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General Conclusion

The world population surpassed one billion around 1800 and reached a second billion in 1930. The third billion was attained in 1960, the fourth in 1974, the fi fth in 1987, and the sixth in 1999. Additional billions added up at an accelerating pace in only 30, 14, 13, and 12 years, respectively. The fi r s t doubling of the world population between 1800 and 1930 took 130 years. The second doubling of the world population, from two to four billion, occurred in just 44 years. The seventh billion will be reached in 2011. This is likely to be the fi rst new billion that will not have been added more rapidly than the previous one. The world population will reach its eighth billion in 2024, i.e., 13 years after reaching the seventh billion mark. The third and most likely last doubling of the world population, from four to eight billion, will probably take 50 years. Therefore, despite the huge growth of the population in absolute terms between 1960 and 2011, the rate of growth of the world’s population has fi nally slowed down. The demographic transition, which has started at different times and has evolved at different speeds in different areas, has brought about striking contrasts between the various continents, regions, and countries of the world. Today, variations of demographic patterns and trends range from very high fertility to sub-replacement fertility situations, from very young to aging populations, and from immigration- open to immigration-shy countries. Populations of developing countries and least developed countries (LDCs) are still growing rapidly. Some very fast growing countries, like Yemen or Niger, will see a tripling or a quadrupling of their population in a mere 40 years. Their exploding populations will undermine their development prospects and could possibly threaten their existence as nation states. At the extreme end of the spectrum, developed countries have experienced a major slowdown of their demographic growth. Countries that experience fertility levels well below replacement, such as Germany and Japan will see their population age and dwindle. Sometimes, these countries are even confronted with negative population momentum, meaning that their efforts to increase fertility are failing to improve the balance between births and deaths because of unfavorable age structures.

J.F. May, World Population Policies: Their Origin, Evolution, and Impact, 271 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2837-0, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 272 General Conclusion

Overall, the world has become more demographically diverse than ever. The world population is also much more fragmented politically, into about 240 countries and territorial entities. After World War II large public health and immunization programs were launched in developing countries and the LDCs. These triggered spectacular declines in mortality and, as a consequence, an acceleration of population growth. Corrective measures were necessary, and they fi rst came in the form of family planning programs, initially in a few vanguard countries and thereafter in many developing countries. A network of national and international population institutions supported the large-scale diffusion of reliable contraceptives. The major international population conferences held in 1974, 1984 and 1994 further contributed to the internationalization of population issues and to defi ne new population and development paradigms. These eventually led to the advent of more formalized population policies. The main goal of these policies was to curb fertility in order to mitigate demographic growth and population pressure. These programs and policies were undeniably successful: they gave couples access to information and family planning services (even if millions of couples still do not have access to such services today). These policies and programs also benefi ted from important transformations in the economy and the role of women, as well as the upheaval of traditional attitudes relative to sexuality and reproduction. The fast transmission of new ideas, thanks to mass media and new means of communication, accelerated the process. Nevertheless, initial population policies were too often top-down and driven by global targets. In some countries, they also resorted to coercion. The shift to individual concerns took place later, in the 1980s and 1990s. At that time, population policies became broader by including in their mandates reproductive health, follow- ing the recommendations of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) held in Cairo in 1994. The ICPD established that population objectives would be reached faster if couples’ and individuals’ needs were taken into account instead of imposing macro-demographic goals. Population policies also came to include a series of new issues, including women’s empowerment, the fi ght against poverty, and the protection of the environment. This inclusivity trend led to policies that were more open to international efforts in economic and social development, as well as poverty alleviation. The last 20 years have also seen the forging of a stronger relationship between human development policies (including those regarding population) and human rights considerations, partly to counter the past abuses of some family planning programs. Basic services in health, reproductive health, as well as education are now considered to be part and parcel of individual rights, even if fi nancial means are not always readily available to fulfi ll these new ambitions. In recent decades, new challenges for population policies have emerged as well. In some countries of sub-Saharan Africa in particular, the HIV/AIDS epidemic could modify the completion of the demographic transition. Fast growing populations may face specifi c security challenges, triggered by the youth bulge and the diffi culties of providing employment to ever-larger cohorts of young men and General Conclusion 273 women. Although emigration trends will bring some benefi ts in the form of remittances in developing countries and LDCs, the heavy “brain drain” might also deprive these countries of much-needed human capital. Urbanization trends will also pose new challenges for social inclusion and equity. Finally, the major threat of global warming and climate change will affect poor people and poor nations disproportionately. Many developed countries, especially in Europe and Asia, are seeing rapid population aging triggered by low fertility levels and accelerated by longer life-spans. They will soon face the issue of depopulation. Policies to increase fertility have not yet proven very effective, especially in East Asia. Immigration fl ows that developed countries must accommodate and the diffi cult debate about replacement immigration are also stirring up nationalist refl exes and identity crises. Population policies, or the absence of such policies, will determine to a large extent the demographic evolution of human societies. For instance, the fulfi llment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) will depend on successful interventions to change demographic patterns and trends. In turn, these patterns and trends will affect efforts to eradicate poverty and reduce other social inequities. The attainment of global food security and nutrition goals, particularly in developing countries, will also be infl uenced by the success of population policies, as these projected outcomes are based on assumptions of declining fertility levels. It could also be argued that international security goals will depend on the results of policies aimed at mitigating the socioeconomic consequences of the youth bulge, such as uprisings and civil confl ict. In this age of globalization, it is tempting to imagine that population patterns and trends are shaped by transnational forces. Indeed, mass media, instant communication, and international migration movements make our world smaller. All these phenomena exert a profound infl uence, even at local level. The international transmission of experiences between countries also helps to accelerate the design, adoption, and implementation of population policies. Nevertheless, population policies, or their absence, are still dictated mostly by processes that work at national level. At the end of the day, governments themselves will need to design policies to address their own demographic issues. Governments, with the support of their development partners, will need to implement the policies, after obtaining the agreement of their national public opinions. Policies on migration also need to be enacted by the states, either on the sending side or the receiving end, although this process can be facilitated by transnational agreements. The context in which population policies operate is determined by three major factors, namely the demographic issues that have to be addressed, the strategies that must be implemented, and the stakeholders who need to be mobilized. However, this context has changed considerably. Population policies are now confronted with a much larger range of demographic issues than before. Moreover, they are com- pelled to reassess their priorities and sharpen their intervention strategies. Three major issues need to be addressed before designing and implementing population policies. First, one must ascertain the very nature of population policies. Is obtaining public goods the paramount aim of population policy 274 General Conclusion interventions? Should taxpayers’ money be used to obtain these public goods? What is the role of the state in implementing population policies? Should programs be geared at reducing inequities? Or should policies guarantee fundamental human rights instead? Many neo-classical economists tend to believe that governments have to provide public goods, as well as to correct market failures (unless an attempt to correct them would result in governments’ failures of a larger magnitude). In their view, the supply of family planning in high fertility countries can be supported to correct possible market failures, for example the lack of adequate information on contraceptives as exemplifi ed by the fear of side effects. However, they may argue that (some) population policies neither provide public goods nor correct market failures. Other development theorists claim that the pursuit of public goods is needed to alleviate poverty and reduce inequity. To these arguments, some may add rights considerations, and therefore frame the pursuit of public goods as a fundamental human right. Second, to be meaningful, policies must be anchored into a large consensus on important population and reproductive health issues and how to address them. This aspect is related to the idea of the minimum justifi cation of policies. Population policies may play the role of a social catalyst by promoting a few strong ideas, such as the alleviation of poverty and the reduction of inequity. However, this book has shown how the climate around population policies can be contentious and divisive. Conservative and liberal ideologies clash fi ercely on reproductive health issues. Abortion politics in the US have taken their toll as well. Population policies and particularly family planning programs had their heyday decades ago, but are no longer in vogue. The attention to population issues has faded as new development concerns have appeared, including HIV/AIDS, climate change, and governance. In this context, it is diffi cult to address the fundamental population issues, and particularly to address them over a long period of time with the constant attention they require. The third issue is the need for evidence-based population policies. The last few decades have brought a wealth of information on population policies and programs. Still, numerous results of this newly available research need to be translated into actionable policies. Moreover, more research is needed as well, for instance to understand emerging issues, such as determinants of the HIV/AIDS epidemic or linkages between demographic trends and climate change. In the case of fertility, policies to decrease or increase high or low levels of fertility, respectively, must address the ideational dimensions of reproductive decisions being made by couples. This will broaden and complement the purely economic interpretations of fertility changes. The call for more research also points to the need to improve systems of data collection, analysis, and results dissemination, in particular on issues of international migration and equity. Better research will help to shift toward a less dogmatic and more empirical approach to policymaking. It will also enable policymakers to anticipate events, instead of reacting to them. In addition to the resolution of these three issues, population policies will need to become more effective and improve their implementation mechanisms. In this respect, the greatest challenge of all will probably be to develop a more effective General Conclusion 275 approach to institutionalize population policies. This objective could be pursued through several related efforts, both at national and international levels. First, as mentioned, policymakers should seek the largest possible public consensus to support the goals of population policies. Identifying the most common denominator to justify a policy might facilitate this process (e.g., achieve the fertility desires of the couples). Second, policies could be organized around a few dynamic concepts such as equity, gender equivalence, and poverty alleviation. Policies could also anchor their strategies into larger paradigms of socioeconomic development. Third, new policies will have to be more participatory and include all actors and stakeholders. This will call for major improvements of the policies’ coordination mechanisms, especially as the number of national and international stakeholders (e.g., NGOs) has soared in recent decades. Finally, the unreliability of population policies will have to be assessed as well, particularly when policies aim at specifi c objectives, such as replacement level fertility. Today, one can reasonably expect that the world population will reach 9.15bn in 2050 (UN population projections, Medium variant; see United Nations 2009d : 48) Ð but only if fertility rates decline smoothly to their assumed values. A large share of future population growth will come from fertility levels that are still higher than replacement in developing countries and LDCs (aggregate total fertility rates of 2.7 and 4.5 in 2010, respectively; see Population Reference Bureau 2010a ) . Therefore, the UN population projection (Medium variant) assumes that fertility will continue to decline signifi cantly everywhere, which is not guaranteed. Moreover, even small variations in the ultimate levels of fertility could yield vastly different outcomes in terms of numbers of people. Looking beyond 2050, levels that fertility will reach eventually will largely determine the final numbers at which the world’s population would stabilize.1 If fertility remains higher than the levels projected by the United Nations, the world population could exceed 10bn by 2100. Young age structures, which are linked to past fertility trends, will induce part of the future demographic growth, through the phenomenon of population momentum. Furthermore, improvements in life expectancy will also contribute to the increase of the world’s population, although one does not know the limits to the human life-span. Nonetheless, future fertility (and therefore population) outcomes will depend to a large extent on investments in family planning programs today, particularly in Africa and South Asia. To sum up, far from being outmoded, population policies are more necessary and relevant than ever for developed and developing countries, including LDCs. Demographers have the responsibility to promote “public demography”, namely to reach public audiences with demographic analyses and summaries of research

1 In its 2008 population projections, the United Nations Population Division uses (for the period 2045Ð2050) an assumed global (worldwide) average TFR of 1.54 children per woman for the Low variant, 2.02 for the Medium variant, and 2.51 for the High variant; see United Nations ( 2009d ) , 10. 276 General Conclusion results, as well as discuss the meaning of those results and the actions, if any, to be taken by public authorities (Donaldson 2011 ) . The ultimate goal of the actions taken in the interest of the public good is the well-being and equilibrium of human societies. Nicolas de Condorcet (1743Ð1794) already knew this when he wrote in The Tenth Stage of his Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind (1795): “… by then men will know that, if they have a duty toward those who are not yet born, that duty is not to give them existence but to give them happiness …” (de Condorcet 1995 : 161). Like Condorcet, let us muster the commitment to present future generations with an inheritance at least equal, if not better, than the one we have received ourselves. Glossary

Advocacy activities by individuals and/or groups with the view of infl uencing policymakers about policies and, hopefully, mobilizing adequate funding for interventions and programs. Age-sex structure distribution of a population by age and sex, often given in 5-year age groups. Age-specifi c fertility rate number of children born, divided by number of women, in each reproductive age or age group. Aging and hyper-aging growing proportion of people aged 65 years and above and 80 years and above, respectively. It is accompanied by an increase of the population’s median age. Anti-natalism policy aiming at decreasing fertility; see Pronatalism . Behavior change communication (BCC) communication strategy used to encourage individual change. It often focuses on individual, community, or environmental elements infl uencing behavior, in order to obtain positive (health) outcomes; see Information, education, and communication (IEC) . Benchmark reference point or standard against which performance can be assessed. Boserupian alternative counter-argument of creative pressure opposed to Malthu- sianism, proposed by Ester Boserup (1910Ð1999). In her view, population growth can contribute to wealth creation as well as support innovation by improving agricultural methods, technologies, institutions, and gender relations. Brain drain emigration of a signifi cant proportion of highly skilled professionals (e.g., health personnel) to countries that offer better socioeconomic opportunities (opposed to “brain gain”). Circular migration form of migration by which migrants usually from a developing country temporarily migrate to a developed country, contribute to the workforce, and then return to their countries of origin (the migration cycle can be repeated). Cohort group of people born during the same year or during a number of years (usually 5 years). Contraception conscious efforts to prevent conception, through the use of methods either modern or traditional.

J.F. May, World Population Policies: Their Origin, Evolution, and Impact, 277 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2837-0, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 278 Glossary

Demographic dividend situation in which working age groups expand relative to dependents (with more favorable dependency ratios). It is an opportunity for faster economic growth and development, provided adequate economic and social policies are implemented. The window to capture the benefi ts of the demographic dividend is limited in time. Demographic fatigue situation in which rapidly growing populations result in a crisis of education, employment, housing, environmental pressure, and fi nancial insecurity, which governments are unable to deal with effectively. Demographic security public order and civil strife implications of demographic characteristics such as size, age structure, distribution, ethnic composition, and annual rates of growth. Demographic transition change (through different phases) from a traditional demographic regime with a high quasi-equilibrium (i.e., high mortality and high fertility), to a modern demographic regime with a low quasi-equilibrium (i.e., low mortality and low fertility). Dependency reliance for maintenance of certain groups in a population on other groups; those too young (<15 years) and too old (> 65 years) to earn their own income are considered dependents. Dependency ratio ratio of the number of dependent people (younger than 15 years and older than 65 years) to the number of economically active people (aged 15Ð 64 years). Depopulation situation in which there is a signifi cant population decline. This can be due to sub-replacement fertility, high mortality (e.g., war, disease), and/or emigration. Effectiveness effects or results expected from the policy interventions that are proposed. Effi ciency estimation of the costs and benefi ts of proposed policy interventions, so as to be able to make optimal use of human and fi nancial resources to obtain the desired results. Elderly support ratio number of working-age people aged 15Ð64, divided by the number of persons 65+, indicating levels of potential societal support available for the elderly. Epidemiological transition shift in the disease pattern of a population, from communicable to non-communicable diseases (NCDs), as a country goes through the demographic transition and develops economically. Family planning deliberate decision by individuals or couples as to how many children they desire and when to have them. This is put into practice with the use of contraceptive methods, modern or traditional; see Contraception . Family planning programs large-scale endeavors to meet the contraceptive needs of a population and reduce fertility levels. They include program design, information provision, and supplies of commodities and services related to contraception and reproductive health. Family policy sub-fi eld of social policy dealing with different family-related elements including family creation (e.g., marriage, divorce), child rearing (e.g., education), care-giving (e.g., old age, illness), and economic support (e.g., family subsidies). Glossary 279

Fiscal space room in a government’s budget that allows it to provide resources for a desired purpose without jeopardizing the sustainability of its fi nancial position or the stability of the economy. Ideational change modifi cation of social norms, attitudes, and knowledge due to new ideas that spread through society. It can be a component of societal shifts, especially as societies embrace new and different norms and perceptions (e.g., number of children considered desirable). Infant mortality rate probability of dying between birth and the fi rst birthday (age one exactly), expressed per 1,000 live births. Information, education, and communication (IEC) combination of approaches to inform and educate individuals, families, and groups on key issues that will empower them to make informed decisions, change behavior in order to obtain positive outcomes, and participate in social transformation; see Behavior change communication (BCC) . Life expectancy at birth total number of years an individual is expected to live given the mortality conditions prevailing at the moment in the particular geographic area. The measure can be calculated for both sexes combined, or for single sexes. Malthusianism school of thought that emerged from the work of Thomas Robert Malthus (1766Ð1834), in which unchecked population growth is believed to result in poverty, famine, and death. The theory developed later into neo- Malthusianism, which factored in the use of modern family planning methods. Today, Malthusianism embodies concerns of overpopulation, environmental sustainability, and the earth’s carrying capacity. Malthusian trap situation where rapid demographic growth makes a country incapable to feed its population without outside help. It occurs when: (a) the population exceeds the carrying capacity of the local ecosystem; (b) there is nowhere to migrate to; and (c) there are insuffi cient exports to exchange for food and other essentials. Migratory transition long-term migration pattern of a population as it goes through the last stages of the demographic transition. Emigration often occurs as a result of rapid population growth, low rural employment, and low wages. Mystery client a trained participant who fi ts the profi le of an intended benefi ciary (e.g., of a family planning center) and is able to observe services delivery staff, their interaction with clients, and their performance and competence more generally. Natural increase or decrease rate at which a population increases (or decreases), obtained by the difference between birth rates and death rates without reference to migration. Overpopulation situation in which the number of people exceeds the carrying capacity of the economy and environment. Period vs. cohort fertility period fertility rates are calculated for all women of reproductive age for a given period of time, usually one calendar year; cohort analysis calculates fertility rates for generations or age groups, over their lifetime; see Cohort . Policy community network of individuals and organizations concerned with a specifi c problem (e.g., HIV/AIDS). 280 Glossary

Policy lever entry point or instrument to implement a policy. Policy space support from a government’s stakeholders (voters, lobbyists, beneficiaries, employees, political managers, critics, and donors) that enables deployment of resources to agreed groups and purposes. Polity a particular form or system of government or a structure that is the institutional expression of the state. Population composition other characteristics of a population than age-sex structure, such as socioeconomic class, ethnic group, education attainment, and religion; see Age-sex structure . Population control process of keeping in check the population growth rate through ad hoc policies and programs (the term is not used much since the International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo in 1994). Population growth increase (or decrease, also known as negative population growth) in a population’s size over time. Population momentum ( also called demographic momentum ) additional population growth resulting from the age structure. It can be positive if the age structure is young and there are disproportionate numbers of women in childbearing age groups (because of past high fertility). Alternatively, it can be negative when the age structure is old (due to past sub-replacement fertility). Population monitoring collection of demographic data and study of population trends, perceptions, and policies, at both national and international levels. Population Movement international efforts since the 1960s toward the creation and funding of family planning programs, with the objective of ensuring that individuals, and especially women, have control over their reproduction. Population optimum situation in which neither a larger nor a smaller population would yield advantages. Population paradigm predominant ideas on population issues and their relationship with socioeconomic development. Population planning establishment by governments of demographic objectives for the future, embedded in a socioeconomic development plan. Population policy actions taken explicitly or implicitly by public authorities in order to prevent, delay, or address imbalances between demographic changes, on the one hand, and social, economic, and political goals, on the other. Population pressure stress exerted by a growing population on its environment, whether it is fi nancial, social, geographical, or ecological. Population program deliberate and direct intervention(s) by a government to infl u- ence demographic change, with specifi c goals and targets. Population projections use of demographic analysis methodology to estimate future populations by age and sex, based on estimates and assumptions of births, deaths, and migration rates. Populationism policy that aims to increase population through means other than higher fertility, e.g., through immigration. Pronatalism policy that aims to increase fertility. Propinquity proximity or nearness (one to another), which can facilitate exchange of ideas, access to services, and trade in goods and services. Glossary 281

Public demography efforts to reach public audiences with demographic analysis and summaries of research results as well as discuss the meaning of those results and the actions, if any, to be taken by public authorities. Replacement-level fertility fertility level at which a population is reproducing itself, given the sex ratio at birth and the mortality conditions. A fertility rate of 2.1 children per woman is considered replacement level in developed countries. Reproductive health functions and processes that determine human reproduction at all stages of life. People should be able to have responsible, gratifying, and safe sex lives, as well as the ability to reproduce if, when, and how often they choose. Reproductive rights legal rights and freedom relating to human reproduction and reproductive health. It encompasses the right of couples and individuals to de- cide freely and responsibly the number, spacing, and timing of their children, to have the information and means to do so, and to reach the highest standards of sexual and reproductive health. Reproductive health services programs that ensure better reproductive health by providing information, counseling, and a choice of contraceptive methods. Sexual health state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being in relation to sexuality. It encompasses more than the absence of disease, and includes positive approaches to sexuality and sexual relationships. Slum a densely populated urban area marked by crowding, dirty run-down housing, poverty, and social disorganization (also called shantytown). Sub-replacement fertility fertility level below the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman; see Replacement-level fertility . Sustainable development a way of socioeconomic development that ensures and, if possible, improves the well-being of future generations. Total abortion rate average number of induced abortions per woman (a measure comparable to the TFR; see Total fertility rate ). Total fertility rate average number of live births (children) that would be born to a woman by the time she ended childbearing, if she were to pass through all her childbearing years conforming to the age-specifi c fertility rates of a given year; see Age-specifi c fertility rate . Transitional age multiplier index comparing the size of different age groups of a population at the beginning and at the end of the demographic transition. Transitional multiplier index refl ecting the number by which a total population is multiplied between the beginning and the end of the demographic transition. Transmigration policy of relocating populations, usually within the same country, in order to reduce population pressure in the region(s) of origin (also called voluntary resettlement). Urbanization demographic and physical growth of urban areas (according to the defi nition chosen for these areas), caused by natural population increase in urban areas and migration from rural areas to the cities. Youth bulge situation in which a high proportion (40% or more) of the population is 15Ð29 years old, relative to the adult population (above age 15); however, other defi nitions are being used, e.g., proportion of youth (either 15Ð24 or 15Ð29) to labor force population (15Ð64). References

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A Abstain, Be faithful, use Condoms (ABC). ABC. See Abstain, Be faithful, See HIV/AIDS use Condoms Acquired immunode ﬁ ciency syndrome Abortion (AIDS). See HIV/AIDS criminalization , 113 ACS. See American Community Survey debate , 7, 112, 113 (ACS) 1920 French Law , 63, 87 Acute respiratory illness (infection) , 72 hospital records , 138 Adaptation. See Policy, responses incidence , 138, 139, 234 Adolescents , 5, 7, 11, 44, 55, 60, 108, indirect estimates , 138 113, 117, 136, 141, 142, 144, induced , 9, 37, 79, 80, 92, 107, 108, 112, 145, 178, 212, 235, 237, 238, 113, 129, 137–141, 144, 212, 222, 249–254 233, 234, 261 Advocacy. See Policy laws and regulations , 137 Afghanistan , 14, 26, 72 legal exception , 137 Africa. See also Sub-Saharan Africa legalization , 80, 89 Eastern , 173 4 Months, 4 Weeks and 2 Days , 179 Great Lakes region , 37 moral hazard , 113 Horn of , 39, 143 policies , 80, 201 Middle (or Central) , 1, 29, 87 politics , 110, 112, 113, 274 Northern , 16 post-abortion care , 113 Sahel , 243 pro-choice , 112 Southern , 16, 23, 24, 26, 39, 40, pro-life , 112 127, 152, 240, 242 public health issue, as , 113 Western , 240, 242, 264 public health measure, as , 113 African Charter on Human and Peoples’ rate, total abortion , 138, 281 Rights , 110 reasons , 137, 261 African elites , 242 regulation , 139–140 African leaders , 227, 235, 242, restrictions , 107, 112, 137 264, 265 Roe v. Wade , 1973, 112 African Union , 110 “safe, legal and rare,” 113 Age distribution , 30 sex selection , 37, 261 Age-sex structure , 277, 280 spontaneous , 24, 137 Age-speci ﬁ c fertility rate , 122, 277, 281 statistics , 138 Age structure unsafe , 2, 113, 138, 140, 145 transition , 32 consequences , 143 young (youthful) , 14, 27, 32, 49, 57, 144, US Supreme Court , 112 240, 247, 275

J.F. May, World Population Policies: Their Origin, Evolution, and Impact, 311 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2837-0, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 312 Index

Aging Armenia , 173 adapting to , 186, 204 A R T . See Antiretroviral therapy Alzheimer’s disease , 185, 186 ARTs. See Assisted reproductive centenarians , 181 technologies (ARTs) dependency ratios , 181 ASCOFAME. See Colombia elderly support ratio , 239 Asia emerging trends , 182 Central , 173 fertility decline , 181, 184, 228, 237 East Asia , 16, 18, 39, 49, 85, 96, 120, 124, global divide , 182 130, 173, 176, 204, 261, 264, 273 gray revolution , 185 Eastern , 124 hyper-aging , 29, 30, 277 South Central , 19, 173 immigration, as aging mitigation Southeast , 1, 50, 51, 173, 241 measure, 231 Asian (economic) miracle , 50 longevity , 38, 181 Asian Tigers , 50 old , 21, 53, 180, 183, 186, 194, 228, Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) 252, 278 Brown, L.J. , 1978, 260 old age institutions , 185 donor , 260 older old , 30, 181 eggs , 260 oldest old , 30 gametes , 260 old old , 30, 181 legal aspects, 260 pension schemes , 183 (see also Pension) ova , 260 process , 7, 174, 184 spermatozoa , 260 retirement , 184, 267 statistics, 260 senile dementia , 186 in vitro , 260 statistics , 262 Augustus, Roman Emperor (63BC-14AD) super-centenarians , 181 law on adultery , 2 Agriculture laws on marriage , 2 land distribution , 248 Australia , 14, 18, 19, 35, 88, 159, 172, 173, productivity , 153, 244 186, 187, 191, 192 subsistence , 164, 243 Austria , 101, 197, 204 sustainability , 163, 244 Algeria , 16, 106, 175 Alma-Alta Conference , 1978, 72 B American Birth Control League , 1921, 85 . Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine , 76 See also Sanger, M. Bahamas , 163, 164, 173 American Community Survey (ACS). Bahrain , 173 See Data collection Bangladesh Americas , 14–16, 18, 23, 25, 26, 37, 46, 51, abortion , 5, 8, 138, 139 68, 70, 72, 73, 82, 84, 94, 96, age at marriage , 267 100, 104, 130–132, 145, 173, Bangladesh Rural Advancement 178, 183, 189, 190, 192, 214, Committee (BRAC) , 267 223, 241, 242, 257 Chittagong division , 266 Amsterdam International Forum contraception on Population in the Twenty-First contraceptive prevalence rate , 134, 266 Century, 1989, 108 unmet needs , 267 Angola , 14, 152 Dhaka , 213, 254, 267 Antibiotics , 23, 70 family planning Antigua and Barbuda , 174 community-based distribution , 267 Anti-natalism , 63, 78, 177–180, 277 . outreach workers , 266 See also Pronatalism family structure , 266 Antiretroviral therapy (ART). female education , 5, 169, 267 See HIV/AIDS female empowerment , 267 Arab-Muslim , 26, 30 female welfare assistant (FWA) , 266 Argentina , 18, 106 female welfare visitor (FWV) , 266 Index 313

fertility , 5, 27, 37, 46, 134, 138, 139, 151, Births , 2, 13, 21, 24–26, 29, 32, 33, 37, 38, 63, 238, 241, 265–268 68, 69, 73, 78, 119, 120, 122, 136, independence , 1971, 266 139, 140, 145, 152, 164, 173–179, infant mortality , 266 181, 196, 198, 199, 210–212, International Centre for Diarrhoeal 214–217, 219, 224, 229, 238, 239, Disease Research (ICDDR,B) , 246, 247, 250, 260, 261, 266, 271, 214 279–281 life expectancy , 238, 266 BKKBN. See Indonesia Matlab, 120, 213 ( see also Data collection) Bongaarts, J. , 10, 14, 57, 114, 136, 208, 217, Ministry of Health and Population 233–235, 240 Welfare , 266 Bongaarts model. See Fertility National Assembly building , 267 Boserup, E. (1910–1999) natural disasters (see Environment) Boserupian , 277 Population and Health Consortium , 1987, The Conditions of Agricultural Growth , 45 118 Botswana , 19, 24 population growth , 5, 17, 27 Brass, W. (1921–1999) , 119 population momentum , 27, 267 Brazil Population Policy Outline , 1976, 266 Brasilia , 155 population pressure , 244, 266 Brazilian Society for Family Welfare President , 267 (BEMFAM) , 132 Prime Minister , 267 fertility , 28, 84, 125, 225 slums , 267 Rio de Janeiro , 108, 109, 257 status of women , 266 Sao Paulo , 254 Sylhet division , 266 soap operas , 225 Barbados , 173 Breast cancer , 115 BCC. See Behavior change communication Breastfeeding. See Fertility, Bongaarts (BCC) model BCG vaccine. See Bacille Calmette-Guérin Britain , 20, 36, 85, 86, 102, 201, 262 (BCG) vaccine British Isles , 189 Behavior change communication (BCC) , Brunei , 173 57, 87, 224, 277, 279 . See also Bucharest Conference , 1974 . See World IEC Population Conferences Belgium , 101, 106, 159, 164, 185, Budgets , 7, 48, 65, 71, 77, 101, 115, 201, 228 132, 279 Walloon , 185 Burden of disease , 23 Below-replacement fertility. See Sub- Burkina Faso , 14, 158, 159 replacement fertility Burma. See Myanmar BEMFAM. See Brazil; Brazilian Society for Burundi , 14, 124 Family Welfare Bush Administration , 103, 114 Benin , 14, 204 Bush, G.W. , 55, 103, 114, 167 Bhutan , 14 Big countries map , 16, 17 C population , 16–18, 26–28, 30, 32, 125, Cairo Conference , 1994 . See ICPD 130, 132, 135, 145 Caldwell, J. , 50, 57, 59, 62, 64, 99, 119, 200, potential big countries , 17 228 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation , 73, Cambodia , 14 74, 101 Cameroon Biodiversity , 63, 117, 162, 163 Ahidjo, A. (1924–1989) , 63 Bioethical issues , 238 anti-natalism , 63 Birth control , 79, 85, 105, 142, 143, 194, Cameroon Association of Family 203, 234 Well-Being , 63 Birth rates , 4, 20, 81, 95, 111, 176, 179, 201, Declaration of the National Population 229, 230, 264, 279 Policy , 2002, 63 314 Index

Cameroon (cont.) ethnic minorities , 216 Ministry of the Feminine Condition , 63 family planning National Commission on Population, 63 coercion , 82 National Population Policy , 1993, 63 Wan, Xi, Shao program , 216 National Union Congress , 1980, 63 fertility , 10, 25, 28, 47, 95, 125, 173, 177, Population and Housing Census , 1976, 63 182, 216, 217 pronatalism , 63 foot binding , 144 Canada Four Modernizations , 1978, 216 births allowances , 173 Great Leap Forward , 1958–1961, 216 fertility , 4, 28, 107, 172, 173, 187, 192 Great Wall , 160 foreign-born population , 173 hukou system , 155, 216 immigration , 4, 28, 57, 159, 186–188, Jian, S. , 216 191–193 Mandarin tradition , 217 mortality , 4, 173 Ma, Y. (1882–1982) , 216 Québec , 173 One-Child Policy , 10 US-Canada differential (see United States population (US)) aging , 28, 182, 217 Cape Verde , 241 policy , 10, 16, 43, 54, 78, 131, 132, Caribbean. See Latin America and the 138, 144, 145, 153, 155, 160, 161, Caribbean 173, 177, 182, 189, 208, 215–217, Carrying capacity , 56, 279 252, 258, 261, 262 Catholic Church. See Roman Catholic statistics, 17, 216, 262 Church 2008 Sichuan earthquake , 217 CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Zedong, M. (1893–1976) , 216 Prevention (CDC) Cholera , 71, 72, 76, 256 Census. See Data collection Christian , 45, 86, 112, 113, 136, 202 Center for Reproductive Rights , 138 Church. See Roman Catholic Church Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Circular migration. See Migration (CDC) , 75 Circumcision Central African Republic , 14 female (See FGM) Ceylon. See Sri Lanka male , 143 Chad , 14 Civil. See also Violence Chemoprophylaxis , 71, 73, 74 registration (see Data collection) Chemotherapy , 71, 72, 74 strife , 75, 265, 278 Childbearing , 10, 25, 62, 134, 138, 143, 152, war , 247 167, 172, 175, 180, 201, 212, 215, Climate change. See Environment 217, 219, 225, 228, 280, 281 Clinton, W.J. , 232 Child mortality , 22, 56, 63, 65, 77, 95, 108, health care reform , 233 116, 118, 120, 135, 136, 212 . Coale, A.J. (1917–2002) , 22 See also Infant mortality rate Coercion. See Family planning Child rearing , 50, 69, 134, 151, 194, Cohort , 97, 122, 168, 175, 181, 187, 251, 230, 272 272, 277, 279 Children fertility , 176, 279 cost , 60, 115, 131, 140, 179, 193, 196, Cold War , 106, 247 197, 222 Colombia economic actors, as , 222 Catholic hierarchy , 96 health , 2, 77, 95, 96, 115, 142, 146, 151, Colombian Association of Medical 212, 215, 223, 250 Schools (ASCOFAME) , 96 value of (theory) , 56 development plan , 96, 97 Chile , 52, 85, 137, 173 Ministry of Health , 96, 97 China National Planning Department , 97 1953 Census , 216 Of ﬁ ce of the President , 96 “drifting” population , 216 population paradigms , 92, 96–97 Eastern , 28 population policy , 18, 56, 92, 96, 97 Index 315

PROFAMILIA (Association for the Contraceptives Welfare of the Colombian Family) , Billings (vaginal secretions) 96, 97, 132, 215 method , 203 Restrepo, C.L. (1908–1994) , 97 condom , 80, 88, 136, 140, 218 Communications , 4, 28, 33–35, 55, 57, 65, 72, hormonal pill , 80, 131 75, 87, 88, 98, 103, 131, 143, 157, injectables , 218 166, 178, 191, 209, 224–226, 265, intra-uterine device (IUD) , 139, 266, 272, 273, 277, 279 140, 218 Communism , 86, 179, 229 Ogino-Knaus , 79, 203 Community-based distribution , 87, 267 periodic abstinence , 203 Community empowerment , 46 side effects , 87, 140, 210, 274 Comoros , 14 sterilization , 137, 218 CONAPO. See Mexico sympto-thermic methods , 203 Conference on Environment and Development, withdrawal , 139 Rio de Janeiro 1992 , 108 Convention Relating to the Status of Conference on Women and Development, Refugees , 1951, 35 Beijing 1995 , 108 Cooperation , 86, 99, 102, 188 Platform for Action , 250 international , 108, 109, 141 Conferences on women Costa Rica , 173 Copenhagen , 1980, 250 Cost-bene fi t analysis. See Evaluation Mexico , 1975, 250 methodology Nairobi , 1985, 250 Cost-effectiveness. See Evaluation Con fl ict. See Violence methodology Congo, Democratic Republic of , 14, 18, 26, Côte d’Ivoire , 158, 241 135, 241, 250 Cotton , 69 . See also Wool Conservative Countries , 1, 13, 42, 67, 91, 129, 171, 208, groups , 82, 161 237 . See also Geopolitical entities “revolution,” 114 CPS. See Contraceptive Prevalence values , 92, 132 Survey (CPS) Consumers , 51, 52, 175 Cuba , 138, 164, 173 Consumption , 5, 150, 152, 161, 162, 165, 197, Cultural barriers , 11, 210 243, 248, 255 Cultural models (norms) , 36, 46 Contraception. See also Family planning Cyprus , 173 access to , 108 “arti fi cial,” 202 demand , 87, 136, 219 D distribution by auxiliary midwives , 131 DALY. See Disability-Adjusted Life Year 1920 French Law , 63 (see also Abortion) (DALY) hormonal pill, distribution , 80 Data collection information , 87, 88, 131, 209, 210, 224, American Community Survey 266, 274 (ACS) , 119 modern , 8–10, 96, 113, 114, 136, 137, 140, census 172, 178, 202–204, 212, 218, 225 de facto , 119 natural , 203 de jure , 119 non-clinical distribution , 88 enumerator , 119 supply , 221 map , 119 unmet needs , 117, 212, 265, 267 micro-census , 120 Contraceptive prevalence rate , 50, 65, 117, questionnaire , 119, 120 131, 134, 136, 148, 178, 209–211, “rolling census,” 120 220–222, 264–266 supervisor , 119 Contraceptive Prevalence Survey (CPS) , 119 . civil registration , 41 See also Data collection defective data , 119 Contraceptive revolution , 131, 134, 168, Egypt , 119 235 India , 119 316 Index

Data collection (cont.) Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) , 77, population register , 118, 120 102, 119, 120, 135, 142, 212, 234 . registration , 118–120 See also Data collection surveillance system , 120 (see also Demographic transition Bangladesh, Matlab) completion , 10, 20, 272 survey , 41, 100, 118–120 de ﬁ nition , 20 US , 119 post-transition , 223 vital statistics , 118, 120 imbalance , 9, 28, 171, 200 David, H.P. (1923–2009) , 89, 113 stage , 20 Davis, K. (1908–1997) , 21, 39, 61 pre-transition , 20 Day of the Five Billion , 1987, 109 second , 20 DDT. See Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane stages , 20–22 (DDT) third , 20 Death rates , 4, 20, 22, 73, 81, 168 Demographic variable planning , 8 Deaths , 2, 4, 13, 20–23, 71–74, 81, 82, 85, Denmark , 113, 159, 191, 197, 260 108, 113, 120, 134, 143, 145, 147, Dependency 152, 168, 174, 182, 202–204, 210, old-age , 194, 252 216, 239, 250, 262, 266, 271 ratio , 1, 29, 49, 50, 66, 112, 176, 178, 181, Decolonization , 24 222, 246, 248, 265 de Condorcet, N. (1743–1794) , 276 Depopulation , 3, 4, 24, 25, 28, 32, 38, 39, 44, Deforestation , 43, 163, 244 52, 148, 174, 183, 201, 231, 237, Demographic 239–241, 273 . See also “cold spots,” 13 , 38–39, 249 Immigration, population collapse , 38, 203 replacement, immigration as convergence , 5, 124, 239 Destabilization , 264 data ( see Data collection) Developed countries. See More developed divergence , 5 countries divide , 4, 182, 238, 239 Developing countries. See Less developed dividend countries ﬁ rst , 51 Development second , 51 agencies , 43, 55, 59, 64, 92, 102, 109, window , 29, 51, 52 164, 226, 227, 265 fatigue , 264 economic (socioeconomic) , 8, 11, 13, 16, fragmentation , 5 26, 37, 40, 41, 45–52, 61–66, 70, hotspots , 13, 38–39, 249 78, 84, 89, 91, 92, 103, 105–107, “illiteracy,” 226 109, 111, 112, 114, 122, 131, landscape , 7, 11, 13, 20, 39, 238–242 136, 150, 152–154, 161, 162, macro-demographic goals , 115, 178, 188, 193, 216, 219, 221, 237, 217, 272 245, 246, 249, 255, 256, 258, 259, momentum ( see Population momentum) 265–267, 275 “obsession,” 200 as migration policy, 188 (see also patterns , 7, 13–19, 238, 264, 268, Migration, development) 271, 273 planning , 61–64, 95–97, 119, 148, 156 regime , 5, 16, 20, 238 sustainable , 9, 38, 51, 117, 136, 144, 150, revolution , 21, 40 160–165, 221, 242, 243 security (see Security, demography) DFID. See UK Department for International transition (see Demographic transition) Development (DFID) trends , 1, 6, 13–19, 42, 43, 47, 52, 55, 60, DHS. See Demographic and Health Surveys 97, 121, 124, 125, 179, 238, 239, Diabetes , 23 264, 268, 271, 273, 274 Dialogue , 9, 10, 59, 126, 202, 208, 211, variables , 8, 41, 44–48, 50, 52, 55, 56, 225–227, 235 58–60, 62, 66, 95, 102, 103, Diarrhea , 22, 71, 72, 120 . See also ORT 106, 111, 117, 121, 148, 149, Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane (DDT) , 210, 265, 268 73, 74 . See also Malaria Index 317

Diffusion , 22, 46, 126, 131, 136, 223, Education 235, 272 externalities , 221 Diphtheria , 72, 76, 77 female , 5, 9–11, 22, 50, 51, 60, 64, 89, antitoxin , 69 108, 115, 129, 134, 169, 219–222, Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus (DPT) , 262, 264, 267 72, 76, 77 girls , 141, 149, 151, 209, 221, 245, 247, Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) , 250–251 246, 263 intergenerational bene ﬁ ts of , 151 Discrimination , 54, 141, 150, 189, 190, 199, mass schooling , 64 249, 253, 262 “revolution,” 50 Disease Effectiveness. See Evaluation methodology cardio-vascular , 23 Ef ﬁ ciency. See Evaluation methodology chronic , 23 Egypt control , 67, 70–72 Cairo , 3, 4, 8, 9, 41, 44, 54, 82, 91, 92, 99, degenerative , 23 100, 103, 105, 108–111, 114, 115, elimination , 70, 71, 74 129, 141, 142, 146, 149, 155, 163, eradication , 71, 73–76, 94, 144 169, 212, 215, 217, 254, 272 extinction , 71 Committee on Population Affairs , 1954, 82 heart , 23, 259 contraception , 8 malignant tumor , 23 Egyptian Family Planning Association , mapping , 234 1961, 83 patterns , 6 family planning , 8, 67, 78, 82, 83, 90, pulmonary , 255 107, 130 surveillance system , 71 fertility , 8, 27, 90, 223, 234 vector , 70, 72, 220 mortality , 67, 82, 145 Dividend. See Demographic, dividend Nasser, G.A. (1918–1970) , 82, 83 Djibouti , 14 new cities , 155 Domagk, G. (1895–1964) , 69 population , 8, 18, 27, 67, 78, 82–84, 90, Dominica , 173 130, 145, 155, 175, 223, 234 Dominican Republic , 137, 163, 164 Population and Family Planning Board , Donors 1973, 83 bilateral , 8, 92, 101, 131 population program , 8, 67, 78, 82–84, 90 multilateral , 8, 92 Prime Minister , 83 DPT. See Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus Supreme Council of Family Planning , (DPT) 1965, 83 Draper, W.H. (1894–1974) , 94 women’s empowerment , 83 Dumont, A. (1849–1902) , 22 Ehrlich, P.R. , 44 “social capillarity,” 22 Elderly support ratio. See Aging Eliminating National Gaps-Advancing Global Equity (ENGAGE) , 226 E El Salvador , 137 East Asia , 18, 39, 49, 85, 96, 120, Emigration , 32–35, 37–39, 57, 120, 148, 157, 124, 130, 176, 204, 261, 159, 160, 163–165, 273 264, 273 Employment Economic. See also Socioeconomic formal , 52, 151 “economic imperialism,” 223 insecurity , 231 geography , 254, 257 Empowerment , 22, 46, 86 Economic geography , 254, 257 female , 9, 44, 51, 83, 95, 98, 103, 108, Economists , 5, 39, 42, 45, 46, 52, 56, 113–115, 142, 143, 150–152, 163, 88, 92, 101, 103, 104, 111, 188, 208, 212, 217, 221, 223, 235, 112, 114, 122, 126, 201, 213, 249, 266, 267, 272 216, 274 Energy , 3, 48, 156, 162 Ecosystem , 118, 161–163, 227, 240, 244 low-carbon , 243 Ecuador , 18 Engels, F. (1820–1895) , 45 318 Index

England. See United Kingdom EPI. See Expanded Program on Immunization Entrapment. See Malthusian (EPI) Environment Epidemiological transition , 7, 13, 20–25, acid rains , 160 70, 222 agriculture , 38, 153, 163 Equatorial Guinea , 241 biodiversity , 117, 162, 163 Equipment , 48, 52, 156, 194, 230 carbon dioxide , 243 Equity climate change , 3, 11, 160, 237, 238, 243, horizontal , 196 244, 269 vertical , 196 coastal , 244 Eritrea , 14 consumption , 161, 165 Ethical considerations , 227 cultivable land , 243 Ethiopia damage (degradation) , 5, 154, 158, abortion , 222 161–163, 165, 244, 247, 249, 257, Addis Ababa , 39, 174 259, 264 contraception , 10 deforestation , 43, 244 prevalence rate , 220, 221 degradation , 5, 154, 158, 162, 163, 165, demographic 244, 247, 249, 257, 259, 264 dividend , 51, 222 deserti ﬁ cation , 244 indicators , 239 droughts , 221, 243 transition , 10, 26, 51, 220–222, ecological disaster , 39, 163, 164, 240 235, 239 ecosystems , 118, 161–163 education ﬂ oods , 244, 257, 258, 266 female , 51, 64, 221, 222 global warming , 125, 160, 273 non-formal , 222 greenhouse gases , 243 primary , 64, 221 heat/cold waves , 257 secondary , 221 human behavior, impact employment , 51, 221, 222 on environment , 160 family planning , 51, 135, 208, landslides , 257, 258 220–222, 235 livelihood , 53, 162, 243, 244 famine , 221 2005 Millennium Ecosystem fertility , 10, 64, 174, 220–222, 235, Assessment , 162 238, 239 natural disasters , 28, 89, 157, 242–244, food insecurity , 221 257, 266 Growth and Transformation Plan , 221 natural resources , 43, 48, 153, 160–163, highlands , 221, 222 244, 248, 257, 266 ideational changes , 222 “nexus,” 38 , 163 lowlands , 221 ozone layer , 160 marriage pollution , 65, 154, 160, 255, 257–259 age at , 220, 222 population, as stressor of environment , 160 late , 45, 55 protection , 9, 48, 88, 156, 169, 272 Ministry of Finance and Economic rainfall , 162, 221, 243 Development (MoFED) , 221 refugees, 157 (see also Migration) Ministry of Health , 222 salinity (soils) , 244 mortality , 222, 239 sea level , 243, 244, 257, 258 Multidimensional Poverty Index storms , 244, 257, 258 (MPI) , 220 sustainability , 114, 117, 161, 163, 269 National Population Policy , 1993, 221 technology , 161 Plan for Accelerated and Sustained hybrid rice (China) , 161 Development to End Poverty temperature , 203, 243 (PASDEP) , 221 tornadoes , 244 population tsunamis , 257 growth , 221, 238, 239 weather , 243, 244, 258 statistics , 238, 239 Environmentalists , 111 poverty reduction , 221 Index 319

rural-urban migration , 221 methodology , 208–212 Sustainable Development and Poverty monitoring and evaluation (M&E) , 207 Reduction Program (SDPRP) , 221 “mystery client,” 210–211 urbanization , 221 outcome , 208, 209, 211 Ethnic output (result) , 208–210 composition , 7, 9, 38, 190 participant’s observation , 210 status , 19 qualitative , 210 Eugenicists , 79, 86 quantitative , 210 Eugenics , 78, 79, 114, 201, 203 RCT ( see Randomized control trial) Eugenics Society , 201 relevance , 207, 209 Eurobarometer Special Surveys , 174 services provider assessment , 210 Europe time frame , 208, 211 Eastern , 16, 23, 24, 28, 39, 69, 80, 124, Excision. See FGM 138, 174, 189, 191 Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) , Northern , 120 67, 76–77, 90 Southern , 57 “Explosionist.”. See “Implosionist”, 5, 44, 47 Western , 10, 18, 20, 23, 35, 60, 69, 85, Externalities 120, 187, 191, 192, 194, 200, negative , 42, 43 201, 232 positive , 64, 221 European Commission , 188, 254 European Population Committee , 202 European Project on Fertility (Princeton F Project) , 21 Family European Union allowances , 176, 198, 201, 228, 229 Council of Europe , 202 children , 57, 78, 137, 149, 176, 183, 193, Frontex , 188 195, 196, 219, 229 Statistical Of fi ce , 123, 182 cohabitation , 178, 195, 228 Euthanasia consensual union , 195 active , 263 day-care center , 194, 230 forms , 263 desire for smaller families , 140, 219, 261 legal aspects , 263 forms , 20, 197 passive , 263 grants , 103, 104, 131, 156, 197, 228 Evaluation methodology insurance , 183, 228, 253 attribution , 209 nuclear-type , 50, 266 benchmarking , 10, 208, 211 policy , 10, 136, 172, 183, 193, 195–199, bene fi ciary assessment , 210 201, 205, 228–230, 238 bene fi t-cost ratio , 211 single-parent , 176, 195 comparisons , 10, 211 size , 57, 78, 83, 117, 134, 151, 152, conversational interview , 210 222–225, 261, 266, 267 cost-bene fi t analysis , 211 subsidies , 194, 230 cost-effectiveness , 208, 211 Family planning. See also Contraception effectiveness (impact) , 208, 210 abuses , 82, 272 ef fi cacy , 208 arguments for , 114 ef fi ciency barriers , 87, 210 allocative , 211 Bombay meeting , 1952, 85 technical , 211 cash (monetary) incentive , 98 family planning programs , 208–211 coercion , 78 program placement bias , 213 commodities , 87, 96, 131, 209, 265 focus-group , 210 demand , 96, 103, 131, 136, 219, 220 indicator , 208–210 eugenics , 78, 79 input , 208–210 “family planners,” 64, 79, 86, key performance indicator , 210 105–107, 126 Matlab , 120, 214 ( see also Bangladesh) fi rst clinic, London 1921 , 85 M&E ( see Monitoring and evaluation) funding , 3, 86, 102, 103, 111, measurement tools , 204 114, 115, 132 320 Index

Family planning (cont.) Female genital cutting (FGC). market segmentation , 87 See Female genital mutilation method mix , 139, 213 (FGM) monitoring and evaluation (M&E) (see Female genital mutilation (FGM) Evaluation methodology, M&E) consequences , 142 programs Dirie, W. , 142 effect on fertility , 64, 65, 233 Guinea , 142 effort , 218 Islam and FGM , 143 expansion , 8, 67–68, 84–87 “medicalisation,” 143 integrated , 89, 90 prevalence , 142 vertical , 89, 94, 100 reasons for performing , 143 “repositioning,” 103, 116 responses , 143 services , 1, 3, 8, 42, 58, 60, 78, 80, Senegal , 142, 144 81, 83, 84, 89, 90, 96, 97, 99, statistics, 142 100, 108, 115, 131, 132, 135, Tostan , 144 136, 145, 152, 177, 192, 193, types , 143 210, 213, 216, 217, 220–222, UN Ambassador , 142 224, 235, 264–267, 272 Feminist social marketing , 87 agenda , 9 supply , 84, 135, 216, 266, 267, 274 movement , 85, 111, 114 supply-chain , 87, 265 paradox , 199 vanguard countries , 67, 78–84, 272 perspectives (views) , 92, 114 Family policy Fertility adoption , 58, 129, 132, 149, baby-boom , 185, 186, 198 176, 195 Bongaarts model cash payment/transfer , 195–198 abortion index , 233 child care , 197 breastfeeding , 57, 233, 234 credit , 196, 197 contraception index , 233 deduction , 196, 197 marriage index , 233, 234 dimensions natural fecundity , 233 ﬁ nancial , 195 pathological sterility , 57 industrial (labor) , 195, 196 postpartum abstinence , 57, 233, 234 legal , 195 postpartum infecundability index , services, provision of , 195 233–234 loan , 196 sterility index , 233 lump-sum , 195, 196 Coale’s conditions (for fertility decline) male breadwinner model , 198 ability (to do so) , 222 marriage, age at , 195 readiness , 222 marriage laws , 195 willingness , 222 maternal bene ﬁ t , 196 decline (decrease) , 5, 10, 13, 16, 20, 22, maternity (maternal) leave , 176, 179, 29, 32, 46, 49, 50, 52, 56, 57, 60, 196, 228, 229 64, 81, 84, 95, 107, 112, 115, 123, paternity (paternal) leave , 176, 125, 130, 134–137, 139, 149, 151, 196, 228 176–178, 181, 184, 193, 199, 209, tax rebate , 196, 197 212, 214, 219, 222, 223, 228–230, Famine 232, 233, 237, 240, 242, 246, 264, fascist regimes , 201 266, 267 Federated States of Micronesia , 244 desired , 46, 139, 175 Female determinants autonomy , 222 education , 5, 9–11, 22, 50, intermediate , 57, 211, 220, 233 51, 60, proximate , 10, 57, 123, 175, 64, 89, 108, 115, 129, 134, 169, 208, 211, 220, 233, 219–222, 262, 264, 267 ( see also 235, 264 Education) falling , 3 Index 321

high , 2–5, 8, 14, 20, 25, 40–43, 48, 49, 55–57, Ford Foundation , 97 60, 63, 67, 78, 85, 90, 111, 112, Fourth World Conference on Women , 1995 . 124–126, 135, 164, 173, 182, 220, See Conference on Women and 222, 227, 235, 237–241, 245, 246, Development, Beijing 1995 264, 265, 267, 268, 271, 274, 2637 Fragile states , 247 incentives , 180 France levels (map) , 2–4, 8, 9, 11, 14, 20–22, allocations familiales , 198 24–30, 37–41, 43, 48–50, 55–57, Code de la Famille , 1939, 176 64, 65, 67, 78, 85, 90, 91, 93, 94, Équilibres & Populations , 1993, 102 97, 106, 111, 115, 119, 122, 124, family allowances , 176, 198, 201, 228 125, 129, 134–136, 138, 139, 164, French colonies , 190 169, 171, 173–177, 182, 184, French Development Agency (AFD) , 102 192–195, 199, 204, 211, 213–215, “French doctors,” 102 219–223, 227–230, 232, 233, 235, Gaullist , 201 240–242, 255, 264, 265, 267, 268, INED (French National Institute for 271, 273, 275 Demographic Studies, 1945) Festy, natural , 223 Patrick, P. , 202 period , 25, 38, 122, 203 interdisciplinary approach , 102 policies (see Policy) overseas departments and territories , 102 “political economy,” 58 Pétain , 200 preferences , 120, 214, 223 Saar , 228 ( see also Germany) pregnancy social security , 198 early , 250, 251 Freedman, R. , 57 unplanned , 251 French Guyana , 163 reduction , 5, 22, 42, 52, 56, 60, 67, 78, 90, Futures Group International , 63, 226, 233 98, 112, 124, 147, 149, 178, 182, 204, 209, 211, 212 replacement , 3–7, 32, 37, 38, 125, 139, G 177, 180, 199, 222, 229, 230, Gambia , 14 238, 240 Gapminder Foundation , 226 stalling , 123, 240 GAVI Alliance (GAVI) , 77 statistics , 120, 123 GDP. See Gross domestic product (GDP) sub-fertility (sub-replacement) GEC. See Global economic crisis (GEC) consequences , 10, 171, 174, 177, 178 Gender statistics , 202 balance , 11, 65, 260 tempo (effect) , 154, 175 equality , 116, 118, 150 unwanted , 57 equity , 3, 22, 150, 152, 198, 222, 229, 230, FGM. See Female genital mutilation (FGM) 232, 249, 268, 269, 275 FIGO. See International Federation of equivalence , 266, 268, 275 Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Gender-based approach Fiji , 78, 84, 244 inequity , 44, 52, 150, 151, 262, 264 Finland, 197 men, role of , 64, 149–151, 250, 268 Firewood , 48 relations , 141, 151, 152 Fiscal roles , 64, 149–151, 175, 250, 268 incentive , 42 Generation , 20, 38, 49, 95, 102, 109, space , 10, 65, 172 140, 158, 161, 172, 175, 186, Fleming, A. (1881–1955) , 69, 70 190, 195, 201, 202, 226, 227, 239, Food 254, 279, 281 insecurity , 221, 244 renewal , 38, 202 marketing , 69 Geneva Conference , 1965, 105 packaging , 69 Geographic information system (GIS) , 234 prices , 3 Geopolitical entities , 1, 16, 18, 29, 33, 40 . processing , 69 See also Countries security , 11, 161, 264, 268, 273 Georgia , 173 322 Index

German Democratic Republic. See Great Britain. See United Kingdom Germany Gross domestic product (GDP) , 52, 154, 214 German Technical Cooperation Corporation Gross national income (GNI) , 15, 124, (GTZ) , 101 220, 266 Germany Group of 77 , 94 Berlin Wall , 160 GTZ. See German Technical Cooperation demographic indicators , 239 Corporation (GTZ) East Germany (former German Guadeloupe , 163, 173 Democratic Republic) , 160, Guatemala , 85, 247 229, 230 Guinea , 14, 72, 142, 156, 158, 241, 244 family policies , 197, 228–230, 238 Guinea-Bissau , 14 fertility , 1, 36, 39, 42, 57, 85, 107, 175, Guttmacher Institute , 138 179, 184, 197, 200, 201, 228–231, 238–240, 271 Grass, G. H Headbirths , 175 Haiti guestworkers , 36 agriculture , 163, 164 Hitler , 200 boat-people , 164 population policy , 85, 186, 229 contraception , 164 reuni ﬁ cation , 1990, 229 earthquake , 2010, 163, 1165 Saar ( see France) ecological disaster , 39, 163–165, 240 West Germany (Federal Republic) , 160, 229 emigration , 37, 164, 165 Germ theory , 69, 144 fertility , 28, 129, 130, 164 Gesellschaft für Internationale Haitian Environmental Foundation , 165 Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). See Human Development Index (HDI) , 164 German Technical Cooperation independence , 1804, 163 Corporation (GTZ) infant mortality , 164 Ghana , 57, 59, 62, 84, 85, 132, 214 plantation economy , 164 National Population Policy , 1969, 61 population Ghana Navrongo , 214 density , 163, 164 GIS. See Geographic information system policy , 60, 164, 165 (GIS) pressure , 9, 163–165 Glass, D.V. (1911–1978) , 201 projections , 164 Global economic crisis (GEC) , 3, 231, 245 reforestation , 165 Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis, and USAID , 164 Malaria. See HIV/AIDS Harmful practices , 142, 144, 251 . See also Global Gag Rule , 107, 112 Female genital mutilation (FGM) Global Health Initiative , 103, 110 honor killings , 249 Global inequality , 246 Harvard’s School of Public Health , 101 Globalization , 4, 33, 52, 57, 105, 107, 109, Haub, C. , 28, 191 187, 273 Health care , 23, 54, 55, 65, 69, 72, 77, 90, 98, Global Program on AIDS. See HIV/AIDS 133, 136, 141, 142, 146, 155, 162, Global targets , 41, 212, 217, 272 185, 193–195, 233, 240, 246, 252, Global warming. See Environment 259, 262, 267 “Glorious Thirty,” 1945–1975 , 195 Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) , 103 Governance , 65, 167, 222, 242, 255, 274 Health policy initiative , 226 Governments , 9, 11, 40, 41, 43, 49, 51, 54, 55, Health policy project , 226 59–63, 65, 70, 82, 86, 90, 93, 95, Health sector reform , 103 98, 99, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, Health services , 2, 37, 53, 55, 77, 89, 94, 100, 115, 116, 118–121, 141, 145, 147, 113, 114, 142, 145, 146, 150, 165, 149, 155, 157, 159, 161, 167, 169, 185, 197, 209, 214, 250–252 178, 187, 193–196, 220, 223, 227, decentralization , 89 231, 243, 247, 255, 258, 259, 264, Health system , 24, 60, 72, 74, 83, 135, 167 265, 273, 274, 278, 280 Hepatitis B , 72 Index 323

Hewlett foundation , 86 Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis, and High income countries , 15 Malaria (GF/ATM) , 167 Hispaniola Island. See Haiti global inequality (see Poverty) Historical demography , 101 Global Program on AIDS (GPA) , 165 HIV/AIDS. See Human imunode fi ciency “2-7-10” goal , 168 syndrome/acquired infections (numbers) , 23, 44, 72, 115, 144, immunode fi ciency syndrome 168, 251 HNP. See Health, Nutrition and Population linkages with family planning , 169 (HNP) Mann, J. (1947–1998) , 165 Holy. See. See Roman Catholic Church MDG 6 (Target 6a) (see MDGs) Honduras , 145 morbidity burden , 243 Hong Kong , 17, 28, 39, 50, 51, 85, 174, mortality burden , 243 177, 218 Multi-Country HIV/AIDS Program for Hook worm (guinea worm) , 72 Africa (MAP) , 166–168, 264 Hormonal pill. See Contraceptives origin , 23 Household , 24, 51, 52, 61, 77, 83, 111, orphans , 24 117, 119, 120, 146, 151, 152, pandemic , 3, 24, 115, 167, 169, 219 178, 196, 198, 199, 213, 214, policy community , 2, 242, 279 216, 219, 222, 234, 235, prevention , 11, 24, 37, 89, 115, 146, 245–247, 250, 252, 253 166–168, 264 level , 247 sex workers , 166, 167 Housing , 49, 52, 53, 55, 62, 63, 69, 97, social implications , 2 119, 155, 176, 179, 183, 193, statistics , 123 196, 199, 216, 245, 254, 257, “three ones,” 167 278, 281 US President’s Emergency Plan Human capital , 52, 193, 213, 227, 240, 246, for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) , 167, 251, 265, 273 168 investments , 49, 62, 63, 65, 112, 176, 222, viral 241, 242 charge , 264 Human development index (HDI) , 33, transmission , 264 124, 164 World AIDS Campaign , 166 Human immunode fi ciency syndrome/acquired World AIDS Day , 166 immunode fi ciency syndrome (HIV/ Human rights AIDS) considerations , 3, 9, 41, 43, 66, 156, Abstain, Be faithful, use Condoms 272, 274 (ABC) , 168 Tehran Conference , 1968, 109 abstinence , 55, 168 Universal Declaration of , 1948 activists , 6, 68, 88–90 Economic Covenant , 54 antiretroviral therapy (ART) , 168 Political Covenant , 54 concept of risk , 166 Women’s Convention , 54 concept of vulnerability , 166 Human traf fi cking , 34, 89 consequences , 1, 24, 76, 143 Hygiene “core transmitters,” 166 personal , 69 demographic impact , 71, 124 public , 70 economic implications , 6 Hyper-aging. See Aging epidemic , 1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 20, 23–25, 30, 37, 40, 44, 55, 69, 71, 92, 111, 115, 126, 129, 136, 144, I 147, 149, 165, 168, 169, 203, 233, ICD. See Infectious and communicable disease 242, 272, 274 (ICD) feminization , 149 Iceland , 173 fi rst cases , 167 ICPD. See International Conference on Global AIDS Act , 167 Population and Development Global AIDS Coordinator, Of fi ce , 167 (ICPD) 324 Index

Ideational change , 8, 22, 46, 56, 127, Mumbai , 19 222–224, 279 population , 16, 17, 19, 27, 32, 34, 37, 46, Ideological confrontations , 99 67, 78, 81, 82, 85, 86, 92, 114, Ideology , 5, 8, 93, 106, 200, 274 125–126, 153, 174, 177, 182, 189, IEC. See Information, Education and 215, 261 Communication (IEC) population policy , 78, 82, 85, 92, 125 IIASA. See International Institute population projections , 32, 92, 125 for Applied Systems Analysis sterilization , 132 (IIASA) targets , 78, 82 ILO. See International Labour Organization Uttar Pradesh , 125 (ILO) Individual concerns , 41, 99, 217, 272 Immigrants. See also Migrants Indonesia blood identity , 36 Bali , 155 guestworkers , 36, 190 BKKBN (Indonesian Population illegal , 57, 190, 232, 240 and Family Information integration , 36, 190–192, 231 Network) , 133, 134 melting-pot , 36, 191 culture , 134 multiculturalism , 36 fi ve-year plans , 156 Immigration. See also Migrants; Migration Irian Jaya , 156 anti-immigrant sentiments , 231 Java , 155, 156, 169 costs and bene fi ts , 232 Javanese , 134, 156 illegal , 57, 160, 187, 190, 232 Kalimantan , 156 population replacement, immigration leaders as , 231 cultural , 133 social integration , 231 religious , 133 Immunization programs, demographic New Guinea , 156 impact , 77 President , 133, 156 “Implosionist.”. See “Explosionist”, 5, 44, 47 resettlement , 129, 155, 156 Income , 15, 19, 22, 33, 36, 43, 46, 48, 49, 51, Suharto (1921–2008) , 156 65, 69, 70, 73, 77, 95, 103, 124, Sukarno (1901–1970) , 156 140, 144, 151, 152, 154, 155, 166, Sulawesi , 156 184, 186, 196–198, 214, 220–222, Sumatra , 156 230, 233, 243–246, 248, 255, 256, Suyono, H. (BKKBN Chairman) , 133 259, 261, 266, 278 transmigration program India criticism , 156 Andhra Pradesh , 82 impact , 129, 156 Bihar , 125 statistics , 156 Coale and Hoover , 1958, 46 World Bank , 156 Congress Party’s defeat , 1977, 81 Induced abortion. See Abortion contraception , 130 Industrialization , 50, 177, 256, 257, 262 Delhi , 254 Industrialized countries. See More developed Emergency Period , 1975–1977, 81, 82 countries family planning , 37, 56, 67, 78, 81, 82, Inequality , 44, 52, 150, 151, 154, 246–249, 85, 86, 90, 96, 114, 125, 130, 133, 256, 257, 262, 264 139, 177 Inequity , 1, 11, 23, 152, 237, 238, 242–251, targets , 78, 82 269, 274 fertility , 27, 32, 37, 67, 78, 81, 85, 90, Infant mortality rate , 164, 210, 239, 266, 279 . 96, 125, 126, 139, 174, 177, 182 See also Child mortality fi ve-year plans , 81 Infectious and communicable disease (ICD) , Gandhi, I. (1917–1984) , 81 256, 257 Hindi-belt , 28, 81 Infectious disease Indo-Ganges plain , 81 pathogen agents , 220 Kerala , 81, 125, 174 vectors , 220 Kolkata , 254 In fi bulation. See FGM, types Index 325

In fl uenza ( fl u) , 72, 76 International Union for the Scienti fi c Information, Education and Communication Investigation of Population (IEC) , 55, 57, 72, 87, 102–103, 131, Problems (IUSIPP) , 105 143, 209, 224, 266, 277, 279 . See International Union for the Scienti fi c Study of also BCC Population (IUSSP) , 104–106 Infrastructure , 48, 49, 52, 55, 57, 62, 65, Internet , 4, 98, 123 70–72, 77, 83, 87, 89, 97, 167, 213, Intra-uterine device (IUD) , 83, 139, 140, 217, 218, 221, 247, 248, 255–259, 267 218, 261 Innovation , 46, 59, 70, 161, 185, 223, 255, Investment , 23, 49–52, 60, 62, 63, 65, 262, 277 81, 96, 112, 130, 135, 140, 154, Institutional 164, 176, 188, 201, 212, 222, frontier , 51 224, 240–242, 246, 247, 251, mechanisms , 58, 250 255, 258, 259, 275 settings , 58, 84, 172 In vitro fertilization (IVF) , 260 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease IOM. See International Organization for Research (ICDDR,B). See Migration (IOM) Bangladesh IPCC. See International Panel on Climate International Conference on Family Planning, Change (IPCC) Kampala 2009 , 146 IPPF. See International Planned Parenthood International Conference on Human Federation (IPPF) Rights, Tehran 1968. See Human Iran rights agrarian reform , 134 International Conference on Population and Ahmadi-Nejad, M. , 134 Development (ICPD) family planning Cairo Consensus , 108 fatwa , 134 ICPD+5 , 44, 108 fi rst program , 132, 133 ICPD+10 , 44 second program , 132, 133 ICPD at 15 , 108 female education , 134 ICPD implementation , 41, 100, 147 female labor participation , 134 ICPD Programme of Action fertility adoption , 147 decline , 112, 134 fragmentation , 102 in Tehran , 134 funding , 145 Iran-Iraq War , 1980–1988, 134 pre-Cairo approach , 217 Khomeiny, R. (1902–1989) , 134 International Federation of Gynecology and Pahlavi, M.R. (1919–1980) , 134 Obstetrics (FIGO) , 104 pronatalist policies , 134 International Institute for Applied Systems religious establishment , 134 Analysis (IIASA) , 123 urbanization , 134 International Labour Organization (ILO) , 100, Ireland , 101, 173, 179, 189, 191, 204 105, 166 Islam International Organization for Migration analogy , 136 (IOM) , 158 assemblies of wise men , 136 International organizations , 43, 44, 93–95, contraception , 108, 136 101, 102, 104, 123, 125, 145, family planning, attitudes on , 85, 108, 112, 158, 247 132, 133, 136, 137 International Panel on Climate Change Islamic jurists , 136, 137 (IPCC) , 243 law doctors , 136 International Planned Parenthood Federation Quran , 136 (IPPF) , 55, 85, 86, 91, 94, 97, 101, Shi’ite , 136 106, 110, 131, 132 sterilization , 137 International Population Conferences. See Sunnah , 136 World Population Conferences Tradition , 136, 143 International population paradigms. See Islamic Republic of Iran. See Iran Population, paradigms Island countries , 84, 125, 241 326 Index

Italy Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers conservative traditions , 198 (SCAP ) , 78 Emilia-Romagna , 198 Tokyo (Greater Tokyo Area) , 254 family policies , 10, 172, 198–199 Japanese Organization for International fertility , 39, 106, 192, 198, 199 Cooperation in Family Planning housing , 199 (JOICFP) , 141 labor market , 199 Jenner, E. (1749–1823) , 69, 71 Lombardy , 198 JOICFP. See Japanese Organization for Mussolini , 200 International Cooperation in Family North , 198 Planning Piedmont , 198 Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/ South , 18, 198 AIDS. See UNAIDS Veneto , 198 IUSIPP. See International Union for the Scienti fi c Investigation of K Population Problems Kenya IUSSP. See International Union for the family planning , 56, 84, 85, 135, 136, 224 Scienti fi c Study of Population fertility , 56, 84, 135, 136, 240 (IUSSP) stall , 136, 240 IVF. See In vitro fertilization health system , 135 Kenyatta, J. (1894–1978) , 143 key performance indicator (see Evaluation J methodology) Jamaica , 85, 86, 103, 132 Kilimanjaro Declaration (see Kilimanjaro Japan Program of Action on Population) abortion , 8, 78–81 Kisii region , 152 Allied occupation , 78, 79 mortality , 135, 136 anti-natalist laws , 78 Nairobi , 136, 154 condoms , 80 poverty , 154 contraception , 79, 80 Sessional Papers (Parliament) , 62, Council on Population 135, 136 Problems , 1953, 80 shantytowns , 136, 154 Eugenic Protection Law , 1948, 79 Uhuru Park , 136 eugenics , 78, 79 Key performance indicator (KPI). See family planning , 8, 67, 78–80, 86, 90, 101, Evaluation methodology 130, 141 Kilimanjaro Program of Action fertility , 4, 8, 28, 39, 52, 67, 78, 90, 173, on Population , 62 175, 177, 181, 183, 240, 271 King, M. , 55 hormonal pill , 80 Kiribati , 14 infanticide , 81 Knaus, H. (1892–1970) , 79 medical lobbies , 80 Koch, R. (1843–1910) , 69 military coup , 1932, 79 Kosovo , 173 military defeat , 79 Kunii, C. (1916–1996) , 141 overpopulation , 79 Paci fi c War , 79 Pharmaceutical Affairs Law , 1948, 80 L population , 1, 4, 17, 28, 39, 67, 78–81, Labor 101, 110, 181, 183, 240, 271 force , 1, 2, 7, 13, 29, 30, 32, 38, 49–50, 60, population pressure , 80 83, 95, 109, 134, 147, 148, 151, pronatalism , 9, 177 164, 175, 178, 184, 185, 187, 196, return migration , 191 199, 220, 229–231, 240, 253, 255, Sanger, M., visits to Japan , 79 256, 266 Shizue, I. (later Katō) (1897–2001) , 79 intensive , 223 sterilization , 79 market policies , 194 Index 327

Land “grabs,” 248 Malaria Landlocked countries , 14, 117, 124 bed nets , 73, 74 Landry, A. (1874–1956) , 21, 175 impregnated , 43, 74, 220 La révolution démographique , 21, 175 clinical cases , 73 Laos , 14 control campaigns , 8 Latin America , 14–16, 25, 26, 37, 46, 51, 68, drugs , 73, 74 70, 72, 82, 84, 94, 96, 97, 100, low birth-weight , 73 130–132, 183, 189, 192, 214, 223, mosquitoes , 70, 73 241, 242, 257 quinine , 73 Latin America and the Caribbean Sri Lanka , 8, 70, 73 Caribbean , 16 vaccine , 70, 74 Central America , 16 Malawi , 14, 152 South America , 16 Malaysia , 85, 145, 177, 252 LDCs. See Least developed countries (LDCs) Maldives , 14, 125 Leaders , 59, 91, 114–116, 133–135, 144, 172, Mali , 14, 158 192, 200, 204, 226, 227, 235, 242, Malnutrition , 11, 22, 152, 243 264, 265 Malta , 57, 137 Leadership , 37, 59, 75, 79, 83, 88, 93, 94, 97, Malthusian 103, 110, 111, 115, 133, 165, 167, neo-Malthusian , 45, 47 168, 190, 217, 232, 263, 265 trap , 38, 56 League of Nations. See United Nations (UN) Malthusianism , 44–47 Least developed countries (LDCs) Malthus, Rev. T.R. (1766–1834) fertility , 25, 37, 182, 237, 239, 264 Essay on the Principle of Population , 45 map , 15 First Essay , 45, 47 population , 3 positive check , 45 doubling time , 63, 241 preventive checks , 45 growth (increase) , 3, 6, 237, 238, “Maputo Protocol.”. See Protocol to the 241, 271 African Charter on Human and statistics , 120 Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Lebanon , 106 Women in Africa Left. See Right Market failure , 274 Left-right divide , 200 Marriage Legal reform , 109, 264 age at , 64, 178, 216, 220–222, Leisure , 52, 185, 186 234, 267 Lesotho , 14, 158, 240 child , 249, 250 Less developed countries , 2, 7, 14, 238, 240 Marshall Islands , 244 Liberia , 14, 248 Marshall plan , 86 Libya , 16, 175 Martinique , 173 Life cycle , 145, 147, 175, 194 Marxist , 7, 41, 44, 45, 47, 97, 138, 215 Life expectancy Marx, K. (1818–1883) , 45 at birth , 24, 25, 68, 69, 122, 163, 177, 181, Population Law of Capitalism , 45 239, 266 Mass media without disability ( see DALY) audio-visual , 225 Longevity. See Aging campaigns , 87, 135, 224–226 Low income countries , 15, 246, 248 cinema , 225 Low-rise islands , 125 communication , 98, 224, 225, 273 Luxembourg , 101 impact , 64, 224 journalists , 226 messages , 224 M newspaper , 224, 225 Macao , 17, 39, 174, 177 radio , 224, 225 Macro-economic stability , 10, 49 television , 224, 225 Madagascar , 14, 113 Maternal health , 116, 136, 144, 146, Maghreb , 175 150–152, 214 328 Index

Maternal mortality Middle East , 1, 57, 142 deaths , 113, 145 Gulf , 57 International Conference on Safe Middle-income countries Motherhood, Nairobi 1987 , 145 lower middle income , 15 interventions , 43, 44, 62, 145, 233 upper middle income , 15 ratio (MMR) , 145 Migrants variations , 145 African , 158 Maternal mortality ratio (MMR). See Maternal assimilation , 190 mortality, ratio (MMR) high-skilled (workers) , 187 Mauritania , 14 international , 33, 35, 57, 121, 157, Mauritius , 84, 173 158, 238 McArthur, D. (1880–1964) , 78 . See also low-skilled (workers) , 187 Japan origin , 36, 57, 155, 157, 188 McKeown, T. (1912–1988) , 69 statistics, 33, 35, 157, 158 McNamara, R. (1916–2009) , 103 . See also waves , 200 World Bank Migration MDGs. See Millennium Development Goals asylum seekers , 33, 35, 191 (MDGs) brain drain , 35, 37, 159, 188, 273 Mean age at childbearing , 25, 172, 175 “brain gain,” 35 , 188 Measles , 72, 76, 77 circular , 36, 188 Meat processing , 69 data , 36, 253 Mellon foundation , 86 development as migration policy, 188 Meningitis , 72, 76, 77 domestic work , 158, 159 Menstrual regulation , 139 . See also Vietnam environmental refugees (see Environment) Merkel, A. , 191 ﬂ ows Mexican National Council on Population. developing to developed countries , See Mexico 35, 157, 158 Mexico developing to developing countries, Catholic Church , 114, 148 35, 157, 158 Catholic traditions , 148 forced , 35, 157, 252, 253 Ciudad Juárez , 257 Harris-Toredo model , 33 CONAPO , 148 identity , 36 constitution , 148 immigration , 120 contraceptive prevalence rate , 148 immigration-open countries , 271 emigration to the US , 148 immigration-shy countries , 271 Emperor Maximilian I (1832–1867) , 147 internal , 1, 9, 13, 19, 33, 120, 129, 130, fertility , 148 148, 153–160, 169, 216, 258 General Law on Population , 1936, 148 international , 1, 7, 10, 11, 13, 32–36, 57, General Law on Population , 1973, 148 108, 120, 121, 125, 129, 130, 147, Guadalajara , 148 153–160, 169, 172, 187, 192, 268, internal migration , 148 269, 273, 274 Mexican National Council on Population , lack of data , 253 148 melting pot , 36, 191 Mexico (City) , 98, 257 migratory movements , 1, 4, 9, 32, 33, 38, Monterrey , 148 39, 57, 155, 156 population , 148 monetary transfers , 36, 121 population policy , 148 multicultural model , 191 revolutionary years (1910–1920) , 148 national , 6 spatial redistribution program , 148 national identity , 172, 187, 190, 227 stages in policy attitudes , 148 nationalism , 97 Mexico City. See Mexico network factor , 33, 157 Mexico Conference , 1984 . See World pull factors , 33, 157, 158 Population Conferences push factors , 33, 39, 157, 158 Micro-credit , 88, 151 racism , 36, 231 Micro-states , 18 refugee , 10, 35, 157 Index 329

remittances , 37, 121, 159, 188, 253, 273 Monitoring and evaluation (M&E). See repatriation , 35, 57, 253 Evaluation methodology replacement , 184, 231, 273 Morbidity , 22, 24, 74, 108, 152, 243 resettlement, involuntary , 156 More developed countries , 2, 35 restrictions , 160, 253 Morocco , 16, 34, 85, 90, 158 rural to urban , 19, 33, 255, 258 Mortality securitization , 159 childhood , 20, 70, 147 South-North , 35 reduction , 8, 42, 56, 67, 211 South-South , 35, 158 Mozambique , 14, 158, 159, 247 cooperation , 109 Multi-Country HIV/AIDS Program for Africa statistics , 120 (MAP). See HIV/AIDS temporary , 35, 36, 158, 159, 187, 188, 190 Multidimensional Poverty Index. See transition (see Migratory transition) Ethiopia transmigration ( see Indonesia) Multilateral organizations , 94, 102, 167 US immigration ( see US immigration) Muslim. See Islam voluntary , 156, 253 Myanmar , 14, 18, 27, 227 . See also Dialogue; xenophobia , 36, 231, 253 Policy Migratory transition , 6, 7, 34, 57, 172 Myrdal, A.R. (1902–1986) , 201 theory , 13 Myrdal, G. (1898–1987) , 201 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) demographic dimensions , 242 MDG 5 (“mother of all MDGs”) , 117 N 2000 Millennium Summit , 5, 116 Namibia , 19, 120 reproductive health , 5, 11, 92, 117, 118, National Adaptation Programmes of Action 152, 268 (NAPA) , 243, 244 MDG 5b (Target 5b) , 152 Natural decrease , 20, 42, 48 “Missing” girls Natural increase , 21, 42, 48, 177, 178, 241 abortion , 37, 261 Natural resources , 43, 48, 153, 160–163, sex-selective , 261, 269 248, 266 Balkans , 261 degradation/depletion , 43 China , 261, 262 Nauru , 244 Chinese Academy of Social Sciences NCD. See Non-communicable disease (CASS) , 262 (NCD) Chinese-Americans , 261 Nepal , 14, 28, 85, 132, 139, 210, 211, female infanticide , 261 225, 252 gendercide , 260 Netherlands , 36, 85, 100, 159, 185, 188, girls’ negligence , 261 191, 268 India , 261 Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 188 Japanese-Americans , 261 New international economic order , 106, 107 policy , 261 New Zealand , 14, 186, 187 sex ratio at birth , 261 NGO. See Non-governmental organization sex ratio imbalance , 261, 262 (NGO) consequences , 262 NIA. See US National Institute on Aging son preference , 262 (NIA) South Korea , 262 Nicaragua , 137 statistics , 261–262 Niger ultrasound technology , 261 Declaration on Population Policy , 2007, 64 under-registration , 261 population pyramid , 30, 31 Vietnam , 261 Nigeria violence , 262 Abuja , 155 Modernization , 22, 34, 46, 97, 216, Enugu , 224 219, 256 Ibadan , 224 Monaco , 177 Ilorin , 224 Mongolia , 19 Lagos , 155 330 Index

Non-aligned movement , 98 P Non-communicable disease (NCD) , PAA. See Population Association of America 23, 182 (PAA) Non-governmental organization (NGO) , PAC. See Post-abortion care (PAC) 5, 43, 44, 55, 60, 82, 85, 88, Paci fi c. See Oceania 93, 98, 101, 102, 104–109, Paci fi c Small Island Developing States 111, 115, 132, 144, 146, 167, (PSIDS) , 244 192, 204, 217, 226, 227, 258, Packard Foundation , 74, 86 265, 267, 275 PAHO. See Pan American Health Organization statistics , 82–83 (PAHO) Nordic countries. See Denmark; Finland; PAI. See Population Action International Iceland; Norway; Sweden (PAI) North Africa , 19 Pakistan North (Northern) America , 183, 189, 192 fl oods , 2010, 243 North Korea , 173, 177 Karachi , 254 Norway , 173, 179, 197, 246 Palau , 173, 244 Notestein, F.W. (1902–1983) , 21 Palestinian Nutrition Territory , 26 iodine , 71 Women , 250 vitamin A , 71 Panama Canal , 71 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) , 72, 97 O Papua New Guinea , 244 Obama Administration , 110 Pasteur, L. (1822–1895) , 69 Global Health Initiative , 110 PCC. See Population Crisis Committee Obama, B. , 99 (PCC) Oceania Pediatric tuberculosis , 72 Melanesia , 14 Pension. See also Retirement Micronesia , 14 capitalization , 52 Polynesia , 14 old-age transfers , 194 Western Paci fi c, 72 pay-as-you-go , 52, 183, 184 OECD. See Organisation for Economic pensionable age , 183 Co-operation and Development Peri-urban , 19, 48 (OECD) Persecution , 34, 35, 53, 157 Ogino, K. (1882–1975) , 79 Pertussis (whooping cough) , 72, 76 . See also Ogino-Knaus method. See Contraceptives DPT Oil crisis , 1973, 190, 191 Peru , 215 Old people. See Aging sterilization , 133 Onchocerciasis (river blindness) , 8, 71, 72 Pew Foundation , 86 black- fl y , 71 Philippines , 17, 27, 34, 57, 85, 89, One-Child Policy. See China 132, 159, 204, 244, 245, Optimal population. See Population, optimum 252, 257 OPTIONS , 226 Manila , 254 Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) , 8, Philosophical considerations , 43 23, 71 PHN. See Population, Health and Nutrition Organisation for Economic Co-operation and (PHN) Development (OECD) , 36, 51, 176, Physiocratic movement , 101 197, 208–210 Pill. See Contraceptives, O R T . See Oral rehydration therapy hormonal pill (ORT) Plague , 76 Over-nutrition , 23 Planned Parenthood (movement) , 93 Overpopulation , 39, 48, 79, 88, 105, 148, Poland 162, 264 family policies , 229 Oxford University , 123 fertility , 179, 229, 231 Index 331

Policy process , 41, 58–61 actor , 55, 58–61, 65, 112, 200, 233 recommendations , 9, 183 adoption , 9, 58, 61, 79, 103, 136, 149, 176, reform , 59, 61, 189, 232, 233 195, 213, 233, 273 reformulation , 59 advocacy , 10, 119, 166, 208, 225–227, responses 235, 265, 268, 277 adaptation , 10 authoritarian , 51, 132, 227 multiphasic , 39 bene fi ciaries , 60, 210, 280 “space,” 59 , 280 broad (comprehensive) , 9 stakeholders , 6, 58, 226, 233, 268, 273, “champions,” 226 275, 280 choice , 55, 58, 199 success , 3, 147, 227, 273 coercion , 78, 115 ( see also Family support planning) political , 135, 232 collection (of information) , 58, 62 public , 58 community , 2, 242, 279 tax-exemptions , 60 consensus , 172, 199–205 top-down , 59, 132, 139, 272 constituencies , 200 World Population Policies (UN) , 90, 121, constraints , 6, 60, 64 147, 159 contextual variables , 8, 23, 64 POLICY , 226 coordination , 11, 268, 275 Policy Circle , 58 decision , 6, 104 Policymaker , 3, 23, 41, 55, 74, 79, 91, 93, design , 6, 21, 93, 119, 123, 172, 216, 230 102, 104, 110, 113, 115, 165, 179, dialogue, Myanmar , 227 180, 183, 184, 207, 209, 211, 225, enabling environment , 51, 221 226, 230, 233–235, 263, 268, 274, evaluation (see Evaluation methodology) 275, 277 failure , 6, 83, 135, 140, 274 PolicyMaker , 233 fi nancial incentives , 60, 140, 199, 228 Policymaking , 58, 233, 274 fi ne-tuning , 230 Poliomyelitis (polio) formulation , 58, 59, 93, 98, Global Polio Eradication 119, 121, 198 Initiative , 72 goals , 43, 58, 122, 129, 133 polio vaccine identi fi cation (of problems) , 58 injected , 72 impediments , 65, 111 oral , 72 implementation , 8, 41 poliovirus , 72 ( see also Rotary inquiries (UN) , 121 International) instruments (mechanisms) , 58–61 Political interest groups , 59, 81 commitment , 47, 59, 75, 149, 265, 267 interventionists , 60, 200 fragmentation , 1, 18, 40 interventions , 3, 6, 10, 21, 29, 60, 71, 81, instability , 35, 85, 240, 241 171, 208, 210, 211, 219–225, 228, Politics , 6, 7, 35, 59, 81, 93, 110–113, 160, 230, 232–235, 268, 278 232, 274 justi fi cation , 274 Polity , 193, 280 laissez-faire , 44, 47, 190, 200 Polygamy , 89 lever , 41, 55–58, 81, 184, 190–192, 207, Poor , 1, 4, 5, 19, 22, 24, 33, 35, 37–39, 43, 46, 209, 220, 221, 235, 268, 280 49, 52, 56, 65, 69, 70, 74, 76, 77, linear process , 137 83, 84, 87, 89, 94, 96, 100, 102, means-tested , 180, 197 108, 116, 117, 120, 150–152, 154, measures 156, 163–165, 179, 186, 210, 220, active , 55 241, 243–249, 251–253, 255, 256, passive , 55 258, 259, 261, 264–267, 273 . See modeling , 233, 235, 238 also Poverty multiple streams , 59 Population operation, modes of , 7 agencies , 94 polarization , 10, 172 aging (see Aging) proactive , 165, 232, 258, 267 composition , 1, 7, 30, 189, 193 332 Index

Population (cont.) pressure , 4, 8, 9, 38, 48, 59, 61, 64, 80, contraction , 25, 32, 38 ( see also 155, 157, 158, 163–165, 217, 235, Depopulation) 244, 245, 248, 257, 266 272 control , 3, 8, 82, 84, 93–95, 111, 114, 148, 997 responses , 155 control approach , 3, 84, 93 problems , 3, 42, 45, 55, 59, 80, 95, 105, declining , 4, 38, 183, 268 109 densi ﬁ cation , 48 professional associations , 99, 104 density , 48, 97, 125, 139, 153, 163, 164, quadrupling , 271 178, 193, 244, 248, 255, 265 research , 43, 104 disequilibrium , 28 size , 2, 16, 18, 38, 42, 48, 121, 122, 147, distribution , 2, 30, 42, 108, 147, 189, 162, 192, 238 221, 255 stabilization , 124, 241 doctrines , 8 trends , 7, 9, 13–40, 92, 104, 118, 126, doubling , 63, 117, 241 147, 151, 163, 179, 193, 200, dynamics , 120, 181, 192, 228, 243, 245, 243, 247, 273 246, 248 governments perceptions and views , evidence-based , 274 147 expanding , 3, 29, 37, 264 tripling , 271 explosion , 44, 82 variables , 7, 9, 66, 91, 96, 111 ideas , 126 Population Action International (PAI) , 99 international transmission , 273 Population Association of America implosion , 5 (PAA) , 104 increase (annual) , 24, 30, 52, 60, 163, 189, Population census. See Data collection 241, 254 Population Commission , 63, 100, 106 institutions , 5, 8, 61, 84, 94, 99–105, 126, Population Council, The , 104 148, 272 Rockefeller III, J.D. (1906–1978) , 104 interventions , 3, 8, 66, 90, 93, 135, 166, 222 Population Crisis Committee (PCC) , issues , 2, 4–8, 10, 13–42, 44, 45, 54, 55, 94, 99, 243 59–63, 66, 79, 84, 87, 91–127, 147, Population density. See Population 159, 165, 193, 200–202, 222, Population distribution. See Population 225–227, 249, 266, 272, 274, 2676 Population growth controversies , 9 acceleration , 2, 78, 272 internationalization , 8, 91–127, 272 impact journals , 86 economic , 2 monitoring , 118–121, 147 environmental , 2 movement social , 2 international family planning mitigation , 96 movement , 8, 85, 86 responses , 61, 95 international population movement , 8, “treadmill” effect , 49 85, 86, 100 Population, Health and Nutrition (PHN) , native , 78, 156, 191, 231, 240 43, 103, 120 optimum , 48 Populationism , 78, 280 paradigms Population momentum , 3, 4, 14, 27, 29, 32, competitive pluralism , 97, 146 49, 237, 240, 267, 275 ( see also Colombia) negative , 4, 32, 38, 39, 174, 240, 271 international , 41, 92–99, Population policy (or policies). See also 105, 109, 126, 146 broad (comprehensive) , 9 population control approach , 93 consensus , 11, 171 ( see also Colombia) coordination , 11 population planning approach , 94, 97, de ﬁ nition , 42 146 (see also Colombia) direct , 42, 171 typology , 93 explicit , 62, 171, 192, 193 perceptions , 9, 147 formal , 9, 61 planning , 94–99, 146 impact , 10, 58 Index 333

implicit , 62, 171 PPP. See Purchase power parity (PPP) indirect , 42, 171 PRB. See Population Reference institutionalization , 194, 268 Bureau (PRB) modeling , 10 Primary health care , 72, 77, 90, 98 rationale , 7, 43, 55 Princeton Project , 21 strategies , 263 Private sector , 43, 44, 60, 61, 83, 84, 89, 90, top-down , 4, 272 92, 94, 97, 100, 107, 132, 133, 167, unreliability , 275 192, 265, 267 Population programs Productivity , 38, 153, 222, 244, 255, 256, 258 de-funding , 114 PROFAMILIA. See Colombia success , 67, 71, 74–77, 83–85 Pronatalism , 63, 78, 177–178, 228, 277, 280 . Population projections See also Anti-natalism age-speci fi c survival probability , 122 Pronatalist policies , 42, 60, 79, 134, 136, assumptions 176–179, 201, 216, 229 . See also normative , 212, 234 Policy policy- or program-oriented , 9 Propinquity (proximity/nearness) , 255, 280 science-based , 9 Protestant countries , 86 Cannan, E. (1861–1935) , 122 Protocol to the African Charter on Human and cohort-component method , 122 Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of computers , 121, 126 Women in Africa , 110 life table , 122 Proudhon, P.J. (1809–1865) , 45 net migration rate , 122 PSIDS. See Paci fi c Small Island Developing policy dialogue, role in , 9, 126 States (PSIDS) probabilistic , 122, 123 Public ratio method , 122 demography , 275, 281 span , 122 goods , 6, 59, 273, 274, 276 sub-national , 32, 125 health , 3, 8, 41, 56, 57, 66–90, 92, 104, UN projections 108, 111, 113, 115, 133, 139, 165, constant fertility variant , 123 166, 226, 233, 265, 272 High variant , 275 policies , 2–4, 6, 37, 50, 70, 71, 114, 132, Low variant , 275 146, 175–179, 193, 202, 215, 232, Medium variant , 15, 17, 26–29, 124, 233, 262 181, 254, 275 sector , 43, 58, 59, 89, 132, 140, 193, 267 Whelpton, P.K. (1893–1964) , 122 Puerto Rico , 173 Population Reference Bureau (PRB) Purchase power parity. See PPP Burch, G.I. (1899–1951) , 104 Purchase power parity (PPP) , 220, 266 World Population Data Sheet , 123 Population register. See Data collection Population Secretariat. See Population Q Commission QALY. See Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) Post-abortion care (PAC) , 113 Qatar , 159, 173 Post-transitional imbalances , 9, 28, 171, 200 Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) , 263 Poverty alleviation , 3, 95, 212, 243, 244, 272, 274, 275 R depth , 245 Rabies , 76 extreme , 116, 245 Randomized control trial (RCT) , 213 . See also high fertility, linkage with , 112 Evaluation methodology inequality , 151, 246, 249 ( See also Global Rape , 79, 137, 144, 250 inequality) RAPID. See Resources for the Awareness of level , 43, 76, 136, 148, 162, 250 Population Impact on Development old age , 186 RBF. See Results-based fi nancing (RBF) reduction , 40, 52, 151, 152, 221, 227, RCT. See Randomized control trial (RCT) 258, 264 Reagan, R. (1911–2004) , 107 334 Index

Refrigeration , 69, 74 River blindness. See Onchocerciasis Refugees , 33, 35, 42, 157, 166, 191, 192, 227, Rockefeller foundation , 86 253. See also Environment, Refugees Rock, J. (1890–1984) , 203 Regional development banks , 100 Roe v. Wade. See Abortion Religion , 1, 5, 43, 53, 54, 143, 261 Rogers, E.M. (1931–2004) , 223 Religious Roman Catholic Church af fi liation , 19 Benedict XVI , 203 barriers , 11 Casti conubii , 202 groups , 79, 136 Gaudium et Spes , 203 Remittances , 37, 121, 159, 188, 253, 273 Humanae Vitae , 203, 204 Replacement level fertility. See Fertility John-Paul II (1920–2005) , 203 Reproductive behavior , 56, 58, 146, 151, 178, John XXIII (1881–1963) , 203 212, 223, 224, 229 Lambeth Conference , 202 Reproductive freedom , 114, 134, 142 Lustiger, J.M. (1926–2007) , 204 Reproductive health modern contraception, opposition to , 203 agenda , 5, 103, 126, 146, 264 Opus Dei , 204 care , 55, 141, 267 Paul VI (1897–1978) , 203 de fi nition , 141 Pius XI (1857–1939) , 202 different dimensions (priorities) , 142 Pius XII (1876–1958) , 202 outcomes , 23, 113, 144, 151, 249, 251 Vatican Council II , 1962–1965, 203 services , 37, 55, 89, 114, 145, 146, 150, Romania , 47, 67, 179 165, 209, 250, 251 Ceausescu , 200–201 Reproductive rights Rosen fi eld, A. (1933–2008) , 131 de fi nition , 141 Ross, R. (1857–1932) , 73 . See also Malaria individual rights , 44, 142 Rotary International , 77 negative (assertion) , 54, 142 PolioPlus initiative , 77 ( see also positive (interpretation) , 141 Poliomyelitis) Reproductive security , 146 Rural areas , 19, 48, 65, 70, 87, 97, 153–155, Reproductive tract infection , 142 164, 193, 216, 218, 221–223, 245, Research , 32, 43, 49, 64, 75, 87, 99–102, 254, 255, 258, 264, 266, 267 . See 104, 108, 140, 146, 152, 161, also Urban areas 180, 184, 201, 210, 214, 217, Russia 222, 225, 226, 233, 234, 238, accidents , 239 245, 246, 248, 249, 252, 253, alcoholism , 239 255, 262, 263, 268, 274, 275 mortality , 239 Resettlement. See Migration Siberia , 240 Resources , 5, 7, 16, 24, 37–39, 43–45, 48–50, Stalin , 200 58, 63, 65, 89, 93, 102, 104, 108, State Duma (Federal Assembly) , 173 109, 113–115, 117, 118, 126, 140, State of the Nation Address , 173 145, 149, 150, 153, 154, 156, Rwanda 160–163, 166–168, 186, 207–209, distribution of land , 248 211, 218, 226, 233, 235, 242–249, fertility , 204, 224 252, 259, 264, 266, 267 genocide , 1994, 248 Resources for the Awareness of Population natural family planning , 204 Impact on Development (RAPID) , violence , 248, 249 63, 226, 233 Respiratory infection , 22, 70, 72, 75 Results-based fi nancing (RBF) , 98 S Retirement , 38, 51, 52, 183–185, 193, 195, Sabin, A. (1906–1993) , 72 202, 216, 230, 267 . See also Sachs, J. , 114 Pension Sahel. See Africa early , 184, 185, 230 Sahelian. See Sahel increase of retirement age , 267 Saint Lucia , 173 Right. See Left Salk, J. (1914–1995) , 72 Index 335

Samoa , 14 Slums , 19, 39, 154, 155, 255–259, 267 Sanger, M. (1879–1966) , 79, 85, 105 Small Island States , 244 Sanitation , 8, 19, 69–73, 90, 103, 117, Smallpox 162, 256 bifurcated needle , 75 São Tomé and Principe , 14 cases , 71, 72, 74, 75 SARS. See Severe Acute Respiratory deaths , 71, 73, 74 Syndrome (SARS) Henderson, D.A. , 75 Sauvy, A. (1898–1990). See World inoculation , 69 population last case, Somalia 1977 , 75 Scandinavian countries. See Nordic countries poxvirus , 74 Schengen Agreement , 1995, 191 symptoms , 75 Second African Population Conference, WHO Smallpox Eradication Unit , 75 Arusha 1984 , 62 (see also CDC) Security Smoking , 265 demography , 237 Soap , 69, 225 human , 247 Social international , 247, 273 “compacts,” 43 Senegal , 14, 142, 144 conversatives , 49, 87, 228, 229, 239 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome demand , 49 (SARS) , 75 “engineering,” 102 Sewage , 69, 256 inclusion , 273 Sex ratio at birth , 25, 37, 261 inequality , 44, 52, 150, 151, 246, 247, Sex selection. See Abortion 249, 262 Sexual debuts , 55 programs , 86, 113, 224 Sexual health , 2, 44, 141, 281 regulations , 10, 59 Sexually transmitted disease (STD) , 120, security , 183, 184, 186, 190, 193, 196, 198, 142, 146 202, 228–230, 240, 252 Sexually transmitted infection (STI) , 44, 70, Socioeconomic 72, 115, 144, 175, 251 conditions , 24, 37, 219, 227, 257 Shantytowns. See Slums development , 8, 11, 13, 16, 26, 37, 40, 41, Siberia. See Russia 46–52, 61–64, 66, 70, 78, 84, 89, Sierra Leone , 14, 248 91–93, 105–107, 109, 111, 112, Simon, J. (1932–1998) , 44 114, 122, 131, 150, 152, 153, 161, Sinding, S.W. , 4–6, 37, 56, 84, 85, 114, 162, 188, 193, 216, 219, 235, 237, 130, 131 246, 249, 265, 266, 275, 280, 281 Singapore motivations , 10, 34 abortion , 85, 177, 178, 219, 261 regulations , 172, 192–195, 204, 205, 235 anti-natalist policy , 177 Solomon Islands , 14, 244 education levels , 177 Solow, R. , 52 ethnic groups , 177 Somalia , 14, 75, 248 family planning , 177, 178, 219 South Africa fertility , 50–52, 85, 94, 173, 177, 178, Apartheid , 158 219, 228 Johannesburg , 257 immigration policy , 159, 160, 188–190 South America. See Latin America and the labor , 50, 51, 177, 178 Caribbean life expectancy , 177 South Asia. See Asia marriage, age at , 178, 228 South Korea population abortion , 78, 177, 178 aging , 50, 178, 228 Busan , 174 increase , 50, 51, 85, 173, 177, 178, contraception , 218 228, 261 fertility , 28, 30, 38, 50, 78, 84, 85, 151, pronatalist policy , 178 173, 174, 176–178, 218, 240 “Stop at two” policy , 177 population Singh, K. , 130 aging , 28, 30, 31, 38, 50, 174, 178, 240 336 Index

South Korea (cont.) Tanzania , 14 density , 178 Dar es Salaam , 155, 257 pyramid , 30, 31, 174 Dodoma , 155 pronatalist policy , 178 Technology, advances , 47 South Sudan. See Sudan Tehran Conference , 1968 . See Human rights Spain , 18, 57, 101, 179, 200, 231, 240, 253 Terror Franco , 200 September 11, 2001 (9/11) , 4, 121, 190 Spatial distribution , 121, 147, 153, 155, 245, terrorism , 4, 190 255, 258 terrorist , 4, 190 Spectrum , 4, 29, 52, 116, 147, 233, 252, 271 “war on terror,” 160 , 247 Sri Lanka , 8, 23, 56, 70, 73, 84–86, 145, 159, Tetanus , 72, 76, 77 177, 247, 252 Thailand SSA. See Sub-Saharan Africa Advisory Committee on AIDS , 89 Standards of living , 48, 53, 69, 109 HIV/AIDS program , 89 State overpopulation , 88 failed , 38 Pattani Province , 235 federal , 4 Population and Community Development national , 4 Association (PDA) , 88, 89 (see also “nation-state” system , 35 Viravaidya, M.) sub-national , 4, 32, 125 (see also Fragile Third World , 93, 106 states) Thompson, W. (1887–1973) , 21 STD. See Sexually transmitted disease (STD) Timor-Leste , 14, 26 STI. See Sexually transmitted infection (STI) Togo , 14 St. Kitts-Nevis , 173 Tonga , 244 Stockholm Conference , 1972, 105 Tostan. See FGM Stopes, M. (1880–1958) , 82 Total fertility rate , 26, 46, 50, 80, 81, 125, 134, Sub-fertility. See Fertility 135, 139, 172, 181, 182, 198, 212, Sub-replacement fertility. See Fertility 239, 241, 266, 275, 281 . See also Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) , 240–242 Age-speci ﬁ c fertility rate population policies , 62–64, 240–242 Tourism , 253 Sudan , 14, 18, 241, 248 . See also South Sudan Trachoma , 72 Darfur , 248 Transition. See Demographic transition “Sugar daddies,” 144 Transitional age multiplier , 30, 37, 281 Sulfonamides , 69 Transitional multiplier , 20, 281 Survival revolution , 68, 70 Transmigration. See Migration Sustainability , 7, 10, 11, 65, 114, 117, Transnational coalitions (networks) , 93, 94, 98 161–163, 171, 183, 240, 244, Transnational forces , 4, 6, 43, 273 269, 279 Transportation , 4, 33, 34, 65, 145, 157, 256 Sustainable development , 9, 38, 51, 117, Treaty of Westphalia , 1648, 35 136, 144, 150, 160–165, 221, Trinidad and Tobago , 173 242, 243, 281 Truman, H.S. (1884–1972) , 86, 189 Sweden Trypanosomiasis , 71, 72 economic cycles , 230 tsetse ﬂ y , 71 family policies , 10, 172, 197–199, Tuberculosis , 3, 69, 72, 76, 116, 164, 167, 168 228, 230 Tunisia , 16, 85, 86, 89, 99, 138, 139, 145 fertility , 10, 85, 86, 172, 179, 197–199, Turkey , 16–18, 27, 34, 85, 157, 175 201, 228, 230–232, 246 Turner Foundation , 86 parental leave , 179, 230, 232 Tuvalu , 14, 244 Switzerland , 57, 166

U T Uganda , 14, 16, 19, 135, 146, 241 Taiwan , 18, 28, 38, 39, 85, 132, 173, 174, 176, demographic challenge , 3, 7, 82, 177, 223, 261 135, 204 Index 337

UK Department for International United Nations Framework Convention on Development (DFID) , 101 Climate Change (UNFCCC) , Ukraine , 18, 23, 24 243–244 UN. See United Nations (UN) United Nations Fund for Population Activities UNAIDS. See United Nations Joint (UNFPA) , 86, 100 Programme on HIV/AIDS United Nations High Commissioner for Under- fi ve mortality. See Child mortality Refugees (UNHCR) , 166, 253 UNDP. See United Nations Development United Nations Joint Programme Programme (UNDP) on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) , 23, 76, UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) , 123, 166 100, 166 Secretariat (Geneva) , 166, 100 UNESCO. See United Nations Educational, United Nations Of fi ce for Drugs and Crime Scienti fi c and Cultural Organization (UNODC) , 166 (UNESCO) United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) , UNFCCC. See United Nations Framework 55, 84, 86, 91, 94, 100–103, 107, Convention on Climate Change 110, 113, 116, 131, 132, 142, 145, (UNFCCC) 150–152, 165, 166, 245, 249, UNFPA. See United Nations Fund for 251, 263 Population Activities (UNFPA) Obaid, T.A., Executive Director , 165 UNHCR. See United Nations High United Republic of Tanzania. See Tanzania Commissioner for Refugees United States (US) (UNHCR) Black , 173 UNICEF. See United Nations Children’s Fund California , 190, 253 (UNICEF) Caucasian , 173 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) , Christian Coalition , 86, 112 95, 173 contribution (support) to UNFPA , 86, 101, Soviet Empire break-up , 33 102, 113 United Arab Emirates , 173 Family and Medical Leave Act , 1993, 173 United Kingdom , 18, 35, 85, 100, 107, 159, foreign-born population , 173, 189 179, 197 foundations , 86, 94 United Nations (UN) Four Point Program , 86 Climate Change Conference, funding , 86, 113 Cancun 2010 , 243 Hispanic , 173 Climate Change Conference, Copenhagen immigration ( See US immigration) 2009 , 243 in fl uence , 93 Commission on Population and institutions , 55, 84, 86, 92, 99, 185, Development , 100 191, 253 Commission on the Status of Women , 250 leadership , 93 Development Index , 33, 124, 164 New York-Newark , 19 Development Report , 33, 245, 257 population Economic and Social Council pyramid , 30–32, 174, 181, 222 (ECOSOC) , 166 statistics , 14, 70, 100, 118, 120, 123, General Assembly , 1999, 44, 53, 108 202 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) , Republican Administration , 22, 107, 55, 76, 77, 102, 145, 164, 166, 111, 112 227, 251 universities , 94, 95 United Nations Development Programme US-Canada differential , 173 (see also (UNDP) , 100, 166 Canada) Governing Council , 100 UNODC. See United Nations Of fi ce Human Development Report , for Drugs and Crime (UNODC) 33, 245 UN Population Commission , 1946, 100, 106 . United Nations Educational, Scienti fi c and See also United Nations (UN), Cultural Organization Commission on Population and (UNESCO) , 166 Development 338 Index

UN Population Division , 7, 14, 36, 123, Patriot Act , 2001, 190 124, 275 policies , 189 Uprisings , 273 reform , 189, 190 Urban areas. See also Rural areas security , 190 megacities , 19, 254, 256 Social Security , 190, 240 urban policies , 259 US Congress , 190 Urbanization US-Mexican border , 190 consequences , 43, 147, 153, 159, 221, 233, US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) , 46, 238, 244, 245, 258, 259, 262, 273 111, 161 economic development , 65, 131, 153, 154, US National Institute on Aging (NIA) , 182 221, 245–256, 258, 259 US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS environment , 109 Relief. See HIV/AIDS ghettos, 191 USSR. See Union of Soviet Socialist hukou system (see China) Republics (USSR) policies , 159, 258 Uzbekistan rural-urban migration , 97, 245, 254, 258 employment , 245 shantytowns (slums) , 136, 154 poverty , 245 urban poverty , 101, 154, 245, 257, 259 urbanization , 245 Urban-rural divide , 154 Uruguay , 173 US Administration , 101 V US Agency for International Development Vaccination. See Immunization programs, (USAID) , 86, 91, 94, 95, 97, 98, demographic impact 100–102, 116, 119, 131, 133, 164, Vaccines. See Immunization programs, 224, 226 demographic impact Of fi ce of Population , 99 Vanuatu , 14, 244 USAID. See US Agency for International Vector control , 70, 72 Development (USAID) Vesico-vaginal fi stula (VVF) , 142 US Bureau of the Census , 14, 118, 119, Vietnam 123, 124 abortion , 9, 129, 138–140 US Congress , 84, 86, 167, 190 commune health center , 139 US immigration contraceptives anti-immigration sentiments , 190 IUDs , 140 Arizona , 190 Democratic Republic of , 18, 138, 139 border control , 190 Doi Moi (renovation) , 139 California , 190 family planning policy , 139, 140 Caribbean , 190, 240 menstrual regulation , 139–140 Department of Homeland Security , National Committee for Population and 160, 190 Family Planning , 140 Florida , 164, 190 Thai Binh Province , 140 foreign-born population , 173, 189 two-child policy , 140 illegal , 160, 190, 232 Vietnam War , 95 immigrants Violence economic , 189 civil con fl ict , 257 non-economic , 189 con fl ict , 11, 38, 157, 158, 253 statistics, 189 domestic , 144 waves , 32, 189, 200 gender-based , 142, 144, 249, 251 Immigration Act , 1965, 189 insurgency , 248 Immigration and Nationality intimate partner , 144 Act , 1952, 189 rebels , 248 Mexico-US barrier , 160 against women , 54, 146, 152, 250 national identity , 172, 187, 190, 227 Viravaidya, M. , 8, 68, 88 . See also Thailand National Origins Quota System , 189 Advisory Committee on AIDS, “nativism,” 190 Chairman , 89 Index 339

disaster relief , 89 World Health Assembly (WHA) , 74–76 Gates Award for Public Health , 2207, 89 World Health Organization (WHO) Senator , 2000, 89 creation , 105 UN Population Award , 1997, 89 Department of Reproductive Health and VVF. See Vesico-vaginal fi stula (VVF) Research , 100 Lee, J.W. (1945–2006) , 120 World Health Survey (WHS) , 119 W World population Wales. See United Kingdom abstraction (Sauvy) , 16 Water fi rst doubling , 63, 117, 241, 271 fresh , 48, 257 median age , 29, 38, 181 freshwater shortage , 257 patterns and trends , 13–20, 238, 264, 268, puri fi cation tablets , 43 271, 273 treatment , 256 second doubling , 271 WDR. See World Development Report stabilization , 124 (WDR) statistics , 120, 123, 202 Wealth third doubling , 271 quintiles , 112 World Population Conferences redistribution , 43 Belgrade , 1965, 93, 106 unequal distribution , 256 Bucharest , 1974, 8, 70, 84, 91, 92, 94–96, Welfare , 3, 54, 80, 103, 131, 193, 200, 201, 105, 120, 129, 130, 147, 168 214, 222, 228, 245, 247, 258, 266 Cairo, 1994 (see ICPD) Wellcome Trust , 86 Geneva, 1927 West , 84, 136, 142, 158, 160, 229, 269 (see Sanger, M.) Western elites , 93 Mexico , 1984, 62, 98, 107, 257 Western Hemisphere , 18, 72, 164, 240 Rome , 1954, 106 Western Sahara , 16 World Population Day , 109 WFP. See World Food Programme (WFP) World Population Plan of Action (WPPA) , 84, WFS. See World Fertility Survey (WFS) 95, 107, 130 WHA. See World Health Assembly (WHA) World Summit for Social Development, WHO. See World Health Organization (WHO) Copenhagen 1995, 108, 109 WHS. See World Health Survey (WHS) World War I , 108 Women World War II , 8, 24, 33, 42, 43, 47, 53, earnings , 198, 220 67, 69, 70, 72, 78–80, 82, 86, empowerment , 9, 44, 51, 83, 98, 103, 91, 100, 119, 130, 148, 157, 113–115, 142, 143, 150–152, 163, 194, 198, 201, 272 188, 208, 212, 217, 221, 223, 235, WPPA. See World Population Plan of Action 249, 266, 267, 272 (WPPA) liberation , 198 participation in labor force , 60, 151, 178, 220, 230 Y rights , 113 Yaws , 70 status , 9, 131, 149, 220 Yellow fever , 70, 72, 76 Wool , 69 . See also Cotton Yemen , 14, 26, 271 World Bank. See also McNamara, R. Youth 1968 Annual Meetings speech , 103 bulge , 7, 27, 29, 222, 237, 248, 272, 273, fi rst population loan, Jamaica 1970 , 86, 281 103, 132 burden , 239 multi-sector projects , 95 unemployment , 264 World Bank Atlas method , 15 World Development Report (WDR) Investing in Health , 1993, 70 Z on population , 1984, 103, 111 Zaïre. See Congo, Democratic Republic of World Fertility Survey (WFS) , 119 Zambia , 14, 24, 159 World Food Programme (WFP) , 166 Zimbabwe , 134, 154, 241