikation von wissenschaftlichen Leitbildern, von Arbeitsprogrammen und den Vorstellungen davon, was als „Erfolg“ in einer bestimmten Wissenschaftsdisziplin, was als ein „gelunge- nes“ akademisches Leben gilt. Die Perspektive, dass es in der Wissenschaft nicht nur darum geht, Erkenntnisse zu produzieren, sondern auch darum, Mitspieler in einem sozialen Feld zu sein bzw. zu werden, kommt z.B. im folgenden Zitat aus Epistemic Cultures, einer Arbeit, die dem Ansatz der laboratory studies verpflichtet
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