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Journal of Applied, Physical and Biochemistry Research (JAPBR) Vol 1, Issue 1, Jun 2015, 17-32 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd

ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF EPIPHYTIC ALGAE ON PHRAGMITES SP. AND TYPHA SP. HYDROPHYTES IN RIVER

ZAINAB ABDULAMEER MOHAMMED Department of Biology, Faculty of for Girls,

ABSTRACT

The present study included some physical and chemical characters and epiphytic algae in Kufa river. Three stations were chosen on the river, Site one It is located at north of Al-Emam Bridge about away 1km (Appendix A, plate1). Site two,It is located near Al-Kufa Bridge, about 3 km away from site one (Appendix A , plate 2 Site three It is located at meeting's point before dividing Kufa-river in Dabbat's region (the place of buffalo's farmer) with a lot of organic material waste, about 1km away from site two (Appendix A, plate 3The samples were collected from these stations for three months from November 2014 to January 2015. Two kinds of plant were chosen which available numerously on the sides of the river they are Phragmites and Typha for study epiphytic algae on it. The Results showed that water river was alkaline and have good oxygen content and very hard. Hardness.Identification of algae was reached to (85) taxa , the dominance for Bacillariophyceae ( Diatoms ) about (55%,25%,17%,3% ) Followed by Chlorophyceae Euglenophyceae. In the present study 1the Cyanophyceae epiphytic algae on Phragmites was higher than Typha for all study stations , the dominance for Bacillariophyceae species like, Nitzschia palea , Fragilaria virescens , F. crotonensis

KEYWORDS: Bacillariophyceae , Fragilaria virescens , F. crotonensis

INTRODUCTION

The River is the most important rivers in Southwest Asia and when it enters the Iraqi territory, it usually shapes a delta area at the of Hit, and contains several dams including Al-Hindea dam and then the river divides into two branches: Al-Hindea and Hilla Riversand after that the river runs until it reaches the town of Kifl. There it divides into two branches of the Abbasid River and the River of Kufa, which runs from the city of Kifl to the city of Diwaniya, and the total length of the River of Kufa is about 36 kilometers and a flow about 375 cubic meters / second, and the actual capacity of 552 cubic meters / second. The depth of the water is very uneven. The highest it gets is during the floods season, the end of March, and the beginning of April, and it gets its lowest level in summer (Al-Haidarey, 2010).

A large amount of villages and farms spread alongside the river, along the of and Kufa, which dump their wastes in the river, whether human or industrial wastes from the industrial district, the Cement Factory, or the Leather workshops, along the hospitals' wastes and the sewerage, which all eventually go to the river. In order to achieve the goals of the study, four stations were chosen from which we will be picking samples from along the river, and the study areas were identified by the GPS, and as table 1 illustrates, they are

• 1st Station: Is located around 1 kilometer to the north of Ali bridge. This station has no human or industrial effect on it, only agricultural.

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• 2nd Station: Is located near the old Kufa bridge, right beside the Province's guest house, right before the imbranchment of the river. It has a rain water sewerage dumping in them, which was a part of the Kufa city sewerage.

• 3rd Station: After the meeting again for Al-Kufa river branches, which is considered the largest place for breading the buffalos in the city and goes on for 2 kilometers.

Table 1: Represents the Longitudes and Latitudes of the Study Areas GPS Reading No. Position Latitude (North) Longitude (East) ° ′ ″ ° ′ ″ 1 1st Station N"12,03'5°32 E"38,33'22°44 2 2nd Station N"01,08'2°32 E'55,75'24°44 3 3rd Station N"45,49'0°32 E"55,21'25°44

Source: The Ministry of Water Sources, the Directorate of Water Sources of An-Najaf, Department of Geometric Drawings, 2007. Figure 1: AL-Najaf Map with the Study Areas Illustrated Materials and Methods of Work

Water samples were collected for three months starting from November 2014 to January 2015 from Kufa river from three different points, Figure (3). The samples were reserved in plastic bags with a little amount of water in order to perform some environmental examinations including recording the temperature of air and water with a mercurial thermometer scaled from 5 – 100. The electricity connectivity was measured with the Electrical conductivity device (WTW) by putting the device inside the water of the sample for 5 minutes. The reading was registered afterwards using u.s/cm unit. Using the electricity connectivity, the Salinity level was measured as well represented as a part per thousand (Mackereth etal, 1978). The PH value was calculated, the depth, the speed, and the salinity TDS were measured using a multi-measurement device, whereas the general incapability is calculated by the (titration) method with the standard EDTA sol (0.01) and using the Erichrome Black revealer according to the method described by Lind 1979. The Azide modification method was used as well as the Winkler method (APHA, 2003) to measure the dissolved concentrated oxygen and the vital requirement for oxygen after nurturing the dark containers in the air incubator (at 20 Degrees) and for 5 days. The results were recorded in mlg/ltr unit.

The Method illustrated by (APHA, 2003) was followed in order to measure the Calcium and Magnesium levels,

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by (titration) with the Na-EDTA sol, and the results were put in the CaCO 3/ltr.

The Magnesium values were extracted using the method (APHA, 2003) in terms of the general insufficiency and

the Calcium insufficiency and the results were recorded by the CaCO 3/ltr unit, and according to the following formula:

As for the algae attached to the plants, they have been acquired using the ultra sound method (Bell, 1076). The plants were washed carefully using distilled water and were concentrated into 40 cm using the sedimentation method. The non-datomic algae were diagnosed according to the available sources (Prescott, 1942) (Desikachary, 1959). The datomic algae were diagnosed according to the available sources (Halim etal, 1980), (Germain, 1994), and (Handal, 1995).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Temperature is considered one of the most important environmental factors that affects the physical, the chemical, and the biological characteristics of the water body. It affects the solution of different gases and salts that change the taste of the water as well as its smell. (Tebbuutt, 1977). It also affects the biological processes of the water organisms (Wetzel, 2001). A difference in the water temperature was noticed due to the difference in the time these samples were collected as well as the climatic changes due to the seasonal changes in temperature (Menher, 2008). The temperature in Iraq rises gradually until it reaches its highest in Summer, and declines gradually as we move towards the Winter with great contrast between the daylight temperature and night temperature (Abdul-Jabbar and Ahmed, 2010).

The PH level represents the concentration of the hydrogen ions and is affected by the dissolved gases like CO 2 and Hydrogen Sulfide, also the Carbonates and Bicarbonates existing in water (As-Sarraf, 2006). The PH level has an inversed relationship with CO 2 and a positive one with the dissolved oxygen (Goldman & Horne, 1983). It represents the relationship between the concentration of the hydrogen ion that is separated from the Carbonic acid, and the hydroxyl root that results from the disintegration of the Bicarbonates (Wtezel, 2001). The amount of Calcium Bicarbonates of the river are considered the main factor that organizes the PH level (Hassan, 2004). The PH level ration ranged from (7.5 – 10.6). The least reading recorded for the PH level was at the 2 nd station in December. This decrease may be due to the wastes dumped in the river, because the decomposition and oxidation processes form a number of compounds like mineral acids and Carboxyl (As-Safawi, 2009). The highest ratio recorded in the 2 nd station during November. The results of the statistical analysis showed a positive relation between the PH levels and the air and water temperatures, and that might be linked to the increased number of the floating aquatic plants that absorb the CO 2 through the photosynthesis process, increasing the oxygen levels and increasing the PH levels of the water (Sabri etal, 1989), (Eyesink & Solomon 1981). The PH levels tended more to the Base readings, which was also recorded in many local studies (Al-Ghanimi, 2003), (As- Sarraf, 2006), (As-Saffawi, 2009), and (As-Sultani 2011) and global studies (Smith etal, 2007), and (Bhandari & Nayal, 2008). Although all the stations are affected by a number of pollutants coming from the nearby agricultural fields, sewerage pipes, and animal wastes, the values remained within the standardized levels because of the existence of the Bicarbonates as well as all the Bases added to the water body from the nearby soils, considering that the Iraqi soil is rich with the Bicarbonates) which works on equalizing the high level of acidity cause by the dissolving of the wastes. This, however, neutralizes the PH levels and decreases the side effects caused by the toxicity of some poisonous ions like Aluminum and other dissolved Carbonates (As-Saffawi, 2009).

The electricity connectivity means it is a numerical value that indicates the capability of the water to carry the electrical current, and this value depends on the concentration of the dissolved ions and their balance. This value is

www.tjprc.org [email protected] 20 Zainab Abdulameer Mohammed proportional with temperature and the amount of the dissolved salts (Wetzel, 2001). The electricity connectivity showed a big difference when it recorded the highest rates in Winter and Spring (Table 2). This may be due to the process of washing the soil and moving the dissolved salt to the water body by the seasonal rains, which increases the electricity connectivity (Htuhinson, 1957). It can also be due to the high range of mixing operations and the rise of the bottom dust of the water body to the surface due to the splashing of the waves (Al-Mosawi 1992). The results of the increased rate of Electrical connectivity coincided with other studies conducted on other Iraqi water bodies (Al-Mosawi 1992), (Al-Mosawi etal, 1994). The decrease of the electrical connectivity during the Summer may be due to the alleviation process due to the rise of the water levels (Al-Mosawi etal, 1994). What has been mentioned regarding the electrical connectivity applies to the salinity concentration as their values were extracted from those of the electrical connectivity. The salinity is considered the correct term to use for the total concentration of the ions in the fresh water (Wetzel 2001). It is also considered, along the electrical connectivity, one of the important determinants in specifying the type of the fresh water and its possible uses, especially for human consumption (Al-Lami 2000). The levels of Salinity ratios ranged from (0.6 – 0.7) in this study, where the lowest ratio was recorded in the 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd stations in November, whereas the highest ratios were recorded in all the stations in December and January. According to the classification (Reid, 1961), the water is considered a bit salty. The results of the statistical analysis showed a proportional relation between electrical connectivity and the amount of dissolved solids in the areas of study. And it had pointed out that (Weiner, 2000) the level of electrical connectivity is strongly affected by the amount of dissolved materials and planktons. The high ratio of dissolved materials is thought to be caused by the flowing of a high level water from the nearby streams (Al-Lami etal, 2001). The salinity levels were all within this range and all these ratios agree with a number of studies performed on Euphrates (Hassan, 1997), (Al-Lami etal, 2002).

The dissolved oxygen is considered one of the most important factors as it is vital for the living organisms in the water body and any shortage in it may cause great harm to those creatures. O 2 is considered a clear sign of the organic pollution (APHA, 2003). The O 2 is consumed in the biodegradation which may affect the living animals. The toxicity of some materials maybe due to the incompetence of consuming oxygen which leaves these materials raw and causes pollution (Durmishi etal, 2008). This study recorded an increased ratio of the oxygen levels during winter, and the oxygen values ranged from ( 9.7 – 29.5) mlg/ltr. The highest rate was recorded in the 2 nd station in January, and generally, the ratios are rather high in autumn and winter and they begin to decline the more we approach summer. The statistical analysis results recorded an inversed relationship between the temperature and the oxygen levels (Table 1) because the photosynthesis levels are at its highest during the low temperature (Ayoad, 2009) or the increase of the water column and the increase of the phytoplankton (Mohammed, 2007). Also, the heavy rains leads to a better mixing of the water which

leads to good ventilation (As-Saadi, 2006). The lack of O 2 may be due to the existence of organic wastes dumped in the nd water body (Sarhan, 2002). The highest O 2 ratios were recorded in the 2 station in January and the water were classified

as having a huge shortage according to (Spellman, 2008). When the shortage ration exceeds (300 CaCO 2 mlg/ ltr), the waters are labeled as insufficient. Insufficiency happens because of the dissolving of the sediments (which include lime) and the cretaceous rocks (Who, 1996) or from the rains when it fall on the earth dissolving the salts and dragging it to the

water, when the dissolving process increases because of the CO 2 (Abbawi, 1990). (lind, 1979) had pointed that the brackish if equal value with basal or less, the the insufficiencyis represented in calcium and magnesium. As if the brackish higher they are in addition to the ions of calcium, magnesium and other ions such as Alhdidoualemngenaz and other obviously rises in hardness values may be due to what is being washed from nearby agricultural areas distinct Botvaa ions

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Ca ++ Mg ++ (Tamimi, 2004). In addition to increased evaporation and lower water levels (AL-Saadi, 1994). Dependent calcium amounts in natural water on the quality of the soil or areas where the river passes, especially as the Euphrates River carries large amounts of calcium, so for the passage of areas with soils chalky rich Bicarbonat calcium (Ghanimi, 2003), in addition to the decomposition of the bodies of organisms that add amounts of calcium (Wurts & Masser, 2004). The present study recorded the highest value of calcium (650 mg CaCO3 / l) in the third leg during the month of January. The values generally have high calcium values rising to wash the soil private water rains back and calcareous soil as that of industrial and agricultural waste role in increasing concentrations of calcium (Sarraf, 2006). The low-lying values of calcium in some months has been attributed to the consumption by objects or deposition when configured insoluble compounds in water (Lind, 1979), observed in the present study outweigh calcium Mufnseyoum in this study and this was identical to many local studies such as (al-Lami 0.1986). And also the nature of the limestone sediments of the region, (Salman, 2006). Recorded the results of the statistical analysis of calcium negative relationship with dissolved oxygen may be due to an increase of algae that increases oxygen at the expense of the CO2 and this means increasing the values of the PH and therefore the deposition of CaCO3 (De- Fabricius et al., 2003).

Record magnesium highest value (653.67 mg / CaCO3 liter) in the second leg in the second Chehrtcheran and the lowest value (0.243 and 0.486 mg CaCO3 / l) in the first leg and the second during the month of the January and December. This decline is due to the presence of sulfates that the deposition of magnesium on the form of magnesium sulfate (AL-Mousawi et al., 1994). And be an increase of magnesium as a result of drift from neighboring soil or flow from factories or sewage or Alambazl (Al-Lami et al., 2002), or perhaps returning to the presence of plankton

Plant in huge numbers (Maulood & Al-Mousawi, 1989), and this was confirmed by a study (Fatlawi 0.2005) than the abundance of phytoplankton in the Euphrates River. Recorded the results of the statistical analysis positive relationship of magnesium with brackish College notes in the study outweigh calcium to magnesium in the months of study and this was identical to many local studies such as (al-Lami, 1986), (Fatlawi 0.2011) and (Royal 0.2011) has this superiority is due to calcium to the presence of CO2 gas that reacts more strongly from its interaction with magnesium turning it into soluble calcium bicarbonate (Kassem, 1986), and also the nature of the limestone sediments region (Salman, 2006).

The basal they are a function of water content of Alcarbonat and bicarbonates and hydroxyl ions and other (Lind, 1979). It is a measure of the weak acids and their salts in a neutral environments represent an integrated and balanced system of co2- bicarbonate - carbonate (Hussein and his group 0.1991) and they play an important role in regulating the PH (Weiner, 2000). Record high of total base at the station (2.3), which may be due caused by the presence of nutrient load high concentrations, which are subtracted from the municipality of Kufa increase the waste that arise directly to Alnehrmn by restaurants and casinos along the river leading to the prosperity of aquatic plants, which in turn It will put oxygen leads to increased interactions aerobic and non-production Rponik acid which in turn lowers the pH value (Al-Haidarey, 2010). Results of statistical analysis recorded a negative relationship base with calcium may be due to that the greater the base water will at least soluble calcium carbonate and deposition Balqar and thus less quantity of water (Wurts & Masser, 2004), also recorded a negative relationship with the PH and possible be traced that basal increase the decomposition of organic compounds and therefore it is directed towards increasing interaction CO2 and thus turning insoluble calcium carbonate to calcium bicarbonate dissolved (Hassan, 1988).

The vital oxygen demand BOD 5 refers to the amount of oxygen consumed in breaking down organic material added to the water by microorganisms, which affects negatively on the quality of this water (Wiener, 2000). In spite of the

www.tjprc.org [email protected] 22 Zainab Abdulameer Mohammed high dissolved oxygen values in the different study sites, the results show high bio oxygen demand values since exceeded in some international determinants stations allowed a 5 mg / liter (WHO, 1996. Perhaps this is due to the direct additions of organic waste into the river water, which observed during the study period, especially in the exotic locations of human populations. This is consistent with what was said (Al-Mousawi et al., 1995; Sabri and his group 0.2001; Hassan 0.2004) of height the BOD5 values in confused sites with sewage and fall dramatically After a few distance from the cities that promised a good indicator of the quality of the Euphrates River and were BOD values registered by the present study was high compared to study (Tai, 1999) on the Hilla River and (Thanked 0.2002) on the Euphrates River in the city of .

It recorded the highest values to the speed of flow in the month of December and reached the highest values at the station (2), either for increased flow velocity at the station (2) is attributable to the bending contained in the river near the station, which in turn leads to increase the speed of the flow of the river, increasing the depth of the river which is the largest in this region as it was in the rear leg (2) is the largest. Compared to the station (1) which is faithful to the water is shallow, the water flow in general depends on the seasons and the discharge of the water level, which in turn depends on the river during the turmoil and calm Nilsson, et al, 2002)). That the flow velocity in the water and environmental ocean great importance as the mixing bottom sediments with surface water leading to affect the physical and chemical properties of water, and its transfer of plant nutrients from one place to another and thus serve to identify the spread of phytoplankton and water to determine the spread of aquatic organisms, especially fish through their influence in the melting of gases, particularly oxygen process (Borchardt, 1996). It is noted that the concentrations of solids and dissolved be high at the station (2) during the month of December and the reason for this is to bend in the river and throw a lot of waste water near the station and the lack of water imports increase the speed of the water flow and although Kunhaaalih but it still within the permissible limits as stated in the World Health Organization (WHO, 1984).

Was diagnosed (85) Sort taxonomic algae conjoined at the two plants locat in the study table (2) prevailed Aldaitwmat on the rest of the ranks of algal groups, scoring them (38 type) (5 sex) and the presence in the months of study this superiority is attributable to the viability of algae Bacillus on the presence In many environmental circles, who is Balqar (Leelahakria & Peerapornpisal, 2010). In addition to their ability to withstand extreme environmental conditions (Moonsyn et al., 2009) may be attributed to the ownership of the crust Sulaikih solid (Leghari et al., 2002) which is the truth of important species that play an important role given to the product in the ecosystem and are used as an indicator of variables Environmental such as salinity and acidity and food enrichment because it has ranges of carrying those variables (Polge et al., 2010) This is consistent with many of the studies in the rule row algae Bacillus on the rest of the ranks of algae stuck on the plants carried out in the Iraqi bodies on algae stuck on the plants in Lake (Saadi and his group, 2002) and of the Tigris River (Qasim and his group 0.2000) and in Lake Qadisiyah (Kassim et al., 1997).

Observed decline in the numbers of algae diagnosed in the month of January 2015 compared to November 2014 month schedule (2) as all of (al-Saadi pointed and Mayah 0.1983 and Al-Lami et al., 2002) to increase the density of algae stuck on the plants during the fall and spring compared Pfsali summer and winter and it can be attributed to an increase in plant growth as a result of the activity of metabolic events as well as the different physical and chemical factors during the period of the study.

Varied three stations for all months study in Kufa River in terms of the numbers of algae stuck on the plants as it was noted that the first and second stations have registered the highest setting and least in the third leg may be due to the

www.tjprc.org [email protected] Ecological Study of Epiphytic Algae on Phragmites Sp. and Typha sp. Hydrophytes in Kufa River 23 fact that the third leg is the most susceptible to contamination by doing what is asked of laboratories located near from the station as well as the sewage was for some types of algae sovereignty over the duration of the study table (2) as it marked its existence over the months and all of them back row algae Bacillus (Aldaitwmat), namely: and Fragilaria crotonensis and Cocconeis placentula and F.virescens and Nitzschia palea, one of the species recorded Kthalb stuck on the plants in water bodies as a study Saadi and his group (2002) in and (Kassim et al. 1997) in Lake Qadisiya and Qasim and his group (2000), in the Tigris River. It prevailed species Bacillus of feather on the central species where monopolized Nitzschia b (7) the types and took the largest share in terms of number of species recorded in comparison with other species and this important indicator is in Albaalogih surveillance because Nitzschia is an indicator of organic pollution and high load of contaminants (Sabanci, 2010) and already Nitzschia vericularis presence of moss in the third under the influence of sewage residential areas has repeated the station. And record all of Navicula, Cymbella (5,3) type, respectively and the two types of algae that are prevalent in the few water salinity (Round, 1960). Also, some species belonging to the alga Navicula post presence and sovereignty in contaminated and non-contaminated areas organically has been the rule this race record in several studies on benthic algae in the Turkish Lakes (Gonulol, 1987: Sahin, 2004,2005). From the central algae prevailed kind Cyclotella menghiniana reiterates its presence in the study, and this is identical to the study of mountain lakes in the Black Sea region (Sahin et al., 2010) as the repeated presence of the species belonging to tella Cyclo an indication of renewed water or restore cleanliness (Oben., 2000 ). It also indicates the presence of relative acidity of the water (Bonry., 1983). While the presence of the species belonging to the Cymbella, Navicula, Nitzschia are an indication of organic pollution sewage feces (Mason., 1991). Overall species belonging recent races significant role in the rule of Aldaitwmat Bacillus has played the rest of the totals and this was identical to many of the studies (Kassim et al., 2005). Bacillus order followed algae algae greens and blue-greens and algae This arrangement was identical to the study (Scinto & Reddy, 2003), scoring (5 genus and 11 species) of algae and blue-greens (4 genus and 20 species) of algae greens.

Note (Round, 1984) that grows in the rich Cyanophyceae contaminated water and sediments, especially in summer and autumn and the presence of Oscillatoria indication of this type of pollution organically. This Aljensen of algae that have a wide range may be due to that carry a wide values of pH and persistent organic pollutants (Onyema & Nwankow, 2009). And that the presence of algae Lyngbya sp., Phormidium, Oscillatoria Tenuis, Oscillatoria Lemnetica are algae that bear the normal ranges and high salt (Montay, 2009). The study recorded the presence of the alga Spirogyra which is inferred by the Phormidium and with the presence of high organic pollution (Sahin et al., 2010)

Table 2: Ranges and Equipment for Some of the Physical and Chemical Properties of the Waters of the River in Kufa in the Areas of Study 3rd Station 2nd Station 1st Station Characteristics

13.2-19.916.83 13.4-19.516.84 13.8-19.416.85 Air Tepmerature 13.5-20.917.46 13.1-20.617.47 13.3 -20.117.48 Water Tempearture 7.8-10.608.35 7.7-10.88.36 7.5-10.658.37 PH 1270-20251800 1270-20261801 1271-20271802 Electrical Connectivity 0.6-0.70.6 0.5-0.60.5 0.6-0.70.6 Salinity 9.5-29.418.26 9.6-29.618.27 9.7-29.518.28 Dissolved Oxygen 85.3 - 2901626.25 85.4 - 2900629.26 85.5 - 2900627.27 Total Insufficiency 108- 652343.1 109-651343.2 110- 650343.3 Calcium Insufficienct 0.241- 651.65343.1 0.242-652.66136.47 0.243-653.67136.48 Magnesium Insufficiency 694 - 123.1454.7142 695 - 123.12453.7143 696 - 123.15454.7144 Total Basal ratio 3 - 2.5 -322.6 4 - 22.7 Flow Velocity 2 - 1.51.81 1.5 - 11.82 1.5-21.83 Flow Depth

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Table 3: The Algae Attached to the Reed and Papyrus in Kufa River for the Study Areas - = There is no alga + = There is some algae Stations and Study 2014 2015 Months and Year November December Ganuary Algae Cyanphyceae st1 St2 St3 St1 St2 St3 St1 St2 St3 Calothrix SP p T P T p T P T P T p T P T P T P T Nostoc spp + - + - - + + - + - + - - + + - + - Spirulina gigantia + - + - + - + - + + + - + - + + + - Phormidiumspp. + - + - + - + - + + - + + + + - + - Oscillatoria spp. + - + + + - + - + + + - + - + - + - Chroococcus minor + - + - + - + + + - + - + + + - + + Chroococcus + + + + + - + + + - + - + - + - + - limneticus Chroococcus turgidus + - + - + + + - + - + + - - + - + - Gloeocapsa punctata + - + + - + - + - + - + + - + - + - Aphanocapsa rivularis + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + + - + Microcystis + + + - - - - + + - - + - + + + - + aeruginosa Merisopedia glauca + - + - + - + + - + + - + - + + + + Merisopedia + - + - + - + - + + + - - + + + + + tenuissima Merisopedia elegans + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + + + + Daetylococcopsis + + + + + + + + - + - - + - + - + + smithii Spirolina sp + + + - + - + + + + + - - + + - + - Anabeana spp + - - + + + - - + - + + + - + - + - Chlorophyceae Chlamydomonas sp. + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Lyngbya + + - - + - + - + + - + + + - + + + chaetomarphae Astenococcus + - + - + - + + + + - + + + - + + - superbus Astenococcus + - + + + - + + + + - + + + - + + - limneticus Basicladia chelonum + - + - + - + - + - + + - + + - + - Ulothrix spp. + - + - + - + - + - + + - - + - + - Oscillatoria tenuis + - + - + - + - + - + + - - + - + - Oedogonium + - + - + - + - + - + + - - + - + - microgonium Acanthosphaera + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - zachariasi Chlorella spp. + - + - + - + - + + - + + - + - + - Ankistrodesmu + - + - + - + - + - + + - - + - + - convolutes Ankistrodesmus + - + - - + + + - + - + - + + - + - falcatus Kirchneriella contorta + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Actinastrum + - + - + - + - + - + - + - - - + - gracillmum Actinastrum + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - hantzschii Scenedesmus + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - dimorphus Scenedesmus bijuga + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Scenedesmus armatus + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + -

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Scenedesmus + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - quadricauda var westii Scenedesmus longus + + - + + + - - + + - + - + - + - + Scenedesmus + - + - - - + + - - - - + + + - + + acumiratus Scenedesmus spp. + + + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Closteriopsis + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - longissima Staurastrum gracile + - + - + - + - + - + + - + - + - Euglenophyta + - + - + - + - + - + + + - + - + - Euglena spp. + - + - + - + - + - + + + - + - + Bacillariophyta

(Centrales) Cyclotella ocellata + - + - + - + - + - + + + - + - + - Cyclotella atomus + - + - + - + - + - + + + - + - + - Cyclotella + - + - + - + - + - + + + - + - + - meneghiniana Cyclotella comta + - + - + + - + + - + - - + - + - + Stephanodiscus + - + - + + + - + - + + + - + - + - niagarae Melosira granulata + - + - + + + - + - + + + - + - + - Melosira jurgensi + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Melosira distance + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Bacillariophyta

(Pennales) Surirella ovalis + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Surirella ovata + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Surirella spp + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Bacillaria paxillifer + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Fragilaria + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - contonensis Fragilaria capucina + - + - + - + - + - + - + + + + - + Fragilaria intermedia + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Cocconeis placentula + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Cocconeis pediculus + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Cocconeis disculus + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Neidium affine + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Navicula gastrum + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Navicula halophila + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Navicula pupula + - + - + _ + - + - + - + - + - + - Navicula radiosa + - + - + - - + - + - + - + - + - Navicula viridula + - + - + - - + - + - + - + - + - Cymmbella tumida + - + - + - - + - + - + - + - + - Cymbella affinis + - + - + - - + - + - + - + - + - Gyrosigma + - + - + - - + - + - + - + - + - scalpriodes Gyrosigma balticum + - + - + - - + - + - + - + - + - Gyrosigma sp + - + - + - - + - + - + - + - + - Nitzschia sigma + - + - + - - + - + - + - + - + - Gomphonema + - + - + - - + - + - + - + - + - constrictum Gomphonema spp + - + - + - - + - + - + - + - + - Diatoma vulgare + - + - + - - + - + - + - + - + - Nitzschia vermicularis + - + - + - - + - + - + - + - + - Amphora ovalis + - + - + - - + - + - + - + - + - Amphora veneta + - + - + - - + - + - + - + - + - Amphora sp + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - www.tjprc.org [email protected] 26 Zainab Abdulameer Mohammed

Cymbella cesatii + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Nitzschia sp. + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Nitzschia apiculata + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Nitzschia dissipata + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Nitzschia linearis + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Nitzschia fasciculata + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + -

Figure 2: The Classification of the Diagnosed Algae throughout the Study Period

Figure 3 : The Numbers of the Diagnosed Algae for the Reeds and Papyrus throughout the Study Period

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