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BirdLife Conservation Series No. 7 ENDEMIC BIRD AREAS OF THE WORLD Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation Alison J. Stattersfield, Michael J. Crosby, Adrian J. Long and David C. Wege Maps by Andrew P. Rayner Dedication Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation is dedicated to Robert B. Wallace – in recognition of his vision of, commitment to and support for BirdLife International’s Biodiversity Programme. © 1998 BirdLife International Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge CB3 0NA, UK tel. +44-(0)1223-277318 fax +44-(0)1223-277200 email [email protected] BirdLife International is a UK registered charity All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the permission of the publisher. ISBN 0 946888 33 7 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Series editor Duncan Brooks Design Duncan Brooks and CBA (Cambridge) Layout, text preparation and graphics Duncan Brooks, Regina Pfaff, Michelle Berry Cover (design and graphics) Andrew Rayner Text set in Times (9/11 pt) and Optima Printed on 90 gsm Sequel Satin, made from sustainable forest by a totally chlorine-free process Imageset, printed and bound in Great Britain by The Burlington Press (Cambridge) Ltd. The publication of this book has been generously supported by the Government of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Directoraat Generaal Internationale Samenwerking (DGIS) and by the following members of BirdLife International’s Rare Bird Club Mario Albek André C. A. van Gils HRH Prince Bernhard of Mrs Hortense Anda-Bührle Tom Gullick the Netherlands André Baar Dr Cynthia O. Harris HRH Princess Juliana of Barlow Rand Limited Juan de Herrera, Marqués de the Netherlands Jacques Bemberg Viesca de la Sierra Gerard J. M. Nieuwe Weme Mrs James Bond Mr & Mrs André Hoffmann Jacques Ormond Henk Brusse Luc Hoffmann Jaime Ortiz-Patiño Club 300 M. F. Keeley Drs G. G. W. M. Peters Mrs J. M. Relly Henry Coebergh A. P. Leventis Mr & Mrs H. K. Leventis The Dr Mortimer and Bruce Coleman Theresa Sackler W. Baron van Dedem HRH the Grand Duke of Luxembourg Foundation Stephen D. Eccles Will Marx HSH Prince Sadruddin Edinburgh Trust Mrs Vera Michalski- Aga Khan Mr & Mrs John Flemer Hoffmann Dr Peter Wallenberg J. E. Francis Christopher B. Mitchell Alan N. Weeden Fritz Gerber R. E. van Zuylen Specially bound copies of Endemic Bird Areas of the World have been presented to His Royal Highness Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, Honorary President of the Rare Bird Club, and to Her Majesty Queen Noor of Jordan, Honorary President of BirdLife International This book is an output from the BirdLife International Biodiversity Programme, which has been generously supported by Conservation, Food and Health Foundation The Education Foundation of America The IBM Corporation The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation The Pew Charitable Trust Wallace Genetic Foundation, Inc. The World Bank BirdLife International is grateful to the following individuals who also supported this programme Mr and Mrs Howard P. Brokaw, James Cadbury, Mrs Jean W. Douglas, Wallace C. Dayton, John Hunting, Mrs Bremner H. Jackson, Stephen C. Rockefeller, Mr and Mrs Roger Sant, Robert B. Wallace, Thomas J. Watson, Jr. CONTENTS 5 Foreword 6 Acknowledgements 10 Summary 13 BIODIVERSITY AND PRIORITY-SETTING 19 IDENTIFYING ENDEMIC BIRD AREAS 27 GLOBAL ANALYSES 39 THE PRIORITIZATION OF ENDEMIC BIRD AREAS 45 THE CONSERVATION RELEVANCE OF ENDEMIC BIRD AREAS 53 ENDEMIC BIRD AREAS AS TARGETS FOR CONSERVATION ACTION 57 REGIONAL INTRODUCTIONS ENDEMIC BIRD AREAS 94 Interpretation of a sample EBA account 96 NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA 400 CONTINENTAL ASIA 168 SOUTH AMERICA 462 SOUTH-EAST ASIAN ISLANDS, 300 AFRICA, EUROPE AND NEW GUINEA AND AUSTRALIA THE MIDDLE EAST 576 PACIFIC ISLANDS 653 SECONDARY AREAS Appendices 679 1: Restricted-range bird species listed by family 725 2: EBAs and restricted-range bird species listed by country 779 3: Unique EBA codes of the previous analysis 781 4: Changes in the EBA analysis, 1992–1997 784 5: Publications which have used information from BirdLife’s Biodiversity Project 785 References 816 Index of restricted-range species FOREWORD by Her Majesty Queen Noor of Jordan Honorary President of BirdLife International LANNING for the wise use of natural the world, is funded by an innovative colla- resources is an investment with per- boration between the Dutch Government Ppetual rewards. To do this, we need to (Directoraat-Generaal voor Internationale know how biodiversity is distributed and what Samenwerking) and members of BirdLife the priorities are for its conservation. Our International’s Rare Bird Club. It shows what knowledge of birds and the popular enthusiasm can be achieved when the commitment of a for their survival is a most powerful combina- government and the enthusiasm of individu- tion. In a previous publication, the award- als are combined with the common goal of winning Putting biodiversity on the map, focusing world attention on some of the most BirdLife mapped concentrations of birds with threatened birds and the fragile habitats on small ranges—many of them threatened with which they depend. The result is a unique, extinction. This new book follows this ap- effective and valuable contribution to bio- proach through with an abundance of support- diversity conservation. ing detail and demonstrates clearly the value I hope and believe that this book will unite of birds as indicators of places which are grass-roots support and environmental deci- important for biodiversity conservation overall. sion-makers and so help meet one of the The publication of this up-to-date material, greatest challenges facing mankind: the con- and the advocacy programme which will de- servation and sustainable development of our liver its message to decision-makers around biological natural resources. Endemic Bird Areas of the World ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS HIS BOOK is the culmination of 10 years of establish our mapping and database protocols at a time work at BirdLife International’s Secretariat, but when the software was decidedly unfriendly. Other key Thas only been possible through the guidance and players include Martin Jenkins (World Conservation support of BirdLife’s Partner organizations and world- Monitoring Centre, UK) who took the lead in writing wide network of contacts. We have relied on the firsthand three of the introductory chapters and whose insight into experience of hundreds of ornithologists and conserva- overall biodiversity conservation has helped us to tionists who during the evolution of the project have, in broaden our bird perspective, and Andrew Balmford many cases, been asked for information and clarifica- (University of Sheffield, UK), Tom Brooks (University tion several times. We very warmly and gratefully thank of Tennessee, USA) and Tony Payne (Research Assist- these people who have freely given us the benefits of ant, BirdLife) who helped to guide us through the their knowledge and of their time (see list of names, pitfalls of numerical evaluation. below). We simply would not have been able to com- We draw special attention to our co-authors of Putting plete the task without their contributions. biodiversity on the map—Colin Bibby, Nigel Collar, In addition, we have drawn on data from several Melanie Heath, Christoph Imboden, Tim Johnson and other BirdLife research projects, and contributors to Simon Thirgood. They helped to lay the foundations for these may not be personally acknowledged here. We this book and we have made extensive use of their ideas therefore also extend thanks to the many people who and information in our introductory chapters. We espe- provided information to these, notably to Putting cially thank Melanie Heath who, along with the four of biodiversity on the map: priority areas for global con- us, was one of the main data-gatherers and who prepared servation (ICBP 1992)—the first publication of the some of the early drafts of the EBA accounts. We also results of this project—but also to Threatened birds of acknowledge the other people who helped us to gather Africa and related islands (Collar and Stuart 1985), the bird distribution data on which the analyses are Threatened birds of the Americas (Collar et al. 1992), based including Paul Andrew, Mike Barker, Leticia Birds to watch 2: the world list of threatened birds Brandão, George Green, Frank Lambert, Craig Robson (Collar et al. 1994) and Key areas for threatened birds and Tony Stones, and many of the people listed below in the Neotropics (Wege and Long 1995), publications and members of the BirdLife staff. We have been helped which have all contributed significantly to our under- along the way by a stream of willing volunteers includ- standing of Endemic Bird Areas and their birds. ing Tim Allwood, David Butler, Francis Brearley, We acknowledge our many colleagues whom we Jonathan Ekstrom (who organised the picture research) feel privileged to have worked with. We are honoured to and Tony Payne, and we thank them all for their enthu- be the authors of this book for we are very aware that in siastic commitment. truth its publication represents a mighty team effort by We thank all the staff in BirdLife’s regional teams all the staff. In particular we thank Nigel Collar (Re- and offices for their input and support, in particular search Fellow, BirdLife) who was the main instigator of Gary Allport, Bas van Balen, Yusup Cahyadin, Nonie this project and who is, for all of us, both a mentor and Coulthard, Nguyen Cu, Guy Duke, Jonathan Eames, friend. His own work has laid the foundations and Mike Evans, John Fanshawe, Lincoln Fishpool, Richard standards for most of BirdLife’s research, and he has Grimmett, Paul Jepson, Martin Kelsey, James Lowen, read all the Endemic Bird Area accounts and the intro- Jane Lyons, Richard Porter, Michael Poulsen, Peter ductory sections, and commented extensively.