DOCSLIB.ORG

Sea Cages, Seaweeds and Seascapes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sea Cages, Seaweeds and Seascapes Sea cages, seaweeds and seascapes Causes and consequences of spatial links between aquaculture and ecosystems Nils Hedberg Academic dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Marine Ecotoxicology at Stockholm University to be publicly defended on Wednesday 24 May 2017 at 10.00 in Vivi Täckholmssalen (Q-salen), NPQ-huset, Svante Arrhenius väg 20. Abstract Aquaculture is of growing importance in the global seafood production. The environmental impact of aquaculture will largely depend on the type of environment in which the aquaculture system is placed. Sometimes, due to the abiotic or biotic conditions of the seascape, certain aquaculture systems tend to be placed within or near specific ecosystems, a phenomenon that in this thesis is referred to as aquaculture system - ecosystem links. The exposed ecosystems can be more or less sensitive to the system specific impacts. Some links are known to be widespread and especially hazardous for the subjected ecosystem such as the one between the shrimp aquaculture and the mangrove forest ecosystem. The aim of this thesis was to identify and investigate causes and consequences of other spatial links between aquaculture and ecosystems in the tropical seascape. Two different aquaculture system - ecosystem links were identified by using high resolution satellite maps and coastal habitat maps; the link between sea cage aquaculture and coral reefs, and the one between seaweed farms and seagrass beds. This was followed by interviews with the sea cage- and seaweed farmers to find the drivers behind the farm site selection. Many seaweed farmers actively choose to establish their farms on sea grass beds but sea cage farmers did not consider coral reefs when choosing location for their farms. The investigated environmental consequences of the spatial link between sea cage aquaculture and coral reefs were considerable both on the local coral reef structure, and coral associated bacterial community. Furthermore, coral reef associated fish are used as seedlings and feed on the farms, which likely alter the coral food web and lower the ecosystem resilience. Unregulated use of last resort antibiotics in both fish- and lobster farms were also found to be a wide spread practice within the sea cage aquaculture system, suggesting a high risk for development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The effects of seaweed farms on seagrass beds were not studied in this thesis but have earlier been shown to be rather substantial within the borders of the farm but less so outside the farm. Further, a nomenclature is presented to facilitate the discussion about production system - ecosystem links, which may also be used to be able to incorporate the landscape level within eco-certifying schemes or environmental risk assessments. Finally - increased awareness of the mechanisms that link specific aquaculture to specific habitats, would improve management practices and increase sustainability of an important and still growing food producing sector - the marine aquaculture. Keywords: Spatial links, Aquaculture, Coral Reefs, Seagrass, Seascape. Stockholm 2017 http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-141009 ISBN 978-91-7649-787-6 ISBN 978-91-7649-788-3 Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm SEA CAGES, SEAWEEDS AND SEASCAPES Causes and consequences of spatial links between aquaculture and ecosystems Nils Hedberg Sea cages, Seaweeds and Seascapes Causes and consequences of spatial links between aquaculture and ecosystems Nils Hedberg ©Nils Hedberg, Stockholm University 2017 ISBN print 978-91-7649-787-6 Printed in Sweden by US-AB, Stockholm 2017 Distributor: Department of ecology, environment and plant sciences Cover photo by Nils Hedberg Location, location, location Ancient realtor apophthegm Photo 1 Coral reef fish aggregating between sea cages. Photo: Nils Hedberg Abstract Aquaculture is of growing importance in the global seafood production. The environmental impact of aquaculture will largely depend on the type of envi- ronment in which the aquaculture system is placed. Sometimes, due to the abiotic or biotic conditions of the seascape, certain aquaculture systems tend to be placed within or near specific ecosystems, a phenomenon that in this thesis is referred to as aquaculture system - ecosystem links. The exposed ecosystems can be more or less sensitive to the system specific impacts. Some links are known to be widespread and especially hazardous for the subjected ecosystem such as the one between the shrimp aquaculture and the mangrove forest ecosystem. The aim of this thesis was to identify and inves- tigate causes and consequences of other spatial links between aquaculture and ecosystems in the tropical seascape. Two different aquaculture system - ecosystem links were identified by using high resolution satellite maps and coastal habitat maps; the link between sea cage aquaculture and coral reefs, and the one between seaweed farms and seagrass beds. This was followed by interviews with the sea cage- and sea- weed farmers to find the drivers behind the farm site selection. Many sea- weed farmers actively choose to establish their farms on sea grass beds but sea cage farmers did not consider coral reefs when choosing location for their farms. The investigated environmental consequences of the spatial link between sea cage aquaculture and coral reefs were considerable both on the local coral reef structure, and coral associated bacterial community. Fur- thermore, coral reef associated fish are used as seedlings and feed on the farms, which likely alter the coral food web and lower the ecosystem resili- ence. Unregulated use of last resort antibiotics in both fish- and lobster farms were also found to be a wide spread practice within the sea cage aquaculture system, suggesting a high risk for development of antibiotic resistant bacte- ria. The effects of seaweed farms on seagrass beds were not studied in this thesis but have earlier been shown to be rather substantial within the borders of the farm but less so outside the farm. Further, a nomenclature is presented to facilitate the discussion about pro- duction system - ecosystem links, which may also be used to be able to in- corporate the landscape level within eco-certifying schemes or environmen- tal risk assessments. Finally - increased awareness of the mechanisms that link specific aquaculture to specific habitats, would improve management practices and increase sustainability of an important and still growing food producing sector - the marine aquaculture List of Papers Hedberg, N., Kautsky, N., Hellström, M., Tedengren, M. 2015. Spatial cor- relation and potential conflicts between sea cage aquaculture and coral reefs in South East Asia. Aquaculture 448, 418-426 Hedberg, N., Stenson, I., Kautsky, N., Hellström, M., Tedengren, M. 2017. Causes and consequences of spatial links between sea cage aquaculture and coral reefs in Vietnam. Manuscript submitted to Aquaculture Hedberg, N., von Schreeb, K., Charisiadou, S., Jiddawi, N., Tedengren, M., Mtwana Nordlund, L. 2017. Habitat preference for seaweed farming – a case study from Zanzibar, Tanzania. Manuscript submitted to Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Sciences Hedberg, N., Stenson, I., Warshan, D., Nitz Pettersson, M., Nguyen-Kim, H., Tedengren, M., Kautsky, N. Antibiotic use on Vietnamese fish and lob- ster sea cage farms and implications for the coral reef environment and hu- man health. Manuscript Contents Introduction ................................................................................................... 10 The food production - ecosystem conflict .................................................................... 10 Aquaculture in the tropical seascape........................................................................... 11 Seascape............................................................................................................... 11 Mangroves ............................................................................................................. 11 Seagrass meadows ............................................................................................... 12 Coral reefs ............................................................................................................. 13 Linking production to seascape characteristics ........................................................... 13 Scope of the thesis ........................................................................................ 16 Methods and study area................................................................................ 17 Study area and aquaculture systems .......................................................................... 17 Methods ...................................................................................................................... 18 Large-scale seascape patterns through remote sensing ........................................ 18 Farmer perspectives and practices ........................................................................ 18 Field sampling ....................................................................................................... 19 Results & Discussion .................................................................................... 21 Aquaculture - ecosystem links ..................................................................................... 21 Environmental effects of aquaculture - ecosystem links ......................................... 22 Benthic community
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Case Study: Seaweeds, Marine Shrimp and Tilapia Fish
    Case study: Seaweeds Summary Successful commercial production of seaweed in the Pacific region is presently based on one single species of red algae, the species Kappaphycus alvarezii, being Solomon Islands, Fiji, Kiribati and Papua New Guinea the 4 main producer countries, with a total production for the region of around 20.000mt (wet weight) and more than 10.000 families involved. This species was introduced from the Philippines and Indonesia to most Pacific Islands Countries and Territories along the 80’s and 90’s. Other seaweed species that have been or are being tested within the region, we should mention the brown seaweed Cladosiphon sp., which is known to occur naturally in Tonga and New Caledonia, was cultured quite successfully in Tonga for many years, but farm- ing ceased in 2007 due to market difficulties. Other edible species, such as Cladosiphon sp., Caulerpa sp., Codium sp. and Gracilaria sp. are currently being grown in several Pacific Island countries in very low volumes (we could say almost anecdotally in most cases). Sea grapes (commonly known as sea caviar), such as the species Caulerpa rac- emosa, have been cultured in Samoa and French Polynesia since 2011 with promising results in terms of growth and survival rate. Three principal farming methods have been tried in the Pacific Islands region: 1) off-bot- tom (fixed monofilament lines between posts driven into the substratum); 2) floating rafts (bamboo floating structure); and 3) floating long-lines (rope-made floating structure). Commercial cultivation in Fiji, Kiribati, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands consists almost entirely of off-bottom farming.
    [Show full text]
  • Seaweed Farming: an Alternative Livelihood for Small-Scale Fishers?
    06/27/02 Seaweed Farming: An Alternative Livelihood for Small-Scale Fishers? By: Brian Crawford Program Manager, Asia ([email protected]) Working Paper 06/27/02 Seaweed Farming: An Alternative Livelihood for Small-Scale Fishers? By: Brian Crawford Abstract Development of alternative livelihoods has become a popular policy to uplift the socio- economic status of small-scale fishers and to reduce fishing pressure on overexploited fisheries. Seaweed farming has been incorporated into many community-based coastal resources management projects and fisheries management initiatives as an alternative livelihood option for fishers in tropical developing countries. This is typically based on several assumptions, either unstated or explicit, of program designers, project managers and senior policy makers. First, it is often assumed that small-scale fishers are poor and that this is related in many cases to the overexploited nature of the resource. Secondly, it is assumed that fishers are willing to give up fishing in favor of more lucrative economic opportunities, such as seaweed farming. Lastly, it is assumed that as fishers take up alternative livelihoods such as seaweed farming, this will reduce pressure on the fisheries. This is an excellent example of a project logic framework whereby certain inputs (e.g. promotion of seaweed farming) will lead to specific outputs (e.g. improved socio- economic status of fishers, reduced fishing pressure and improved resource status). This paper will examine the evidence underlying these assumptions and the extent to which development of seaweed farming as an alternative livelihood can increase socio- economic status of fishers and reduce fishing pressure based on a number of examples from coastal communities in North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Insights on the Sustainability of a Swedish Seaweed Industry
    JEAN DOCTORAL THESIS IN INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY - BAPTISTE STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2018 THOMAS Insights on the sustainability of a Swedish seaweed industry seaweed Swedish a of sustainability the on Insights Insights on the sustainability of a Swedish seaweed industry JEAN-BAPTISTE THOMAS ISBN 978-91-7729-819-9 TRITA-ABE-DLT-1817 KTH KTH KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY www.kth.se SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2018 "PTECDUT(QP(UDA( TVTU7EP78EHEU`(QB(7(( 1XA@ETD(TA7XAA@(( EP@VTUS`( #'9)2"12(2!(&1( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ! ! 1614(!6$!5%5! HS!%SCYWXVH@Q!!BTQTFb:! 5XTBPGTQR:!5aDCDS!@AB( ( ! ! B@CDRHB! HWWDVX@XHTS!aGHBG:!aHXG!CYD!UDVRHWWHTS!TE!XGD!'6$!4Tb@Q!%SWXHXYXD!TE!6DBGSTQTFb:!HW! WYARHXXDC!ETV!UYAQHB!CDEDSWD!ETV!XGD! DFVDD!TE! TBXTV!TE!2GHQTWTUGb!TS!"VHC@b!XGD!BXG!TE!&YSD! @AB:!BAAA:!HS!'TQQDFHDW@QDS:!VHSDQQ`cFDS!:!'6$:!5XTBPGTQRP! ! 1UUTSDSX!WWTBH@XD!2VTEDWWTV!"VHDCDVHPD!9HDFQDV:!4%5!!4DWD@VBG!%SWXHXYXDW!TE!5aDCDSP! ! )DRADVW!TE!XGD!FV@CHSF!AT@VC!! 2VTEDWWTV!SFDQ@!8YQEE:!7SH`DVWHXb!TE!#TXGDSAYVF! 5YW@SSD!!VHPWWTS:! TBDSX:!7SH`DVWHXb!TE!#TXGDSAYVF! &YPP@!5DUUcQc:! TBDSX:!"HSSHWG!!S`HVTSRDSX!%SWXHXYXD! ! T`DV!UGTXT!5BTXX!6GTR@W! ! 6HXQD!%SWHFGXW!TS!XGD!WYWX@HS@AHQHXb!TE!@!5aDCHWG!WD@aDDC!HSCYWXVb! ! YXGTV!&D@SV@UXHWXD!6GTR@W!! ! '6$!4Tb@Q!%SWXHXYXD!TE!6DBGSTQTFb:!5BGTTQ!TE!VBGHXDBXYVD!@SC!XGD!YHQX!!S`HVTSRDSX! DU@VXRDSX!TE!5YWX@HS@AQD! D`DQTURDSX:!!S`HVTSRDSX@Q!5BHDSBD!@SC!!SFHSDDVHSF! H`HWHTS!TE!8@XDV!@SC!!S`HVTSRDSX@Q!!SFHSDDVHSFP! %50!VBV@VBV! 64%6V!V (6VBB! 2VHSXDC!Ab!75V!HS!5XTBPGTQR:!5aDCDS!@ABP! ! ! i ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Algae, bright order! By Cryptogamists defended— Translate marine plants as Linnaeus intended.
    [Show full text]
  • Seaweed Farming and Artisanal Fisheries in an Indonesian Seagrass Bed – Complementary Or Competitive Usages?
    Seaweed farming and artisanal fisheries in an Indonesian seagrass bed – Complementary or competitive usages? Sven Uli Blankenhorn Vorgelegt im Fachbereich 2 (Biologie/Chemie) der Universität Bremen als Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar- and Marine Research Wadden Sea Station Sylt Seaweed farming and artisanal fisheries in an Indonesian seagrass bed – Complementary or competitive usages? submitted by Sven Uli Blankenhorn in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences (Dr. rer. nat.) Faculty 2 Biology / Chemistry University Bremen June 2007 Gutachter der Dissertation: Prof. Dr. W. Arntz, AWI Bremerhaven / Universität Bremen Dr. H. Asmus, AWI Wattenmeerstation Sylt Tag des öffentlichen Kolloquiums: 13.07.2007 SPICE – Science for the Protection of Indonesian Coastal Ecosystems This thesis is part of the SPICE (Science for the Protection of Indonesian Coastal Ecosys- tems) program, Cluster 1: Coral Reef Based Ecosystems, founded by the BmB+F (German federal ministry for education and research). Additional funding was provided by the DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service). „Kalau tidak ada rumput laut Puntondo mati.” “Without seaweed Puntondo would be dead.” Daeng Laga, village chief of Puntondo previous page: Satellite image of the western part of Laikang Bay, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Puntondo on the small peninsula extending into the bay. Source: GoogleEarth Disclaimer Herewith I assure that I wrote this thesis independently and that I did not use any additional help except to the extend and the manner stated. References are cited in compliance with guidelines on safeguarding good scientific practice. Bremen, June 4th 2007 Sven Blankenhorn CONTENTS Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Social and Economic Dimensions of Seaweed Farming: a Global Review
    IIFET 2012 Tanzania Proceedings SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF SEAWEED FARMING: A GLOBAL REVIEW Diego Valderrama, Food and Resource Economics Department, University of Florida, USA, [email protected] ABSTRACT Seaweed farming based primarily on the culture of Kappaphycus and Eucheuma species has grown significantly in the Philippines and Indonesia over the last two decades, with growth also taking place at a smaller scale in Tanzania, India and a few other developing countries. Unlike other forms of aquaculture, seaweed farming foregoes the use of feed and fertilizers and has minimum technological and capital requirements. In addition, growout cycles are short, normally lasting less than two months. Given these unique characteristics, seaweed farming has generated substantial socio-economic benefits to marginalized coastal communities in developing countries, most of which have reduced access to alternative economic activities. In some communities, seaweed farming has emerged as the most relevant livelihood strategy. This paper summarizes the findings of a recent FAO review on the social and economic dimensions of seaweed farming in six countries in Asia (the Philippines, Indonesia, India), Africa (Tanzania), Oceania (Solomon Islands), and Latin America (Mexico). Each case study documented the evolution of the farming sector and examined the mix of public sector policies and private sector involvement leading to growth of the activity. Given the rising global demand for seaweed-derived products, seaweed farming has the potential to generate further socio-economic benefits to coastal communities in tropical regions; however, a number of challenges and constraints (some of which are country-specific) will need to be addressed to fully take advantage of these opportunities.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Studies with Pictures
    Case #1: An open ocean mussel farm in Southern California ● Mussels grow on ropes that hang from rafts 7 miles offshore. ● Mussels are filter feeders, filtering plankton from the water to eat, as well as filtering out pollutants in the ocean. Farmers do not need to buy food for the mussels because they get it naturally from the ocean. ● The ropes can create a habitat, becoming a home for other organisms such as barnacles, sponges, and algae. ● Mussels produce thousands of offspring per year and grow relatively fast. Case #2: An enclosed open ocean Atlantic salmon pen in Scotland ● Salmon are enclosed in a pen that sits in the ocean ● Salmon are fed food pellets that are made of other ground up fish species and vitamins. The salmon farmers buy the pellets from a different part of Europe. ● This farm is a monoculture, meaning there is only one species grown. ● Since it is a monoculture, there are no detritovores to clean up the fish waste. The fish swim in their own waste and sometimes it flows out of the pen and into the environment. ● There is little genetic variation amongst the salmon (they all have similar DNA), so one disease could kill all the fish. ● Those diseases from the farmed fish could spread to the wild fish. Case #3: A coastal seaweed farm in Japan ● Seaweed grows from ropes that are suspended in the ocean, close to shore. ● Seedlings are transplanted onto the ropes and grow relatively quickly after that. ● A large, open space is required for seaweed farming. Farmers had to cut down a mangrove forest to make room for the farm.
    [Show full text]
  • Shading Effect of Seaweed Farming on the Growth and Health of the Corals
    Shading effect of seaweed farming on the growth and health of the corals Porites cylindrica and Acropora formosa 1Parman Parakkasi, 2Rajuddin Syamsuddin,2Najamuddin, 3Abdul Haris, 3Chair Rani 1 Doctoral Program in Fisheries Science, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia; 2 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia; 3Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia. Corresponding author: C. Rani, [email protected] Abstract. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of shading from seaweed farming on coral growth and health. The study applied an in-situ experimental approach, placing 3 replicate seaweed farming plots with an area of 40x30 m2 (floating longline system; 30 m lines with 0.5 m spacing) in a coral reef area, with a control area of approximately 50 m from the plots. Seaweed seedlings (±100 g) were attached 0.2 m apart. In each plot and the control area, colonies of two branching corals, Porites cylindrica and Acropora formosa (10 of each species) were tagged on a principal branch. The growth of the selected branches was measured every 2 weeks during a 6-week observation period. As an indicator of coral health, colony color was recorded using a standard coral health index monitoring chart. The t-test was used to analyze the effect of shade on coral growth and coral health, comparing coral colonies shaded by seaweed cultivation with unshaded corals (natural conditions). There was no significant difference in the growth and health level of the 2 coral species between colonies living in the seaweed farming area and in natural conditions (control).
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Economic Analysis of Two Seaweed Farming Methods in Tanzania
    A Comparative Economic Analysis of Two Seaweed Farming Methods in Tanzania By: Flower E. Msuya Mwanahija S. Shalli Karen Sullivan Brian Crawford James Tobey Aviti J. Mmochi 2007 Sustainable Coastal Communities and Ecosystems Program This publication is available electronically on the Coastal Resources Center’s website: www.crc.uri.edu. It is also available on the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association’s website: www.wiomsa.org. For more information contact: Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett Bay Campus, South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA. Email: [email protected] Citation: Msuya, F.E., M.S. Shalli, K. Sullivan, B. Crawford, J. Tobey and A.J. Mmochi. 2007. A Comparative Economic Analysis of Two Seaweed Farming Methods in Tanzania. The Sustainable Coastal Communities and Ecosystems Program. Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island and the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association. 27p. Disclaimer: This report was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Cooperative agreement # EPP-A- 00-04-00014-00 Cover Photos: Women seaweed farmers harvesting seaweed, a peg-and-line off- bottom farm at low tide, and a close up of a piece of Kappaphycus alvarezii know as the "cottonii" variety seaweed Photo Credits: Flower E. Msuya Table of Contents Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 3 2.0 SEAWEED FARMING IN MLINGOTINI VILLAGE .............................................. 4 3.0 THE SEAWEED PRODUCTION CYCLE................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Seafood Watch
    Farmed Seaweed Image © Monterey Bay Aquarium Worldwide All Production Systems July 28, 2014 Andrea Flynn, Consulting Researcher Disclaimer Seafood Watch® strives to have all Seafood Reports reviewed for accuracy and completeness by external scientists with expertise in ecology, fisheries science and aquaculture. Scientific review, however, does not constitute an endorsement of the Seafood Watch® program or its recommendations on the part of the reviewing scientists. Seafood Watch® is solely responsible for the conclusions reached in this report. 2 Final Seafood Recommendation Criterion Score (0-10) Rank Critical? C1 Data 6.25 YELLOW C2 Effluent 9.00 GREEN NO C3 Habitat 6.18 YELLOW NO C4 Chemicals 10.00 GREEN NO C5 Feed 10.00 GREEN NO C6 Escapes 4.00 YELLOW NO C7 Disease 8.00 GREEN NO C8 Source 10.00 GREEN 9X Wildlife mortalities 0.00 GREEN NO 10X Introduced species escape 0.00 GREEN Total 63.43 Final score 7.93 OVERALL RANKING Final Score 7.93 Initial rank GREEN Red criteria 0 Interim rank GREEN FINAL RANK Critical Criteria? NO GREEN Scoring note – scores range from zero to ten where zero indicates very poor performance and ten indicates the aquaculture operations have no significant impact. Summary The final numerical score for seaweeds farmed in open water systems worldwide is 7.93, which is in the green range. Three criteria (data, habitat and escapes) received yellow rankings; however, this did not affect the overall green ranking. 3 Executive Summary Around the world, particularly in Asia, seaweed is commercially produced on coastal farms. These farms can vary in size, with very large farms producing millions of metric tons of seaweed per year.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Seaweed Industry Blueprint
    Australian Seaweed Industry Blueprint A Blueprint for Growth by Jo Kelly Australian Seaweed Institute August 2020 ii © 2020 AgriFutures Australia All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-76053-112-6 ISSN 1440-6845 Australian Seaweed Industry Blueprint – A Blueprint for Growth Publication No. 20-072 Project No. PRJ-012324 The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, AgriFutures Australia, the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, AgriFutures Australia, the authors or contributors. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication. This publication is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. However, wide dissemination is encouraged. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to AgriFutures Australia Communications Team on 02 6923 6900.
    [Show full text]
  • Opportunities, Challenges and Future Directions of Open-Water Seaweed Aquaculture in the United States
    Phycologia ISSN: 0031-8884 (Print) 2330-2968 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uphy20 Opportunities, challenges and future directions of open-water seaweed aquaculture in the United States JangKyun Kim, Michael Stekoll & Charles Yarish To cite this article: JangKyun Kim, Michael Stekoll & Charles Yarish (2019) Opportunities, challenges and future directions of open-water seaweed aquaculture in the United States, Phycologia, 58:5, 446-461, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2019.1625611 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2019.1625611 Published online: 11 Sep 2019. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 4 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 2 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=uphy20 PHYCOLOGIA 2019, VOL. 58, NO. 5, 446–461 https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2019.1625611 Opportunities, challenges and future directions of open-water seaweed aquaculture in the United States 1,2,3 4 3 JANGKYUN KIM ,MICHAEL STEKOLL , AND CHARLES YARISH 1Department of Marine Science, School of Natural Sciences, Incheon National 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea 2Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea 3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Stamford, Connecticut 06901, USA 4Department of Natural Sciences, University of Alaska Southeast, 11120 Glacier Highway, Juneau, Alaska 99801, USA ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Seaweed aquaculture is a relatively young industry in the United States compared to Asian countries. Early Received 19 July 2018 attempts at seaweed aquaculture in California, Washington State, New York and the Gulf of Maine in the Accepted 28 May 2019 1980s and 1990s did not result in commercial production but provided important lessons.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ecosystem Approach to the Culture of Seaweed
    An Ecosystem Approach to the Culture of Seaweed Richard Langton, Simona Augyte, Nichole Price, John Forster, Thomas Noji, Gretchen Grebe, Adam St. Gelais, and Carrie J. Byron U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO-195 July 2019 An Ecosystem Approach to the Culture of Seaweed Richard Langton1, Simona Augyte2, Nichole Price3, John Forster4, Thomas Noji5, Gretchen Grebe6,7, Adam St. Gelais7, and Carrie J. Byron8 1NOAA Fisheries, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Ecosystem and Aquaculture Division, Darling Marine Center, Walpole, ME 04573 2Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 1 University Place, Stamford, CT 06901 3Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, ME 04544 4Forster Consulting Inc., Boise, ID 5NOAA Fisheries, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Ecosystem and Aquaculture Division, James J. Howard Marine Science Laboratory, Highland, NJ 07732 6University of Maine, School of Marine Sciences, 360 Aubert Hall, Orono, ME 04469-5706 7University of New England, Marine Science Center, 11 Hills Beach Road, Biddeford, ME 04102 8University of New England, Department of Marine Sciences, 11 Hills Beach Road, Biddeford, ME 04102 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO-195 July 2019 U.S. Department of Commerce Wilbur L. Ross, Jr., Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Neil Jacobs, Ph.D., NOAA Assistant Secretary for Environmental Observation & Prediction National Marine Fisheries Service Chris Oliver, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries Recommended citation: Richard Langton, Simona Augyte, Nichole Price, John Forster, Thomas Noji, Gretchen Grebe, Adam St. Gelais, and Carrie J. Byron. 2019. An Ecosystem Approach to the Culture of Seaweed.
    [Show full text]