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Lead, Mercury and Cadmium Levels in Edible Marine Molluscs and Echinoderms from the Veneto Region (North-Western Adriatic Sea – Italy)

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Lead, Mercury and Cadmium Levels in Edible Marine Molluscs and Echinoderms from the Veneto Region (North-Western Adriatic Sea – Italy) Accepted Manuscript Lead, mercury and cadmium levels in edible marine molluscs and echinoderms from the Veneto Region (north-western Adriatic Sea – Italy) Laura Bille, Giovanni Binato, Veronica Cappa, Marica Toson, Manuela Dalla Pozza, Giuseppe Arcangeli, Antonia Ricci, Roberto Angeletti, Roberto Piro PII: S0956-7135(14)00524-6 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.09.018 Reference: JFCO 4067 To appear in: Food Control Received Date: 14 March 2014 Revised Date: 12 September 2014 Accepted Date: 15 September 2014 Please cite this article as: Bille L., Binato G., Cappa V., Toson M., Pozza M.D., Arcangeli G., Ricci A., Angeletti R. & Piro R., Lead, mercury and cadmium levels in edible marine molluscs and echinoderms from the Veneto Region (north-western Adriatic Sea – Italy), Food Control (2014), doi: 10.1016/ j.foodcont.2014.09.018. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 Lead, mercury and cadmium levels in edible marine molluscs and echinoderms 2 from the Veneto Region (north-western Adriatic Sea – Italy) 3 Laura Bille a * , Giovanni Binato a, Veronica Cappa a, Marica Toson a, Manuela Dalla 4 Pozza a, Giuseppe Arcangeli a, Antonia Riccia, Roberto Angeletti a, Roberto Piro a. 5 a Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro 6 (PD), 35020, Italy. 7 * Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 0498084332; fax: 049 8830268. E-mail address: 8 [email protected] (Bille Laura) 9 10 ABSTRACT 11 In this study, heavy metal levels detected in molluscs produced in the Veneto Region 12 (north-western Adriatic Sea) are presented and discussed. A descriptive analysis was 13 conducted on data collected in the framework of official monitoring activities in 14 shellfish production areas between 2007 and 2012.MANUSCRIPT Concentrations of lead (Pb), mercury 15 (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) in about 2,000 samples of 17 different species of marine 16 bivalve molluscs, echinoderms and gastropods were checked by means of atomic 17 absorption spectrometry. Hg and Pb concentrations were always below the maximum 18 levels set by the European legislation; 2.2% of the analysed samples exceeded the 19 threshold level for Cd, 86.7 % of witch belonging to purple dye murex ( Bolinus 20 brandaris ). The highest mean levels of Hg and Cd were found in purple dye murex, -1 -1 21 with 0.10 mgACCEPTED kg and 0.88 mg kg respectively, while rayed trough shell ( Mactra 22 stultorum ) and truncate donax ( Donax trunculus ) were the species with the highest 23 mean value of Pb (0.25 mg kg -1). Species of major consumption showed mean values 24 almost ten times lower than the limits set by the European legislation (Manila clam: Pb: 25 0.20 mg kg -1; Hg: 0.04 mg kg -1; Cd: 0.07 mg kg -1; Mediterranean mussel: Pb: 0.22 mg 1 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 26 kg -1; Hg: 0.03 mg kg -1; Cd: 0.13 mg kg -1). A preliminary evaluation of the impact on 27 human health of shellfish according to the detected levels indicates that the species of 28 major consumption are safe for the average consumers, although a potential risk cannot 29 be ruled out for vulnerable groups, such as women of childbearing potential and 30 children, as well as for regular or high-level shellfish consumers, particularly those who 31 frequently eat species such as murex. 32 Keywords : Heavy metals, Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Molluscs, Gastropods. 33 1. Introduction 34 Italy is the third European producer of marine molluscs (~150.000 t), after Spain 35 (~270.000 t) and France (~250.000 t) (FAO 2011). About 70% of the Italian shellfish 36 production is consumed domestically, while the remaining 30% is exported to European 37 countries, first among them Spain (Sladonja et al., 2011). 38 The national shellfish production relies mainly MANUSCRIPTon two species, the Manila clam 39 (Venerupis philippinarum ) and the Mediterranean mussel ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ), 40 which are also the most largely consumed. Italy is the leading European producer of 41 Manila clams and the third worldwide producer of Mediterranean mussels, after China 42 and Spain (Robert et al., 2013). 43 The Italian mollusc production is mostly concentrated in the north Adriatic regions. In 44 particular, the Veneto Region is a leader in the national shellfish industry, being the first 45 producer of ManilaACCEPTED clams and the third producer of mussels in the country (Robert et 46 al., 2013). Other minor species are also produced in this area. 47 The northern Adriatic Sea is not particularly deep and is fed by three large waterways: 48 the Po, the Adige and the Brenta rivers. They flow across the Po valley, where there are 49 numerous urban settlements, as well as industrial and zootechnical activities. Moreover, 2 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 50 the Venice Lagoon is classified as being a sensitive area exposed to anthropogenic 51 pollutants sources, the main being the Industries of Porto Marghera and the discharge of 52 urban waste water sewage and urban runoff from the municipality of Venice (Giusti L. 53 and Zhang H., 2002). 54 As mentioned above, this area is well known for its shellfish harvesting activity, whose 55 extensive production can be an easy target for chemical contamination. Lead (Pb), 56 cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) are chemical elements of great concern from a public 57 health point of view, being environmental pollutants which can occur naturally in the 58 environment and also derive from either industrial (e.g. mining, metallurgical, 59 incineration, pesticide and varnish production activities) or agricultural sources (e.g. 60 pesticide and fertilizers use). These contaminants are highly toxic and may accumulate 61 in seafood, whose consumption can represent an important route of human exposure to 62 these harmful substances (Storelli, 2008). 63 Shellfish have an excellent ability to filter largeMANUSCRIPT amounts of water, and they can 64 accumulate high concentrations of heavy metals (Soto, 1996; Roméo and Gnassia- 65 Barelli, 1995; Claisse, 1992; Fisher, 1983). The capacity of accumulating metals may 66 vary among molluscs depending on their filtering activity and their position in the water 67 column. Oysters can accumulate concentrations of Cd three times higher than mussels, 68 if placed in the same environment (Claisse, 1992). McConchie and Lawrance (1991) 69 also reported the capacity of bottom dwelling oysters to accumulate a quantity of Cd 70 which can beACCEPTED up to 10 times higher than that of oysters grown in the same site but in 71 baskets placed on the surface of the water. Metal concentration in molluscs can be 72 influenced by many physiological factors like individual size, age or breeding (Claisse, 73 1992). Regarding the latter, the levels detected in mussels or oysters at the time of 74 sexual maturity remain the same, although the concentration of metals seems to be 3 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 75 lower due to the increase of the body size. This pattern is called ‘biological dilution’ 76 and has been observed in these species for cadmium, copper, lead and zinc (Guéguen et 77 al., 2011). 78 The current European Food Hygiene Legislation makes the control and monitoring of 79 all classified relaying and production areas of bivalve molluscs, gastropods, 80 echinoderms and tunicates (EU Council, 2004b) mandatory, in order to ensure the 81 compliance of the product with microbiological, biotoxicological and chemical 82 parameters and its suitability for human consumption (EU Commission, 2005; EU 83 Council, 2004a; EU Commission, 2006). In order to properly perform the above 84 mentioned monitoring activities, Italy implemented specific guidelines for the 85 Veterinarian Competent Authority and for Food Business Operators (Presidenza del 86 Consiglio dei Ministri, 2010). 87 As reported in a survey on the perception of food-related risks in the EU, European 88 citizens seem to be more concerned about the chemicMANUSCRIPTal contamination of food rather 89 than bacterial contamination itself or health and nutrition issues (Eurobarometer, 2010). 90 The availability to access data on chemical contamination issues is becoming of 91 increasing significance allowing better health impact assessments of food consumption 92 and helping provide the consumer with more reliable and complete information on the 93 health risks that food contamination may cause. 94 Little information is available in literature on the heavy metals level of shellfish 95 detected in theACCEPTED framework of official monitoring programmes in Italy. 96 In this paper, levels of Pb, Hg and Cd found in the period 2007-2012 in edible molluscs 97 and echinoderms from lagoons and marine areas of the Veneto Region in the context of 98 official control activities are presented and discussed together with a preliminary 99 evaluation of the impact on human health of locally produced shellfish. 4 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 100 2. Materials and methods 101 2.1 Sampling 102 Sampling was performed in the framework of the classification and monitoring activity 103 on mollusc production areas by the local competent veterinary authority. Molluscs and 104 echinoderms were collected from the lagoons and coastal areas within 12 nautical miles, 105 attributable to the Veneto Region, North eastern Italy (Fig. 1). 106 Since 2006, lagoons (Venice and the Po River Delta lagoons) and seashore of the 107 sampling area have been divided into production areas defined as “sea”, “estuarine” or 108 “lagoon” areas, containing either natural beds of bivalve molluscs or sites used for the 109 cultivation of bivalve molluscs, and from which live bivalve molluscs are taken (EU 110 Council, 2004a) and classified according to EU Regulation 854/04 (EU Council, 111 2004b).
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