Sanctity of Life

Catholic Church Teaching Jewish Teaching - All life is sacred - All life is sacred - All life is created by God - All life is created by God - Life begins at conception - Life begins at conception - ‘Before I formed you in the womb I knew you…’’ - ‘Before I formed you in the womb I knew you…’’ (Jer 1:5) (Jer 1:5) - ‘… you saw me before I was born.’ - ‘… you saw me before I was born.’ - Humans are made in the image of God - Humans are made in the image and likeness of God – Imago - Pikuach Nefesh – preservation of human life overrules any Dei other religious law or teaching e.g. eating unclean food.

Abortion - Absolutist stance - Life is a gift from God and should be protected

- Abortion is always wrong Agree - However abortion is acceptable for some Jews - God made life so only God - Woman’s choice - Tolerated more within the first 40 days can take life - God gave humans’ freewill - ‘once the head has come forth..’ – this means the - Life begins at conception so - In the case of rape it may be harmful to child may not be harmed after birth (Mishnah abortion is classed as murder the woman Oholot 7:6) - All life is sacred Disagree - Orthodox – wrong unless in serious - Alternatives to abortion – - God alone can take life circumstances e.g the mother’s life is in danger adoption, fostering etc. - Life begins at conception so abortion is - Reform – no absolutist stance, accepted if the - SPUC – anti-abortion murder pregnancy is a result of rape or there is a risk of - Alternatives to abortion disability charity

- Absolutist stance Euthanasia - Life is a gift from God and should be - Euthanasia is always wrong Agree protected – classed as murder - We should all have control over our own lives - ‘One who is in a dying condition is - God made life so only God - God gave humans’ freewill regarded as a living person in all can take life - Humans should have the right to die painlessly respects’ (Talmud, Semachot 1:1) - All life is sacred - Humans should be able to die with dignity - Orthodox - all types of Euthanasia - Alternatives to euthanasia Disagree are wrong as it would be classed as e.g. hospice care - God alone can take life murder - Through suffering we can - Euthanasia is classed as murder - Reform - would not promote grow to know God euthanasia but may allow the removal - Hospices can provide a painless death - Start of a ‘slippery slope’ of medical care keeping someone alive SJHS Catholic Church Teaching The World Jewish Teaching - All creation was created by an omnipotent God - Orthodox – literal understanding of Genesis - Church takes a non-literal approach – reconciles Genesis Creation Story - Reform – non-literal understanding of Genesis, science with scripture accepted alongside science - Accepts the Big Bang Theory but understands that - The creation of the world reflects a good God God is responsible - Thus all he has created is holy so cannot be destroyed - God gave humans dominion over the world - Humans must then look after the world as stewards - This means that humans are stewards of the world.

Blind Evolution Planned Evolution - No need for a designer God. All living things have - The existence of the world and adaptations point simply adapted and evolved over time to a plan and thus a designer God.

Big Bang Theory - Church agrees with the Big Bang Theory - Orthodox – literal understanding of Genesis – - Scientific theory for the - Creation points towards a designer it is the only explanation for creation existence of the world - That designer is God - Reform – non-literal understanding of Genesis, - States that the world was - Creationists – take a literal stance on Genesis accepted alongside science created from a single point

Stewardship - God made humans stewards of the world - God made humans stewards of the world. - Bal Tashchit – do not destroy anything needlessly - They are responsible for the environment Environmental – linked to the non-destruction of trees in war - It is the duty of all Catholics to care for the world Responsibility - Tikkun Olam – to fix the world – responsibility to - Laudato Si (Care for out Common Home) – the - Responsibility of fix as well as not further damage the world world belongs to everyone and we must work humans towards the - Gemilut Hasadim – responsibility to the world and together to repair and prevent further harm world all those in it.

CAFOD ‘Catholics should look after the world’ Discuss this statement. - Catholic Agency for Overseas Development Agree - Works to tackle environmental and social issues - Duty as Catholics - Works in emergencies such as natural disasters - God gave them dominion over the world - Works to tackle inequality e.g. poverty, injustice etc. - It is not just for now but for future generations - Works to promote global citizenship - Looking after the world makes it better for us - Educate across the world to tackle these issues and Disagree get people working together to tackle the global - All humans should have responsibility issues - Life for today and do not worry about the future SJHS - Humanists believe they have responsibility too – H4BW Catholic Church Teaching Jewish Teaching - Humans are made up of the body and soul Death and the - Humans are made up of the body and soul - Body = mortal – ends at death Afterlife - Most Jews believe that when you die, the soul and body - Soul = immortal – lives on after death will separate and join again on the day of judgement

Afterlife hbnjjj - Catholics believe in heaven, hell and purgatory - No one definitive belief in Judaism - Heaven is eternity in the presence of God - Generally there is a belief in Gan Eden, Gehenna and Sheol - Hell is eternity in the absence of God - Gen Eden/ Olam haBa refers to heaven or the world to - Purgatory is a place of cleansing and purification come from sin – Masses are said for the dead to shorten - Gehenna refers to hell their time in purgatory - Sheol has come to mean a place of purification or waiting - Individuals will either go straight to hell or heaven, - Jews believe that they do not need to worry about what is to or to heaven after their soul has been cleansed in come, but that it is up to God. purgatory

Judgement b njjj - Catholics believe in 2 judgements – Individual and - When people are judged by G-d their body and soul are Final reunited. The soul will blame the body for its actions. - At the moment of death all humans are judged on - Judgement will take place after the coming of the Mashiach how they have lived – individual judgement (Messiah). - At the end of time all humans will be raised, body - Many Jews believe that they will be punished or rewarded and soul will be united and all humanity will be after death for the way in which they have lived their lives judged. - Jews believe that the importance of life is the way in which it is lived on earth.

Funerals b njjj - Catholic funerals are split into 5 parts - The Jewish funeral ritual has several stages

1. Reception of the Body – the body is 1. As soon as possible the body is washed and dressed in tachrichim (white

taken into the church shroud). Men are wrapped in the tallith

2. Liturgy of the Word – readings and 2. Body is placed and sealed in a plain wooden coffin – the body is not left

gospel alone until burial

3. Liturgy of the Eucharist – holy 3. Act of Keriah – before burial mourners make a tear in their garments –

communion display of grief

4. Final Commendation – the person is 4. Shiva – after the burial the family return home to sit Shiva. This is a 7

commended into God’s hands, coffin is day period of mourning where a candle is kept burning and mirrors are

blessed with Holy Water covered.

5. Committal – the body is cremated or 5. Kaddish – prayer of mourning which is said 3 times a day for 11 months. SJHS buried with final prayers 6. A tombstone is placed on the grave just before the first anniversary

Catholic Church Teaching Forgiveness Jewish Teaching - We must forgive in order to be forgiven - Forgiveness is important in Judaism and is a duty, or a - Our Father – ‘Forgive us our trespasses as we mitzvah, that Jews should try their best to obey. forgive those who trespass against us.’ - ‘Do not hate your brother in your heart.’ Leviticus 19:17 - Must forgive ‘seventy times seven’ times - Jews place great emphasis on teshuva, or repentance. - Parable of the Prodigal Son tells us about God as a This is when Jews will actively try to make amends for forgiving father the wrongs they have committed. They do this by: - If we do not forgive we cannot expect forgiveness off - reflecting on their wrongs God - seeking forgiveness for their wrongs - Catholics will turn to the Sacrament of - praying Reconciliation to confess their sins. - turning to the Torah for guidance

Atonement h bnjjj Sacrament of Reconciliation Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement)

- Catholics can receive this sacrament as - Yom Kippur is one of the most important days for Jews

often as deemed necessary - These ten days, the Days of Awe, are a period of repentance when Jews ask 1. The individual will confess their sins to God's forgiveness for the previous year's sins. the priest - Some may walk together to a river or the sea and empty their pockets into the 2. The priest will then (acting on behalf of water, symbolically casting out their sins. God) absolve them of their sins - Jews believe that on Yom Kippur, God makes the final decision on what the 3. The individual will carry our their next year will be like for each person. The Book of Life is closed and sealed, and penance to atone for the sins committed. those who have properly repented will be granted a happy new year

Examples of Forgiveness Pope John Paul II - Eva Mozes Kor is a Holocaust - In 1981, whilst in St. Peter’s ‘It is easy to forgive.’ Discuss this statement. survivor. She lost both of her parents,

Square, the Pope was shot at Agree as well as her two older sisters, at the

several times, two shots hit the Pope - You must forgive others to be forgiven Auschwitz concentration camp during

whilst a further two shots hit - If Christ can forgive those who crucified him then the Holocaust. bystanders. we can forgive anything - Both Eva and her twin sister, - Mehmet Ali Ağca, a Turkish - No human is infallible so forgiveness is a necessary Miriam, survived the Holocaust, national, was arrested and part of life despite being subjected to horrifying sentenced to life in prison. During Disagree experiences. his time in prison the Pope visited - Some acts e.g. murder, rape etc. are too serious to - Eva has given many interviews him and in 2000 the Pope requested warrant forgiveness about her terrible ordeal. One of the that Mehmet be pardoned. - Christ was divine and knew what he was to face so things she will often talk about is her - When the Pope visited Mehmet in his forgiveness is different forgiveness of the Nazis. She describes 1983 he asked that the faithful pray - If someone keeps committing the same sin then it her forgiveness as a way of helping SJHSfor my brother... whom I have becomes harder to forgive them her deal with her experiences. sincerely forgiven.. Catholic Church Teaching Peace and Conflict Jewish Teaching - No clear Biblical stance on war and conflict - Jews are generally against the idea of violence and - Generally stated that conflict should be avoided if Pacifist – Someone who war possible is against any type of - ‘Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither - ‘Love your enemies and pray for those who violence and will not shall they learn war anymore.’ (Isaiah 2:4) persecute you.’ (Matthew 5:44) participate in war - They put great emphasis on the sanctity of life and - The Church puts great emphasis on the Sanctity of any conflict goes against that Life and conflict goes against that - ‘A time for war and a time for peace.’ (Ecclesiastes - ‘Defend the rights of the poor and orphans…Rescue Conscientious Objector 3:8) them from the power of evil men.’ (Psalm 82) - refuses to participate in - However in some cases violence and war may seen - However it does recognise that in some military service due to as morally acceptable e.g. in self-defence etc. circumstance, conflict is the only option religious or moral beliefs - If there is war then it should be a Just War - If there is war then it should be a Just War

Just War - The Just War theory was first developed by St Thomas Aquinas. A Just War is a morally acceptable war which

- Conditions on whether war should be waged – jus ad bellum must be fought for justified reasons such as:

- Conditions on how war should be waged – jus in bellum - protection and self-defence Just War – A Aquinas's conditions for a Just War – jus ad bellum - prevention of a greater evil war fought - Must have a just cause - eg against invasion, or for self-defence - and not - good versus evil on certain to acquire wealth or power. religious, - restoring law and order - Must be declared and controlled by a proper authority, eg the state or - where efforts have already been made moral and ruler. to avoid war philosophical - Must be fought to promote good or avoid evil, with the aim of restoring Judaism has traditionally identified two kinds of principles peace and justice after the war is over. wars which can be fought. Later conditions developed by other Christians - jus in bello Milchemet mitzvah - Must be a last resort when all peaceful solutions have been tried and This is a war commanded by God and is similar failed, eg negotiation. to a holy war. This is known as an 'obligatory - Should be fought with 'proportionality', with just enough force to achieve war' and it is therefore compulsory to fight by victory and only against legitimate targets, ie civilians should be order and in honour of God. protected. Milchemet reshut - The good which is achieved by the war must be greater than the evil which A Milchemet reshut is an 'optional war' or a led to the war. 'discretionary war' and may be called a Just War.

‘Violence is always wrong.’ Discuss this statement. Agree Disagree - Jesus taught that we should love our enemies - Violence may only be the answer e.g. Holocaust SJHS- There are alternatives to violence e.g. discussions - Violence should be allowed in the case of self defence - Violence can often harm those who are not involved - Jesus used violence when he threw the lenders out of the temple Catholic Church Teaching Good, Evil and Jewish Teaching - Believe that sin originated with Adam and Eve in the - Believe that sin originated with Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. Suffering Garden of Eden. - Before this evil did not exist in the world - Before this evil did not exist in the world Good – relative - Therefore all of humanity are born with Original Sin - Therefore all of humanity are born with Original Sin term. Generally - This is washed away during the sacrament of - Jews believe that they should accept both good and acts that are not Baptism bad in their lives as they are both God given and evil. - God gives humans freewill, but will punish them for thus have a purpose evil and sinful acts - Many Jews do not believe that Satan is a separate Evil – Acts that - Catholics believe that just as there is a power of being, but rather a tendency within each person cause evil and good (God) there is also a power of evil – Satan - God gives humans freewill, but will punish them for suffering evil and sinful acts

God and Suffering fr Catholic Responses Jewish Responses If God is omnipotent - God has given people free will. It is up to humans - The Tenakh teaches that suffering can be a why doesn’t he stop to decide whether they follow God's instructions. punishment for sins. - God has a plan for all people that they may not suffering? - The Tenakh teaches that suffering can be part of a test

understand that may include evil and suffering but from God of a person’s faith and to see if they will freely

they should trust and have faith in God's plan. If God is follow God’s commandments. Passing the test means - God wants people to follow the example of Jesus omnibenevolent why they will be rewarded in this life or after death. and help those who are suffering. The reasons for does he allow - Jews believe suffering can bring people closer to God. evil and suffering are beyond human suffering? Some Jews believe suffering helps people to empathise understanding. with others and to assist them . - Christians also pray for those who suffer and try to If God is omniscient - Suffering cannot be understood by humans; this help them. why doesn’t he stop particularly relates to the suffering Jewish people - Evil and suffering in this life is a preparation for people committing evil endured during the Holocaust or Shoah. However, Jews Heaven. It gives people a chance to become better act? believe they must do all they can to overcome and people and improve their souls. relieve suffering.

Soul Making Theodicies Jewish responses to the Holocaust Augustine’s soul-deciding theodicy - The Holocaust, often referred to as Shoah, refers to a - Humans are made perfect but due to free will we sin time between 1933 and 1945 where around 6 million - God knew this would happen so he sent his son to atone Jews were killed. Irenaeus’ soul making theodicy - Some Jews believe that suffering, even to this extreme - Humans are made imperfect has a purpose that cannot be understood by humans. - This gives them freewill and the ability to become perfect - Holocaust Memorial Day is a national day which is Hick’s vale of soul making observed every year on 27 January. SJHS- Humans are created imperfect so they can grow to be like God - It is a time for people to remember those who suffered - Through this virtues are developed which is better than being God given and lost their lives during the Holocaust. Crime and Catholic Church Teaching Jewish Teaching - The Catholic Church takes an absolutist stance Punishment - Jews follow the rules laid out in the Noahide Code, when it comes to moral and ethical decisions. which they believe are rules for all humanity. The Code Absolute - actions are either - The natural law theory is an absolutist theory based consists of the 7 laws listed in the Talmud: always right or wrong on the belief that there is a natural order to the - believe and trust in God - prohibition of idolatry world and that natural order has been designed by - respect the sanctity of life - prohibition of murder God. Relative – actions are right or - respect the rights and property of others - prohibition - The Church promotes the role of conscience in wrong depending on the of theft establishing right and wrong actions situation - respect family values - prohibition of sexual immorality - Conscience can be described as the voice of God - respect and praise God - prohibition of blasphemy within each individual. Teleological – concerned with - respect animal rights - prohibition of eating flesh taken - It has to be listened to and used alongside reason to the consequences from an animal while it is still alive make decisions. A conscience must be educated, - responsibility for society - establishment of courts of through prayer, study of scripture and experience Deontological - concerned law with the act itself

- The Church teaches that sin is a part of human nature Crime -bb There jnkjnnjj are strict rules about how Jews should behave, and to go against and that all people have the potential to commit a these rules and commit a crime is a sin against God. Crime – an act crime. - Many Jews believe that if a person breaks one of these rules they should that breaks a - Many crimes treat people unfairly. Punishments ensure be punished by society, just as they will be punished by God. law that justice is done - Many Jews believe that repentance and forgiveness are important and - Catholics do not believe in taking revenge, they believe the concept of repentance is known as teshuva, which literally means that they should forgive the sins of others returning to God.

- Catholics believe in justice and therefore believe that criminals Treatment of - Many Jews believe that criminals should have their human should be treated justly and be given the opportunity to reform. Criminals rights respected. - Many Catholics are concerned about the welfare of prisoners - However, they accept that some criminals are so and may campaign for prison reform, visit prisoners, etc. dangerous, society needs to be protected from them and Prison Reformers - The Paulist Prison Ministries work with prisoners and – aim to improve they need to be in prison. detainees, helping to rehabilitate them into society. the prison system - The welfare prisoners is of key importance and many Jews g may campaign for prison reform, visit prisoners etc

- The death penalty is wrong, as it goes Death Penalty h bjhbjhbjhbhjb- Many Jews believe that the death penalty is acceptable in some against the commandment not to kill. circumstances, but only as a last resort. - As God created life, only God should have Death Penalty - government- - They hold the view that some people are a threat to society and it the ability and power to take it away. sanctioned killing of a human is important to protect others. - Reformation is impossible once a person being as punishment for the - The Torah also states that the death penalty is an acceptable is put to death. crimes that they have punishment for some crimes - if anyone takes the life of a human - Innocent people have been put to death committed. being, he must be put to death. SJHShistorically again. G - Reform Jews believe that the death penalty is completely wrong and goes against the important commandment thou shall not kill. Jewish Teaching - Reciting the Shema is an obligation for Jews and must be recited - Monotheism – Jews believe that there is only one God. The God and morning and evening. Shema is an important Jewish prayer which declares the Worship - God will not be represented in any art form and you will not see images Jewish belief that there is only one God or statues of God in any synagogues or Jewish places of worship - Omnipotent - God is all-powerful. Mitzvah/ - For many Jews, God’s name is holy and sacred so care must be taken - Omnibenevolent - God is all-good/all-loving. Mitzvot - when using it – it may be written as G-d - Omnipresent - God is present everywhere. commandment - Kippah - is a small cap worn by Jewish males as a sign of Jewish - Creator – God is the creator of the world and everything in identity. Some people believe that it is respectful to God if you cover it your head. This is where the tradition of wearing a kippah came from. - Transcendent - God is 'outside the world'. God is not active - Orthodox Jews – may wear the kippah at all times in human affairs. - Reform and Liberal Jews – usually only wear in the synagogue - Eternal - he has always existed and always will do and during worship, including some women - Merciful - God will not always punish people who do - Tallith – is the Jewish prayer shawl that has 613 fringes (tzitzit) wrong, Jews believe that God is forgiving reminding them of the 613 commandments. Men would wear it at: - Judge - They believe that God will punish or reward people - at morning prayer services depending on how they acted during their time on Earth - at festivals - on the Sabbath Home Worship at Home Kashrut Place of worship - Shabbat is the most important day - Refers to the laws surrounding food. Jews will perform some form of of worship in the home. Benefits of Shabbat - Kosher means fit, and is the label used for all worship in the home, such as Celebrated on the seventh day of - Provides family time foods that Jews are permitted to eat e.g. reciting the Shema when they every week from sunset on Friday - Gives a break from - all fruit wake. to sunset on Saturday the modern world - all vegetables Jewish identity - Observes the commandment to - Provides time to - animals with split hooves that chew Having items such as the remember the Sabbath day by focus on their faith the cud mezuzah on the door frames keeping it holy - The are keeping two - Animals will only be considered kosher if they and the menorah in the window - During the lead up to Shabbat, of the mitzvot have been slaughtered in a certain way during Hanukkah provides Jewish families will prepare many - Celebrating the first (shechitah) - a way that causes the least Jews with a sense of identity in jobs in advance, as there are many passover amount of pain to the animal. their home. things which Jews are prohibited Challenges of Shabbat - Treif describes foods that are forbidden for Celebrations at home from doing during this time. (Avot - Can start early in Jews e.g fish without fins or scales Jews will also observe many melakhah) e.g. cooking, cleaning, the winter so may - Jews are forbidden to eat meat and dairy celebrations and traditions in driving etc. mean leaving work products together – some Jewish kitchens will their home such as Shabbat, - During Shabbat Jews will have a early on a Friday have a separate are where meat and dairy which takes place from sunset family meal, which traditionally - A lot of preparation products are prepared. This means that on a Friday to sunset on a includes two braided loaves of is required which is dishes such as meat lasagne or Saturday each week. Many of bread known as challah. time consuming cheeseburgers cannot be eaten. However, the traditions of Shabbat take - They will spend a lot of time as a - Some restrictions many Jews will also leave a time gap of at place in the home, such as the family away from technology such can be problematic – least three hours between eating meat and woman of the house lighting as the television and mobile e.g. not driving may dairy, candles, the family meal and phones. mean some cannot - Parev - means neutral, and refers to foods SJHSthe reciting of the Kiddush - They will pray, study the Torah get to a synagogue that are neither meat nor dairy e.g. vegetables prayer. and visit the synagogue. Worship at the Synagogue The Synagogue Different traditions - Aron Hakodesh (the ark) - the most important place inside all synagogues. Where Orthodox the Torah scroll is kept. - Largest branch of Judaism in the UK - Ner Tamid - situated at the front of the - Will take the Torah literally so no room for synagogue above the ark. Continuously kept interpretation burning and means eternal light. - Very traditional Jews - The Bimah - the raised platform found in the - Services will be held in Hebrew synagogue where the Torah is read and - Many will attend the synagogue daily for prayers where some services are delivered. The Rabbi - Male only Rabbis will use a yad when reading the Torah., a pointer used to minimise the touching of the Reform Torah. - Will maintain the Jewish beliefs and customs - The Ten Commandments - the ten rules that - But will believe that the laws need to be God gave Moses on Mount Sinai and provide assimilated with modern life the foundations for Jewish laws. Read aloud - The laws of the Torah suited the time, and some in the synagogue three times a year, as well Synagogue as central to may not be suitable now as during the festival of Shavuot. Jewish Life - Will accept scientific theories - Synagogue differences - A social place for religious - Male and female Rabbis - Orthodox – men and women sit and non religious separately celebrations Liberal - Reform and Liberal – men and women - Usually be a programme of - Similar to Reform sit together events - More radical approach to the laws – may not keep - Orthodox – Men only can be Rabbis - Also acts as a welfare any of them including the dietary laws etc. - Reform and Liberal – Men and women agency focusing on charity - Male and female Rabbis can be Rabbis Possible Questions Describe the importance of the synagogue/home (5) Celebration at the Synagogue Explain how Jews show their faith (8) - Many festivals and rites of passage are Describe the feature of the synagogue (5) celebrated at the synagogue ‘Celebrating Shabbat is difficult in a modern society.’ Discuss this statement. (15) - Bar/Bat Mitzvahs, weddings etc. are all ‘The commandments are not relevant today’ Discuss this statement. (15) celebrated there ‘Jews should attend the synagogue to worship’ Discuss this statement. (15) Explain the differences between the Jewish traditions (8) Study at the Synagogue Explain why it is important for Jews to keep a kosher kitchen. (8) - The synagogue is a place for study for Jews Explain Jewish beliefs about God. (8) - They will study the Hebrew and the Torah Describe the Jewish traditional clothing. (5) SJHS- Many synagogues will have libraries so that ‘Jews are responsible for the world’ Discuss this statement (15) Jews can study as and when they want. Describe Jewish responses to the Holocaust. (5) Catholic Church Teaching God and There are two main types of worship: - Monotheism - Christians believe that there is only one God. Trinity - Worship - Public worship – this is when there is more Catholics believe that there are three distinct parts (usually referred than one person praying together such as in to as Persons) to this one God and that these three aspects form a Private Mass unity. This belief is called the doctrine of the Trinity: worship – - Catholics receive the Eucharist which - God the Father - the creator and sustainer of all things. individual the Catechism describes as the ‘source Creator ex nihilo – created out of nothing. God is also classed worship and summit of Christian life’ and viewed as a loving father; he cares and loves humanity as - Private worship – this is just the individual, a father loves his son. This is shown in the Parable of the Public eg meditation Prodigal Son worship – - “But when you pray, go into your room, - God the Son - the incarnation of God as a human being, Jesus more than close the door and pray to your Father Christ, on Earth. Jesus Christ was both fully divine and fully one, as a who is unseen. Then your Father, who human community sees what is done in secret will reward - God the Holy Spirit - the aspect of God which is active in the you.” world, drawing people towards God. It is often depicted as - For Catholics, the greatest form of worship is wind, fire or in the form of a dove. the Mass - Augustine wrote De Trinitate to explain the Holy Trinity . He used - Mass as a sacrament - the Eucharist is the idea of love to explain the trinity and its three parts; the person received within each Mass. that loves, the person who is loved and the act of love itself. - Mass as a sacrifice - the sacrifice of Christ on - Holy - God is 'other', different from anything else - separate and the cross is made present and true each time sacred. the Eucharist is celebrated. Transubstantiation – - Transubstantiation and Real Presence - - Omnipotent - God is all-powerful. the bread and wine During the consecration of bread and wine, - Omniscient - God is all-knowing, of past, present and future. become the body and Catholics believe that the bread and wine - Omnibenevolent - God is all-good/all-loving. blood of Christ - Omnipresent - God is present everywhere. become the body and blood of Christ through - Immanent - God is active and 'in the world' today. transubstantiation. This means that Jesus - Transcendent - God is 'outside the world'. God is not active in human Christ is truly present in the consecrated affairs. bread and wine, known as the real presence.

Beliefs about the Mass Rite of Mass Transubstantiation – through consecration the bread and wine become 1. Introductory Rites – includes the Opening Prayer, the body and blood of Christ Penitential Rite and the Gloria Real Presence – Jesus is truly present in the form of bread and wine 2. Liturgy of the Word – includes the Readings, Gospel, Sacrifice – Each time the Mass is celebrated, Jesus sacrifice is made Homily and Prayers of the Faithful new 3. Liturgy of the Eucharist – includes the Eucharist Prayer, Sacrament – The Mass is a sacrament, through which we receive grace the Our Father and Holy Communion from God SJHS4. Concluding Rites – includes the Concluding Prayer and ‘Source and Summit of Christian life-’ – the Catechism describes the Dismissal Eucharist as the centre of Christian life Jesus’ life Jesus’ Birth Jesus’ Crucifixion - Angel Gabriel announced to Mary that she would have a son - Judas betrayed Jesus to the Jewish authorities - Mary was specifically chosen, as she was the Immaculate - He was arrested at the Garden of Gethsemane Conception. - He was tried by the Sanhedrin who found him guilty of - Mary and Joseph had to travel to Bethlehem, as a census had blasphemy been called - He was then tried by the Roman Governor, Pontius Pilate - Mary gave birth to the Son of God in a stable. - The crowd chose to release Barabbas instead of Jesus - The Magi come to visit the new baby and bring him gifts of - Jesus was given his cross to carry and a crown of thorns gold, frankincense and myrrh after following a star - He was crucified at Golgotha between two criminals - The shepherds come to worship and praise the new-born child - At noon the sky went dark and three hours later Jesus cried out ‘Eloi, Eloi lema sabachthani’ and then he died. Jesus’ Birth - Importance - The earth shook and the veil in the temple tore in two. - Incarnation of God – God made flesh in the person of Christ - Jesus was born of a virgin which fulfils the prophecy Jesus’ Crucifixion - Importance - Display of God’s omnipotence - Fulfilled the prophecy – ‘not one bone shall be broken’ - Humble birth shows the humble life Jesus would live - Jesus’ death atoned for the sins of humanity - His death proved that Jesus was fully human

Jesus’ Resurrection - On the Sunday, Mary and some of the women went to the tomb to anoint the body of Christ - When the got there the stone was rolled away and the tomb was Jesus’ Ascension empty - After Jesus’ resurrection he spent time with the apostles and - Two angels appeared and told them that he was not there – ‘He told them that God would send down the Holy Spirit to them is risen.’ just as he had promised. - The women went to tell the apostles who did not believe them. - He led them out to Bethany, outside of the city and blessed - Peter ran to the tomb and found it empty them. - Jesus appeared several times to his apostles and followers - He was then taken up in a cloud into Heaven. Two men then appeared clothed in white robes and asked why they were watching the heavens. They said “Jesus has been taken from Jesus’ Resurrection - Importance you into heaven, but someday he will return from heaven in the - Proof that Jesus was the Son of God same way you saw him go!” (Acts1:11) - Proof of his divinity - Fulfilled the prophecy – ‘the temple shall be rebuilt in three SJHSdays’ Jesus’ Ascension - Importance - Offers proof of an afterlife - Proof of Jesus’ divinity Jesus’ teachings Inter-faith dialogue

Life after Death Inter-faith Council of Wales - Jesus taught about Life after Death throughout the gospels Interfaith - Set up in 2003 The Parable of the Sheep and Goats dialogue - - A place for faith and issues to be discussed - At the end of time just as a shepherd separates the sheep from the communication, - Aims to build relationships between different goats, so will humanity be separated dialogue and religious groups and denominations as well - The good will rewarded with life in heaven and the bad will be sent cooperation as raise awareness and educate about to hell. We are judged on how we have lived. between different different faiths and cultures. faiths and - Supported by CYTUN, an ecumenical body Wealth religious groups. that works to unite Christian denominations - Parable of the Rich Man and Lazarus - Rich Man did nothing to help Lazarus when they were alive Interreligious advisers Christian-Muslim Forum - They both died – Rich Man went to Hell and Lazarus to Heaven to the Catholic Bishops' - Aims to build and develop relationships - The Rich Man asked Abraham for some water – he refused as the Conference between Muslims and Christians Rich Man had not helped Lazarus in life - The Catholic Bishops' - Basis and aim of the forum is to build a - He then asked if he could warn his brothers and again Abraham Conference of England better society, and together Muslims refused. He told him that they has the prophets to listen to and Wales has and Christians can benefit the - Meaning – that its what you do with the money that counts advisers from a range communities we live in today. - ‘It is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for of religions and - Responds to needs in the community a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven.’ beliefs. There are 3 and helps those who find themselves in - Riches on earth are nothing compared to the riches in heaven – branches: need riches on earth are simply temporary - the Committee for - Through education and dialogue the Christian Unity Council aims to prevent prejudice and Love - the Committee for discrimination. - Jesus taught about Agape love – unconditional love Catholic/Jewish - Parable of the Good Samaritan teaches about love of neighbour, relations Council of Christians and Jews stranger and enemy - the Office of Relations - Established in 1942 - The priest and the Levite walked passed the man who was beaten with Other Religions - The council has three main aims: and the Samaritan was the one who helped - Recognise and - Education - At the Last Supper, Jesus washed his apostles feet and gave them acknowledge that - social action the commandment to ‘love one another’ through dialogue with - Dialogue other faiths and - It provides education on issues such traditions they may Forgiveness as anti-semitism and the Holocaust. - In the Parable of the Unforgiving Servant Jesus teaches to forgive find God, and that in - Social action is the newest initiative modern times more ‘not seven’ but ‘seventy time seven’ the Council has. The three most - In order to be forgiven we need to forgive others than ever, dialogue is recent issues are to: - This is shown in the Our Father – ‘forgive us our trespasses as we essential. To - stop the persecution of Christians in understand another forgive those who trespass against us’ the Middle East SJHS- Catholics receive the sacrament of reconciliation to ask for faith opens the road to - tackle human trafficking dialogue. forgiveness of sins - tackle anti-semitism Local, Diocesan and Global Church Role of the Church Mission of the Church Local church Evangelisation – educate and Evangelisation - The local church is the responsibility of the convert others to the faith - The Catholic Church’s mission is to carry out parish priest and he may sometimes be helped and continue the work of Jesus Christ on Earth. by other people in the community. The priest - Pope Francis ‘..we cannot forget that Catholic social teaching - will be responsible for: evangelization is first and foremost about concerned with global social - celebrating Mass and the sacraments preaching the Gospel to those who do not know issues - visiting the sick Jesus Christ or who have always rejected him.’ - working with those in the parish Evangelii Gaudium Catholic Social Teaching Diocese - The Church, and those in it, must: - Gaudium et Spes outlines the - A diocese is a group of parishes in a - share the Word of God responsibility of the Church geographical area that is overseen by a bishop. - help those in need towards social issues The bishop is responsible for: - live as examples to all - ‘Since all men…are created in - Administration of the diocese - This is the same as the apostles did after God's likeness, …the basic - Allocating priests Pentecost equality of all must receive - Administering certain sacraments Missio increasingly greater Worldwide church - Missio was established in 1922 to tackle the recognition.’ (29) - The worldwide church is overseen by the Pope, issue of poverty and inequality in the world. - The Church focuses on issues, who has ultimate responsibility for the Catholic Missio encourages Catholics to: such as: Church on Earth. The Church includes all - get involved in evangelisatio - poverty Catholics including the laity, priests and - raise money - hunger bishops. The worldwide church is responsible - help people in need - conflict for: - Missio aims to tackle poverty though education - workers’ rights - developing teachings and guidance and financial support. The most recognisable - climate change - setting an example of faith symbol of Missio is the red charity boxes that - discrimination etc - overseeing the mission of the Church many Catholics will have at home.

Social Role CAFOD SVP CARJ - Both local and global role - Catholic Agency for - Society of St Vincent de Paul - Catholic Association - Being Catholic is not just about the Overseas Development. - First established in 1833 in Paris for Racial Justice Mass, but ‘living the Mass’ in everyday - Established in 1962 - In 1844 the first group in the UK - Established in 1984 life - Member of Caritas was set up. - Works to support - Based on ‘...whenever you did this for International - Bases its work on the life of St and empower black one of the least important of these - Works across the world Vincent de Paul who brought aid and and minority members of my family, you did it for - long-term - to educate help to those who asked and needed ethnicities me.’ and train individuals it - Works to improve - Charity works and communities - Aims to help those who are alone dialogue, raise - Fight injustice - short-term - in times of and struggling in society with a awareness and fight - Bible support groups natural disasters and focus on poverty. SJHS- Community events injustice conflict - Most of their work in done in private - Preparation for the sacraments When does life begin? Nature of Humanity - All human life begins at the moment of Original Sin conception, and from that point has potential. - Catholics believe that all humans are born with original sin as a result of - This means Catholics believe that all life is the fall of Adam and Eve. sacred from the moment of conception. - All humans are born with the urge to sin and disobey God. - This is known as the sanctity of life. - Pope Paul VI - through Christ’s death on the cross, all are redeemed from original sin. Nature of Humanity - Original sin can be removed and cleansed through baptism. This is why the Body and Soul majority of Catholics are baptised as infants. - Catholics believe that a human is made of a body and soul - The body is physical and mortal Human’s as essentially good - The soul is spiritual and immortal - Thomas Aquinas was a Catholic priest, philosopher and theologian who - The soul is unique to humans lived from c.1225-1274 Moral - Aquinas believed that human nature is essentially good, and that all - Humans have a duty to act and live moral lives. humans are oriented towards perfection and good acts - This refers to the idea of having a sense of right and - Humans do not have a natural tendency to commit evil or sinful acts. wrong. - Instead, any wrong or sinful acts that may be carried out are due to - Only humans have these morals, and is what separates mistaking a wrong act for a right act. people from other creatures. - When the wrong act is chosen it is due to a fault in the reasoning of the Freewill individual. - The ability to choose between different possible courses of - Just because an action may seem like the right one doesn’t necessarily action. mean that it is. - All humans have free will and this free will is God-given - Any action that jeopardises humans' relationship with God is a wrong - Without free will, humans could not be described as moral action. beings Rational - Humans can use their ability to reason and make Persecution of Christians - Recently there has been a rise in the persecution of Christians across the decisions. - Humans have the ability to think and weigh up actions globe. That number is still on the rise. - Christians are persecuted for their religious beliefs and are prevented from and consequences, using their conscience and experience to guide them. practising them in a number of areas including Asia, Africa and the Middle Creative East – often where Islamic extremism is an issue - Christ talked about persecution and the issues that disciples of his may - One of the main purposes of humans is to be creative - ‘Be fruitful and multiply’ and populate the Earth. face. - ‘Everyone will hate you because of me. But whoever holds out to the end will Fallen - The term fallen is related to original sin, which is the idea be saved.’ (Matthew 10:22) that all humans are born with a tendency to sin - Although Christ warns of the persecution that his disciples will face, he also promises them the rewards they will receive at the end of time. - When Adam and Eve sinned in the Garden of Eden they brought sin into the world and in doing so separated SJHShumans from God. Ethical Theories Divine Command Theory Virtue Ethics - An absolutist theory Situation Ethics - Based on the morality of the individual making - Deontological - Relative approach decisions rather than the act or outcome. - The divine command theory - Teleological - Virtue ethics is concerned with the whole person defines an act or action as good - As each situation is different, the outcome and how they live rather than one act. or bad depending on whether it therefore will be too. - A virtuous person will seek to do the right thing and supports God’s commands or - This approach allows the individual to focus right action at all times. not. on all the factors involved and weigh them - Rather than an act being judged, the individual is - Any act that goes against what up. judged on how they live and a good act can only be God has commanded is classed - Situation ethics states that there are no classed as good if a virtuous person would carry out as wrong, no matter the moral laws or rules and that the context is that act. situation or circumstance. important. - Four Cardinal virtues: prudence, fortitude, Positives - The general rule of this approach is that the temperance and justice. -There is no ‘grey’ area when it correct action should be the most loving - These were later added to by the theological virtues comes to decision making action. of faith, hope and charity which can be traced back -There are set guidelines and Positives to St Paul. rules to follow -Individuals have control over their own lives - For an individual to be virtuous then these basic -Emotions will not cloud and decision making virtues need be adopted. judgements -Each situation is different so deserves a Positives Negatives consideration -Focuses on an individual’s life rather than just one -Situations are all different so Negatives action need a different response -Each person’s definition of love is different so -It focus’ on what it means to be a good human - To be moral beings then cannot ensure the most loving action is always Negatives humans should make their own carried out -There is no clear advice in what to do in each decisions and not simply follow -Individuals can justify any action situation instructions -There is no clear guidance for any situation -Virtues can be relative to the culture/society

Possible Questions Describe Catholic beliefs about God (5) Explain Catholic beliefs about the Mass (8) ‘God is all loving’ Discuss this statement. (15) ‘Jesus’ teachings are still relevant today’ Discuss this statement. (15) Explain Catholic belief in the nature of humanity (8) Describe the role of the Catholic Church (5) Explain beliefs about the Holy Trinity (8) Explain how Catholics fight for social justice (8) Describe the birth of Jesus (5) Explain why inter-faith dialogue is important (8) Explain the importance of Jesus’ resurrection (8) ‘If evil exists, God cannot exist’ Discuss this statement. (15) Explain Jesus’ teaching on wealth (8) Describe the work of CAFOD (5) Describe Jesus’ teaching on love (5) Describe a Catholic funeral (5) ‘There is no life after death’ Discuss this statement. (15) Explain virtue ethics (8) ‘It is easy to love others’ Discuss this statement. (15) ‘Catholics should always follow they conscience’ Discuss this statement. (15) Describe how Catholics worship God. (5) Explain the Just War Theory’ Discuss this statement. (15) SJHS‘You do not have to be religious to be good’ Discuss this statement. (15) Describe the Church’s teaching on euthanasia (5) ‘The Big Bang disproves the existence of God’ Discuss this statement. (15) Describe the ascension of Christ (5) Humanism and Humanism Creation - A Humanist will reject the idea or belief in a non- religious - Humanists will agree with the scientific Big Bang supernatural being such as God, therefore Theory for the existence of the world classing themselves as agnostic or atheist. - They will support blind evolution which states that - They will have no belief in an afterlife and there is no designer, but rather living things adapt thus focus on seeking happiness in this life. to the world - They will rely on science for the answers to - They will feel responsible for the world questions such as creation and will base - Humanists for a Better World (H4BW) work to their moral and ethical decision making on tackle environmental, social and global issues Blind Evolution reason, empathy and compassion for - The British Humanist Society has 7 statements on - No need for a designer God. others. their responsibility towards the environment: - The British Humanist Society works on All living things have simply - accept responsibility to maintain a behalf of non-religious people who seek to adapted and evolved over time sustainable environment for future live ethical lives on the basis of reason and generations humanity. Planned Evolution - understand the place of humans within - The existence of the world and nature adaptations point to a plan - understand our responsibilities for other Funerals and thus a designer God. species Humanist funerals can be tailored and - ensure that development can be justified changed to suit. Anybody can have a Possible Questions - preserve balance and diversity in nature humanist funeral and they can be held in a 1. ‘The world is ours to use as we wherever possible wide range of places. want’ Discuss this statement (15) - preserve areas of natural beauty and A humanist service will focus on the life that 2. Explain the theory of evolution interest for future generations has been lived rather than the possibility of an (8) - repair, where possible, habitats damaged by afterlife human development and other means. A typical ceremony is outlined below. 3. Explain how a humanist - Introductory music funeral reflects their beliefs (8) 4. ‘War is always wrong’ Discuss - Words of welcome Evolution - Thoughts on life and death from a non- this statement. (15) - Put forward by Charles Darwin religious perspective 5. Explain Jewish responses to - Based on years of travelling and observing the - The tribute – an outline of the life and Holocaust (8) natural world around him. personality of the person who has died 6. Describe the work of Catholic - He observed that animals that were more suited to - Readings of poetry and prose hospices (5) their environment lived longer and had more - Reflection – a few moments for private 7. Describe Catholic belief on young. thoughts about the person who has died, salvation and atonement (5) - He stated that evolution occurred to a process he either in silence or accompanied by music 8. ‘Evolution is compatible with called ‘Natural Selection.’ - The committal – when the curtains are faith’ Discuss this statement. (15) - He could still see the evidence of a creator. closed or coffin lowered 9. Describe the purpose of - ‘Origin of the Species’ - further developed theory - Closing words – including thanks on your punishment (5) based on ‘survival of the fittest’ SJHSbehalf 10. Describe Maimonides - This had developed from the original idea and now - Final music principles (5) had no place for a creator.