How to Be a Brit
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How to Be an Alien: George Mikes's Anthropology of Emigration
How to Be an Alien: George Mikes’s Anthropology of Emigration Sándor Hites Research Center for the Humanities, Institute for Literary Studies (Hungarian Academy of Sciences), 11–13 Ménesi út, 1118 Budapest, Hungary [email protected] The paper examines the best-selling satirical book How to Be an Alien (1946) by the Hungarian émigré journalist and prominent British humorist George Mikes (1912–1987). I argue that tackling the issues of emigration, integration and belonging, Mikes employs a mock-anthropological approach: ironically reworking the notions of observation and imitation as survival strategies, HTBA grasps the absurdities underlying both British life and the newcomer’s struggle to blend in. The two sequels Mikes wrote to HTBA decades later demonstrate that once the “alien” has been successfully integrated, the sense of acquired Britishness only produces further absurdities. Examining HTBA and a selection of his other works, I also claim that Mikes’s satire is an unacknowledged contribution to the modern philosophical tradition of “strangeness” (exemplified by authors ranging from G. Simmel to H. Arendt, Th. Adorno and Z. Bauman). Today, Mikes’s legacy continues to inspire expatriates living in London and elsewhere. However, his emblematic work has also inspired a stream of books with diametrically opposite intentions: these encourage their native readers to regain their allegedly fading socio-cultural heritage. In the transformation of Mikes’s satire about aliens adapting to new environments into an encouragement of natives -
Arthur Koestler's Hope in the Unseen: Twentieth-Century Efforts to Retrieve the Spirit of Liberalism" (2005)
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2005 Arthur Koestler's hope in the unseen: twentieth- century efforts to retrieve the spirit of liberalism Kirk Michael Steen Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Steen, Kirk Michael, "Arthur Koestler's hope in the unseen: twentieth-century efforts to retrieve the spirit of liberalism" (2005). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 1669. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/1669 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. ARTHUR KOESTLER’S HOPE IN THE UNSEEN: TWENTIETH-CENTURY EFFORTS TO RETRIEVE THE SPIRIT OF LIBERALISM A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Kirk Steen B. A., University of New Orleans, 1974 M. A., University of New Orleans, 1986 August 2005 ©Copyright 2005 Kirk Michael Steen All rights reserved ii Arthur Koestler at his desk during the 1930s iii Dedication The efforts that produced this investigation of Arthur Koestler I offer to my wife, Christel Katherine Roesch, for her patient support and for the value and respect she holds for liberal education. The two of us share one fundamental belief that justifies the changes in our lifestyle necessitated by my earning a terminal degree and completing the narrative that follows. -
Arthur Koestler: Hungarian Writer?*
Hungarian Studies Review Vol. XIV, No. 1 (Spring 1987) Arthur Koestler: Hungarian Writer?* Robert Blumstock As long as the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party defines the parameters of what is, and what is not acceptable literature, Arthur Koestler's books will never be best sellers in Hungary. Koestler was always out of step with the politics in the land of his birth, both in his youth as a Zionist, and later as a member of the Communist party. By the time he abandoned political questions in mid-life, Hungary was behind the Iron Curtain, and his anti- Communist reputation was hardly appropriate for encouraging a welcome reception in Hungary. Although his subsequent endeavors in attempting to bridge the gap between parapsychology, mysticism and science were less tainted with political sentiments, acceptance continued to elude him and his work in the land of his birth. Irrespective of the frequency of the changes in the character of the regimes in Hungary during his lifetime, Koestler remained attached to his origins, and was very much a part of the Hungarian intellectual diaspora. I have argued elsewhere that his ties to both his Hungarian and Jewish roots were a continual psychological and intellectual stimulant.1 His last major work, The Thirteenth Tribe, was his final attempt to resolve the Hungarian-Jewish dilemma. His solution was neither better nor more original than anyone else's of his generation, nor of subsequent generations, who even at this juncture, more than forty years after the Holocaust, are uncertain what it means to be both Jewish and Hungarian.2 In present day Hungary, writers, journalists and editors, per- plexed by their country's relative freedom, still cannot quite bring themselves to openly accept the Koestler oeuvre, even though there is a limited and grudging acknowledgement of those portions of it, which do not conflict with Hungary's current ideological posture. -
19, Reforms, Revolution. Reaction
19, REFORMS, REVOLUTION. REACTION (Hungary's history from 1800 to the Freedom War of 1848-49) The awakening When Napoleon reached the Hungarian frontier during his Austrian campaign (1809) he called on the Hungarians to rise against Austria. Remembering Louis XIV and his promises to Rakoczi, the Hungarians did nothing — and for once that was the right thing to do. They even fulfilled their obligations by supplying troops to the Emperor, Francis I (1792-1832) against Napoleon, though with considerably less enthusiasm than their ancestors did to help Maria Theresa — but then Francis lacked the remarkable attributes of his grandmother. After Napoleon’s fall the Vienna Congress (1815) set up the Holy Alliance of the victorious powers with the aim of re-establishing the rule of absolutism in Europe, In Austria, which had become an Empire after the demise of the unlamented Holy Roman (German) Empire in 1804, Chancellor Mettemich, the most forceful statesman of the time, ruled with an iron will on behalf of the feeble-minded Francis I. It was during the years of this despotic government that, at long last, a number of young Hungarian nobles began to assess the condition of their nation. Slowly awakening after her “lost century”, Hungary was a century behind the West and in need of urgent social, economic and constitutional reforms. The problems awaiting solution were immense: (a) The language of the government, legislation and educa tion was still either German or Latin. The Timeless Nation 10 (b) As a result of ihe Austrian resettlement policies the proportion of the non-Magyar nationalities rose to 50% of the total population of 12 million by 1820. -
NEUTRALISM: Its Meaning and Significance in Contemporary International Politics
NEUTRALISM: its meaning and significance in contemporary international politics. by Abstract Neutralism - dissociation from the Cold ',Var - can take many forms. Ac a doctrine it is to be found in its most comprehensive forms in Asia and Africa; and because its chief proponents are leaders of their countries, it is a profoundly pragmatic and eclectic doctrine. Yet it is deeply grounded in certain widespread hopes and fears, and is usually nourished by nationalism. Neutralist foreign policies are shaped by, and yet have come to shape, the style and scope of Cold War rivalries. Six forms of policy neutralism may be distinguished. These are: new state neutralism; pioneer neutralism; neutral- ization; buffer status; traditional neutrality; and erstwhile isolationism. Each of these types of policy represents different ways in which a state can become neutralist, and it is suggested how many- etates fall into each of these classes. Nearly three quarters of the neutralist states in early 1961 are new states which have become independent since 1945* Many of them practise policies which are in some respects like those of three pioneer neutralists - India, Yugoslavia and Egypt. Since 1945 neutralism has been of growing significance internationally. The study of general contacts and relations and of general resemblances and differences is the only avenue to a general perspective without which neither profit nor pleasure can be extracted from historical research." Polybius, Book I, Chapter 4. АС КГТ О'УХКР SE:.tEK g S My grateful thanke are due: to ray colleagues - Bruce Miller, Christopher Hughes, Maurice Hookham and John Day; to my former teachers - Professors C.