Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Elk Hunting Traits in Jämthunds

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Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Elk Hunting Traits in Jämthunds ESTIMATION OF GENETIC PARAMETERS FOR ELK HUNTING TRAITS IN JÄMTHUNDS Katri Sarviaho Master’s thesis University of Helsinki Department of Agricultural Sciences Animal Science 2019 HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Tiedekunta/Osasto Fakultet/Sektion Faculty Laitos Institution Department Maatalous-metsätieteellinen tiedekunta Maataloustieteiden osasto Tekijä Författare Author Katri Johanna Sarviaho Työn nimi Arbetets titel Title Jämtlanninpystykorvien metsästysominaisuuksien perinnöllinen vaihtelu Oppiaine Läroämne Subject Kotieläintiede Työn laji Arbetets art Level Aika Datum Month and year Sivumäärä Sidoantal Number of pages Maisterintutkielma Marraskuu 2019 75 s. Tiivistelmä Referat Abstract Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena oli arvioida jämtlanninpystykorvien hirvenmetsästysominaisuuksien perinnöllistä vaihtelua. Tarkasteltavia ominaisuuksia oli yhdeksäntoista. Ominaisuuksille arvioitiin periytymisasteet ja toistumiskertoimet sekä geneettisiä ja fenotyyppisiä korrelaatioita. Lisäksi osapopulaatiolle laskettiin sukusiitosaste ja perinnöllinen edistyminen ominaisuuksissa. Aineistona käytettiin Suomen harmaahirvikoirajärjestöltä saatua koeaineistoa virallisista hirvenhaukkukokeista vuosilta 2012-2016. Tuloksia oli yhteensä 46221, joista jämtlanninpystykorvilta 23335 tulosta. Sukupuu saatiin Suomen Kennelliitolta ja se kattoi 31544 jämtlanninpystykorvaa. Kiinteiden tekijöiden merkitsevyys testattiin R-ohjelmalla käyttäen yksisuuntaisen varianssianalyysin F-testiä. Sukupuu karsittiin ja sukusiitosaste estimoitiin RelaX2 1.54-ohjelmistolla. Varianssikomponentit estimoitiin DMU- ohjelmistolla käyttäen AI-REML-menetelmää. Periytymisasteiden arviot olivat matalia ja vaihtelivat 0,00-0,047. Korkein periytymisaste saatiin haulle ja matalin työskentelyn aikaiselle tottelevaisuudelle. Geneettiset korrelaatiot vaihtelivat -0,25-0,98 ja korkeimmat niistä saatiin useimmille haukkuun liittyville ominaisuuksille. Perinnöllinen edistyminen on ollut positiivista kaikissa muissa ominaisuuksissa, paitsi tottelevaisuusominaisuuksissa. Sukusiitosaste oli vuonna 2016 syntyneillä koirilla keskimäärin 7,03 % ja sukusiitosaste on laskenut 0,26 % syntymävuosina 2006-2016. Ominaisuuksiin vaikuttavia selittäviä muuttujia on runsaasti ja koeaineisto perustuu subjektiivisesti arvioituihin tekijöihin. Jalostusarvojen ennustamista mahdollista kehittää keräämällä tietoja koeolosuhteista kokeen aikana ja käyttämällä arvosteluasteikkoa laajemmin ja objektiivisemmin. Jalostusarvoja – tärkeimpien ominaisuuksien osalta on mahdollista käyttää seuraavan sukupolven vanhempien valinnassa. Avainsanat Nyckelord Keywords metsästyskoira, periytymisaste, jämtlanninpystykorva, hirvenmetsästys Säilytyspaikka Förvaringsställe Where deposited Viikin kampuskirjasto Muita tietoja Övriga uppgifter Further information Työtä ohjasi Pekka Uimari HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Tiedekunta/Osasto Fakultet/Sektion Faculty Laitos Institution Department Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Department of Agricultural Sciences Tekijä Författare Author Katri Sarviaho Työn nimi Arbetets titel Title Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Elk Hunting Traits in Jämthunds Oppiaine Läroämne Subject Animal Breeding Työn laji Arbetets art Level Aika Datum Month and year Sivumäärä Sidoantal Number of pages Master’s thesis November 2019 75 p. Tiivistelmä Referat Abstract The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters of elk hunting traits in Jämthunds. There were nineteen traits under consideration. Heritabilities, repeatabilities, and genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for the traits. Also, coefficient of inbreeding and genetic trends were estimated. The data consisted of results from official elk hunting trials collected by Suomen Harmaahirvikoirajärjestö ry in 2012-2016. There were 46 221 results, from which 23 335 of Jämthunds. The pedigree data was provided by The Finnish Kennel Club and it included 31 544 Jämthunds. Significance of the fixed effects was estimated using F-test in analysis of variance with RStudio 1.0.136. The pedigree was pruned with RelaX2 1.54-pedigree analysis programme. Variance components were estimated with DMU-package using AI- REML-approach. The estimated heritabilities were low and varied between 0.00 and 0.047. The highest heritability was obtained for search and the lowest for obedience during work. Genetic correlations varied from -0.25 to 0.98, and the strongest were estimated for most of the bark related traits. The genetic trend has been positive in all traits, except for obedience traits. The coefficient of inbreeding for dogs born in 2016 was approximately 7.03 %, and the coefficient of inbreeding has decreased 0.26 % in the last decade. There are multiple non-genetic factors that affect the traits, and the data is based on subjectively evaluated variables. It is possible to improve genetic evaluation by collecting more information on trial conditions, by using the whole scale of points during the evaluation, and by making more objective evaluations of the traits. The estimated breeding values of the important traits can be used in selection of the parent of the next generation. Avainsanat Nyckelord Keywords hunting dog, heritability, jämthund, elk hunting Säilytyspaikka Förvaringsställe Where deposited Viikki Campus Library Muita tietoja Övriga uppgifter Further information Supervisor Pekka Uimari CONTENTS APPREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ........................................................................... 6 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 7 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 8 2.1 Jämthund .............................................................................................................. 8 2.2 Hunting traits ........................................................................................................ 9 2.3 Elk hunting trials ................................................................................................ 10 2.4 Heritability of hunting traits ............................................................................. 13 2.5 Correlations between hunting traits ................................................................. 16 3 AIM OF THE RESEARCH ...................................................................................... 17 4 MATERIAL AND METHODS ................................................................................. 17 4.1 Trial data ............................................................................................................. 17 4.2 Data editing ......................................................................................................... 18 4.3 Distribution of hunting traits ............................................................................ 18 4.3 Fixed effects and their classification ................................................................. 25 4.4 Random effects and their classification ............................................................ 32 4.6 Linear models ..................................................................................................... 33 5 RESULTS ................................................................................................................... 36 5.1 Fixed effects ......................................................................................................... 36 5.3 Heritabilities and repeatabilities ....................................................................... 43 5.4 Genetic and phenotypic correlations ................................................................ 45 5.5 Inbreeding ........................................................................................................... 48 5.6 Genetic trends ..................................................................................................... 48 6 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................. 52 6.1 Size, structure, and quality of the data ............................................................. 52 6.2 Statistical model and methods ........................................................................... 53 6.3 Fixed and random effects ................................................................................... 54 6.4 Heritabilities ........................................................................................................ 56 6.5 Genetic and phenotypic correlations ................................................................ 58 6.5 Genetic trends ..................................................................................................... 59 6.6 Improving estimation of breeding values ......................................................... 59 7 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................ 60 8 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... 61 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 61 APPENDIX 1: TRIAL RECORD SHEET ................................................................. 65 APPENDIX 2: ESTIMATES OF THE RANDOM EFFECTS ................................. 66 APPENDIX 3: COMPLETE
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