Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network Synergistic
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
• Glycolysis • Gluconeogenesis • Glycogen Synthesis
Carbohydrate Metabolism! Wichit Suthammarak – Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital – Aug 1st and 4th, 2014! • Glycolysis • Gluconeogenesis • Glycogen synthesis • Glycogenolysis • Pentose phosphate pathway • Metabolism of other hexoses Carbohydrate Digestion! Digestive enzymes! Polysaccharides/complex carbohydrates Salivary glands Amylase Pancreas Oligosaccharides/dextrins Dextrinase Membrane-bound Microvilli Brush border Maltose Sucrose Lactose Maltase Sucrase Lactase ‘Disaccharidase’ 2 glucose 1 glucose 1 glucose 1 fructose 1 galactose Lactose Intolerance! Cause & Pathophysiology! Normal lactose digestion Lactose intolerance Lactose Lactose Lactose Glucose Small Intestine Lactase lactase X Galactose Bacteria 1 glucose Large Fermentation 1 galactose Intestine gases, organic acid, Normal stools osmotically Lactase deficiency! active molecules • Primary lactase deficiency: อาการ! genetic defect, การสราง lactase ลด ลงเมออายมากขน, พบมากทสด! ปวดทอง, ถายเหลว, คลนไสอาเจยนภาย • Secondary lactase deficiency: หลงจากรบประทานอาหารทม lactose acquired/transient เชน small bowel เปนปรมาณมาก เชนนม! injury, gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel disease! Absorption of Hexoses! Site: duodenum! Intestinal lumen Enterocytes Membrane Transporter! Blood SGLT1: sodium-glucose transporter Na+" Na+" •! Presents at the apical membrane ! of enterocytes! SGLT1 Glucose" Glucose" •! Co-transports Na+ and glucose/! Galactose" Galactose" galactose! GLUT2 Fructose" Fructose" GLUT5 GLUT5 •! Transports fructose from the ! intestinal lumen into enterocytes! -
WHO Drug Information Vol 22, No
WHO Drug Information Vol 22, No. 1, 2008 World Health Organization WHO Drug Information Contents Challenges in Biotherapeutics Miglustat: withdrawal by manufacturer 21 Regulatory pathways for biosimilar Voluntary withdrawal of clobutinol cough products 3 syrup 22 Pharmacovigilance Focus Current Topics WHO Programme for International Drug Proposed harmonized requirements: Monitoring: annual meeting 6 licensing vaccines in the Americas 23 Sixteen types of counterfeit artesunate Safety and Efficacy Issues circulating in South-east Asia 24 Eastern Mediterranean Ministers tackle Recall of heparin products extended 10 high medicines prices 24 Contaminated heparin products recalled 10 DacartTM development terminated and LapdapTM recalled 11 ATC/DDD Classification Varenicline and suicide attempts 11 ATC/DDD Classification (temporary) 26 Norelgestromin-ethynil estradiol: infarction ATC/DDD Classification (final) 28 and thromboembolism 12 Emerging cardiovascular concerns with Consultation Document rosiglitazone 12 Disclosure of transdermal patches 13 International Pharmacopoeia Statement on safety of HPV vaccine 13 Cycloserine 30 IVIG: myocardial infarction, stroke and Cycloserine capsules 33 thrombosis 14 Erythropoietins: lower haemoglobin levels 15 Recent Publications, Erythropoietin-stimulating agents 15 Pregabalin: hypersensitivity reactions 16 Information and Events Cefepime: increased mortality? 16 Assessing the quality of herbal medicines: Mycophenolic acid: pregnancy loss and contaminants and residues 36 congenital malformation 17 Launch -
The Effectiveness of Correcting Abnormal Metabolic Profiles
Received: 25 April 2019 Revised: 17 June 2019 Accepted: 19 June 2019 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12139 ORIGINAL ARTICLE The effectiveness of correcting abnormal metabolic profiles Peter Theodore Clayton UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK Abstract Inborn errors of metabolism cause disease because of accumulation of a metabolite Correspondence before the blocked step or deficiency of an essential metabolite downstream of the Peter Clayton, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK. block. Treatments can be directed at reducing the levels of a toxic metabolite or Email: [email protected] correcting a metabolite deficiency. Many disorders have been treated successfully first in a single patient because we can measure the metabolites and adjust treat- Communicating Editor: Sander M. Houten ment to get them as close as possible to the normal range. Examples are drawn from Komrower's description of treatment of homocystinuria and the author's trials 5 of treatment in bile acid synthesis disorders (3β-hydroxy-Δ -C27-steroid dehydro- genase deficiency and Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase deficiency), neurotransmitter amine disorders (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase [AADC] and tyrosine hydroxylase deficiencies), and vitamin B6 disorders (pyridox(am)ine phosphate oxidase deficiency and pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy [ALDH7A1 deficiency]). Sometimes follow-up shows there are milder and more severe forms of the disease and even variable clinical manifestations but by measuring the metabolites we can adjust the treatment to get the metabolites into the normal range. Biochemical mea- surements are not subject to placebo effects and will also show if the disorder is improving spontaneously. -
Structure, Function, and Regulation of Intestinal Lactase-Phlorizin Hydrolase and Sucrase- Isomaltase in Health and Disease
Gastrointestinal Functions, edited by Edgard E. Delvin and Michael J. Lentze. Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series, Pediatric Program, Vol. 46. Nestec Ltd.. Vevey/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia © 2001. Structure, Function, and Regulation of Intestinal Lactase-Phlorizin Hydrolase and Sucrase- Isomaltase in Health and Disease Hassan Y. Nairn Department of Physiological Chemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany Carbohydrates are essential constituents of the mammalian diet. They occur as oligosaccharides, such as starch and cellulose (plant origin), as glycogen (animal origin), and as free disaccharides such as sucrose (plant) and lactose (animal). These carbohydrates are hydrolyzed in the intestinal lumen by specific enzymes to mono- saccharides before transport across the brush border membrane of epithelial cells into the cell interior. The specificity of the enzymes is determined by the chemical structure of the carbohydrates. The monosaccharide components of most of the known carbohydrates are linked to each other in an a orientation. Examples of this type are starch, glycogen, sucrose, and maltose. (3-Glycosidic linkages are minor. Nevertheless, this type of covalent bond is present in one of the major and most essential carbohydrates in mammalian milk, lactose, which constitutes the primary diet source for the newborn. The enzymes implicated in the digestion of carbohydrates in the intestinal lumen are membrane-bound glycoproteins that are expressed at the apical or microvillus membrane of the enterocytes (1-3). In this chapter, the structural and biosynthetic features of the most important disaccharidases, sucrase-isomaltase and lac- tase-phlorizin hydrolase, and the molecular basis of sugar malabsorption (i.e., en- zyme deficiencies) are discussed. -
Express Scripts 2020 National Preferred Formulary List
2020 Express Scripts National Preferred Formulary List The 2020 National Preferred Formulary drug list is shown below. The formulary is the list of drugs included in your prescription plan. Inclusion on the list does not guarantee coverage. The following list is not a complete list of over-the-counter [OTC] products and prescription medical supplies that are on the formulary. The only OTC products and prescription medical supplies that appear on the list are in contracted classes. PLEASE NOTE: Brand-name drugs may move to nonformulary status if a generic version becomes available during the year. Not all the drugs listed are covered by all prescription plans; check your benefit materials for the specific drugs covered and the copayments for your prescription plan. For specific questions about your coverage, please call the phone number printed on your member ID card. KEY For the member: FDA-approved generic medications meet strict standards and [INJ] – Injectable Drug contain the same active ingredients as their corresponding brand-name medications, [OTC] – Over-the-counter Product although they may have a different appearance. [SP] – Specialty Drug For the physician: Please prescribe preferred products and allow generic Brand-name drugs are listed in CAPITAL letters. Example: ABILIFY MAINTENA substitutions when medically appropriate. Generic drugs are listed in lower-case letters. Example: ibuprofen A adenosine [INJ] amabelz anthralin ADVAIR HFA amantadine APLISOL [INJ] abacavir [SP] ADVATE [INJ] [SP] AMBISOME [INJ] APOKYN [INJ] [SP] -
Orphan Drugs Used for Treatment in Pediatric Patients in the Slovak Republic
DOI 10.2478/v10219-012-0001-0 ACTA FACULTATIS PHARMACEUTICAE UNIVERSITATIS COMENIANAE Supplementum VI 2012 ORPHAN DRUGS USED FOR TREATMENT IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC 1Foltánová, T. – 2Konečný, M. – 3Hlavatá, A. –.4Štepánková, K. 5Cisárik, F. 1Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology 2Department of Clinical Genetics, St. Elizabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava 32nd Department of Pediatrics, UniversityChildren'sHospital, Bratislava 4Slovak Cystic Fibrosis Association, Košice 5Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty Hospital, Žilina Due to the enormous success of scientific research in the field of paediatric medicine many once fatal children’s diseases can now be cured. Great progress has also been achieved in the rehabilitation of disabilities. However, there is still a big group of diseases defined as rare, treatment of which has been traditionally neglected by the drug companies mainly due to unprofitability. Since 2000 the treatment of rare diseases has been supported at the European level and in 2007 paediatric legislation was introduced. Both decisions together support treatment of rare diseases in children. In this paper, we shortly characterise the possibilities of rare diseases treatment in children in the Slovak republic and bring the list of orphan medicine products (OMPs) with defined dosing in paediatrics, which were launched in the Slovak market. We also bring a list of OMPs with defined dosing in children, which are not available in the national market. This incentive may help in further formation of the national plan for treating rare diseases as well as improvement in treatment options and availability of rare disease treatment in children in Slovakia. -
Carbohydrate Metabolism
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM By Prof. Dr SOUAD M. ABOAZMA MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY DEP. Digestion of carbohydrate The principle sites of carbohydrate digestion are the mouth and small intestine. The dietary carbohydrate consist of : • polysaccharides : Starch, glycogen and cellulose • Disaccharides : Sucrose and Lactose • Monosaccharides : Mainly glucose and fructose monosaccharides need no digestion prior to absorption, wherease disaccharides and polysaccharides must be hydrolysed to simple sugars before their absorption. DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATE •Salivary amylase partially digests starch and glycogen to dextrin and few maltoses. It acts on cooked starch. •Pancreatic amylase completely digests starch, glycogen, and dextrin with help of 1: 6 splitting enzyme into maltose and few glucose. It acts on cooked and uncooked starch. Amylase enzyme is hydrolytic enzyme responsible for splitting α 1: 4 glycosidic link. •Cellulose is not digested due to absence of β-glucosidase •Maltase, lactase and sucrase are enzymes secreted from intestinal mucosa, which hydrolyses the corresponding disaccharides to produce glucose, fructose, and galactose. •HCl secreted from the stomach can hydrolyse the disaccharides and polysaccharides. ABSORPTION OF MONOSACCHARIDES •Simple absorption (passive diffusion): The absorption depends upon the concentration gradient of sugar between intestinal lumen and intestinal mucosa. This is true for all monosaccharides especially fructose & pentoses. •Facilitative diffusion by Na+-independent glucose transporter system (GLUT5). There are mobile carrier proteins responsible for transport of fructose, glucose, and galactose with their conc. gradient. •Active transport by sodium-dependent glucose transporter system (SGLUT1). In the intestinal cell membrane there is a mobile carrier protein coupled with Na+- K+ pump. The carrier protein has 2 separate sites one for Na+ ,the other for glucose. -
Quantum of Effectiveness Evidence in FDA's Approval of Orphan Drugs
Quantum of Effectiveness Evidence in FDA’s Approval of Orphan Drugs Cataloguing FDA’s Flexibility in Regulating Therapies for Persons with Rare Disorders by Frank J. Sasinowski, M.S., M.P.H., J.D.1 Chairman of the Board National Organization for Rare Disorders One of the key underlying issues facing the development of effective for their intended uses. all drugs, and particularly orphan drugs, is what kind of evi- dence the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires for FDA has for many decades acknowledged that there is a need approval. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic [FD&C] Act IRUÁH[LELOLW\LQDSSO\LQJLWVVWDQGDUGIRUDSSURYDO)RUH[- provides that for FDA to grant approval for a new drug, there ample, one of FDA’s regulations states that: “FDA will ap- must be “substantial evidence” of effectiveness derived from prove an application after it determines that the drug meets the “adequate and well-controlled investigations.” This language, statutory standards for safety and effectiveness… While the which dates from 1962, provides leeway for FDA medical re- statutory standards apply to all drugs, the many kinds of drugs viewers to make judgments as to what constitutes “substantial that are subject to the statutory standards and the wide range HYLGHQFHµRIDGUXJ·VHIIHFWLYHQHVVWKDWLVRILWVEHQHÀWWR RIXVHVIRUWKRVHGUXJVGHPDQGÁH[LELOLW\LQDSSO\LQJWKHVWDQ- patients. GDUGV7KXV)'$LVUHTXLUHGWRH[HUFLVHLWVVFLHQWLÀFMXGJPHQW to determine the kind and quantity of data and information an 7KHVROHODZWKDWDSSOLHVVSHFLÀFDOO\WRRUSKDQGUXJVWKH2U- applicant is required to provide for a particular drug to meet SKDQ'UXJ$FWRISURYLGHGÀQDQFLDOLQFHQWLYHVIRUGUXJ the statutory standards.” 21 C.F.R. § 314.105(c). FRPSDQLHVWRGHYHORSRUSKDQGUXJVZKLFKLVOHJDOO\GHÀQHG as products that treat diseases that affect 200,000 or fewer )'$SXEOLFO\KDVH[SUHVVHGVHQVLWLYLW\WRDSSO\LQJWKLVÁH[- patients in the U.S. -
The Comparison of Commercially Available Β-Galactosidases for Dairy Industry: Review
FOOD SCIENCE DOI:10.22616/rrd.23.2017.032 THE COMPARISON OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE β-GALACTOSIDASES FOR DAIRY INDUSTRY: REVIEW Kristine Zolnere, Inga Ciprovica Latvia University of Agriculture [email protected] Abstract β-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) is one of the widely used enzymes for lactose-free milk production and whey permeate treatment. Enzymes can be obtained from microorganisms, plants and animals. Nowadays, microorganisms are becoming an important source for production of commercially available enzymes, which are of great interest and offer several advantages such as easy handling and high production yield. The aim of this review was to summarize findings of research articles on the application of commercially available β-galactosidase preparates in dairy industry, to analyse and compare the most suitable β-galactosidase commercial preparates for lactose hydrolysis. The results showed that the main factor to choose an appropriate β-galactosidase for lactose hydrolysis was reaction condition. Enzymes from microorganisms contain a wide range of optimal pH from 4.0 (Penicillium simplicissimum and Aspergillus niger) to 8.5 (Bacillus subtilis). The greatest commercial potential have enzymes obtained from fungi (Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger) and yeasts (Kluyveromyces lactis and Kluyveromyces fragilis). Fungal origin enzymes are more suitable for the hydrolysis of lactose in acid whey due to its acidic pH but yeasts origin enzymes for milk and sweet whey. In the study, commercial preparates from different suppliers with the purpose to analyse their lactose hydrolysis potential and give more detailed characteristics of each preparate advantages and drawbacks were also summarized. Key words: β-Galactosidase, lactose hydrolysis, commercial preparates. -
Downloaded from the App Store and Nucleobase, Nucleotide and Nucleic Acid Metabolism 7 Google Play
Hoytema van Konijnenburg et al. Orphanet J Rare Dis (2021) 16:170 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13023-021-01727-2 REVIEW Open Access Treatable inherited metabolic disorders causing intellectual disability: 2021 review and digital app Eva M. M. Hoytema van Konijnenburg1†, Saskia B. Wortmann2,3,4†, Marina J. Koelewijn2, Laura A. Tseng1,4, Roderick Houben6, Sylvia Stöckler‑Ipsiroglu5, Carlos R. Ferreira7 and Clara D. M. van Karnebeek1,2,4,8* Abstract Background: The Treatable ID App was created in 2012 as digital tool to improve early recognition and intervention for treatable inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) presenting with global developmental delay and intellectual disabil‑ ity (collectively ‘treatable IDs’). Our aim is to update the 2012 review on treatable IDs and App to capture the advances made in the identifcation of new IMDs along with increased pathophysiological insights catalyzing therapeutic development and implementation. Methods: Two independent reviewers queried PubMed, OMIM and Orphanet databases to reassess all previously included disorders and therapies and to identify all reports on Treatable IDs published between 2012 and 2021. These were included if listed in the International Classifcation of IMDs (ICIMD) and presenting with ID as a major feature, and if published evidence for a therapeutic intervention improving ID primary and/or secondary outcomes is avail‑ able. Data on clinical symptoms, diagnostic testing, treatment strategies, efects on outcomes, and evidence levels were extracted and evaluated by the reviewers and external experts. The generated knowledge was translated into a diagnostic algorithm and updated version of the App with novel features. Results: Our review identifed 116 treatable IDs (139 genes), of which 44 newly identifed, belonging to 17 ICIMD categories. -
Lucerastat, an Iminosugar with Potential As Substrate Reduction Therapy for Glycolipid Storage Disorders: Safety, Tolerability
Guérard et al. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases (2017) 12:9 DOI 10.1186/s13023-017-0565-9 RESEARCH Open Access Lucerastat, an iminosugar with potential as substrate reduction therapy for glycolipid storage disorders: safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects N. Guérard1*, O. Morand2 and J. Dingemanse1 Abstract Background: Lucerastat, an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase, has the potential to restore the balance between synthesis and degradation of glycosphingolipids in glycolipid storage disorders such as Gaucher disease and Fabry disease. The safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of oral lucerastat were evaluated in two separate randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single- and multiple-ascending dose studies (SAD and MAD, respectively) in healthy male subjects. Methods: In the SAD study, 31 subjects received placebo or a single oral dose of 100, 300, 500, or 1000 mg lucerastat. Eight additional subjects received two doses of 1000 mg lucerastat or placebo separated by 12 h. In the MAD study, 37 subjects received placebo or 200, 500, or 1000 mg b.i.d. lucerastat for 7 consecutive days. Six subjects in the 500 mg cohort received lucerastat in both absence and presence of food. Results: In the SAD study, 15 adverse events (AEs) were reported in ten subjects. Eighteen AEs were reported in 15 subjects in the MAD study, in which the 500 mg dose cohort was repeated because of elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values in 4 subjects, not observed in other dose cohorts. No severe or serious AE was observed. No clinically relevant abnormalities regarding vital signs and 12–lead electrocardiograms were observed. Lucerastat Cmax values were comparable between studies, with geometric mean Cmax 10.5 (95% CI: 7.5, 14.7) and 11.1 (95% CI: 8.7, 14.2) μg/mL in the SAD and MAD study, respectively, after 1000 mg lucerastat b.i.d. -
A Review on Bioconversion of Agro-Industrial Wastes to Industrially Important Enzymes
bioengineering Review A Review on Bioconversion of Agro-Industrial Wastes to Industrially Important Enzymes Rajeev Ravindran 1,2, Shady S. Hassan 1,2 , Gwilym A. Williams 2 and Amit K. Jaiswal 1,* 1 School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Cathal Brugha Street, D01 HV58 Dublin, Ireland; [email protected] (R.R.); [email protected] (S.S.H.) 2 School of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, D08 NF82 Dublin, Ireland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +353-1402-4547 Received: 5 October 2018; Accepted: 26 October 2018; Published: 28 October 2018 Abstract: Agro-industrial waste is highly nutritious in nature and facilitates microbial growth. Most agricultural wastes are lignocellulosic in nature; a large fraction of it is composed of carbohydrates. Agricultural residues can thus be used for the production of various value-added products, such as industrially important enzymes. Agro-industrial wastes, such as sugar cane bagasse, corn cob and rice bran, have been widely investigated via different fermentation strategies for the production of enzymes. Solid-state fermentation holds much potential compared with submerged fermentation methods for the utilization of agro-based wastes for enzyme production. This is because the physical–chemical nature of many lignocellulosic substrates naturally lends itself to solid phase culture, and thereby represents a means to reap the acknowledged potential of this fermentation method. Recent studies have shown that pretreatment technologies can greatly enhance enzyme yields by several fold.