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Jason, Topex Now Work in Tandem

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Jason, Topex Now Work in Tandem Inside August 1, 2003 Volume 33 Number 15 News Briefs . 2 Surviving the Amazon . 3 Special Events Calendar . 2 Passings . 4 100s of Galaxies For Galex . 3 Classifieds . 4 Jet Propulsion Laboratory he Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment impact on atmospheric weather patterns, fisheries and global climate change.” T (Grace) mission has released its first scence Grace is accomplishing that goal by providing a more precise defini- product, the most accurate map yet of Earth’s gravity field. Grace, tion of Earth’s geoid, an imaginary surface defined only by Earth’s gravity field, upon which Earth’s ocean surfaces would lie if not dis- which is managed by JPL, is the newest tool for scientists working turbed by other forces such as ocean currents, winds and tides. The to unlock secrets of ocean circulation and its effects on climate. geoid height varies around the world by up to 200 meters (650 feet). “I like to think of the geoid as science’s equivalent of a carpenter’s Created from 111 days of selected Grace data to help calibrate and level. It tells us where horizontal is,” Tapley said. “Grace will tell us the Grace quickly validate the mission’s instruments, this preliminary model improves geoid with centimeter-level precision.” knowledge of the gravity field so much it is being released to oceanogra- So why is knowing the geoid height so important? Dr. Lee-Lueng Fu, phers now, months in advance of the scheduled start of routine Grace produces Topex/Poseidon and Jason project scientist at JPL, said, “The ocean’s science operations. The data are expected to significantly improve our surface, while appearing flat, is actually covered with hills and valleys ability to understand ocean circulation, which strongly influences caused by currents, winds and tides, and also by variations in Earth’s weather and climate. best-ever gravity field. Scientists want to separate out these gravitational effects, Dr. Byron Tapley, Grace principal investigator at the University of so they can improve the accuracy of satellite altimeters like Jason and Texas’ Center for Space Research, called the new model a feast for Topex/Poseidon, which measure sea surface height, ocean heat storage gravity map oceanographers. “This initial model represents a major advancement and global ocean circulation. This will give us a better understanding of in our knowledge of Earth’s gravity field,” Tapley said. “Pre-Grace By Alan Buis ocean circulation and how it affects climate.” models contained such large errors that many important features were Dr. Michael Watkins, Grace project scientist at JPL, put improve- obscured. Grace brings the true state of the oceans into much sharper ments to Earth’s gravity model into perspective. “Scientists have stud- focus, so we can better see ocean phenomenon that have a strong ied Earth’s gravity for more than 30 years, using both satellite and ground measurements that were of uneven quality. Using just a few Previously, the long wavelength months of our globally uniform quality Grace data, we’ve already im- components of the gravity field proved the accuracy of Earth’s gravity model by a factor of between 10 and nearly 100, depending on the size of the gravity feature. In determined from satellite tracking some locations, errors in geoid height based upon previous data were were limited to a resolution of as much as 1 meter (3.3 feet). Now, we can reduce these errors to a approximately 700 kilometers. centimeter (.4 inches) in some instances. That’s progress.” Grace, a joint partnership between NASA and the German Aerospace In contrast, Grace, by itself, Center, senses minute variations in gravitational pull from local has provided accurate gravity changes in Earth’s mass by precisely measuring, to a tenth of the width information with a resolution of a human hair, changes in the separation of two identical spacecraft of 200 kilometers. Now, much following the same orbit approximately 220 kilometers (137 miles) apart. Grace will map the variations from month to month, following more detail is clearly evident in changes imposed by the seasons, weather patterns and short-term the earth’s geophysical features. climate change. Take one well-seasoned oceanography satellite, the joint NASA/French Space Agency Eddies help create ocean weather patterns and transport nutrients from deep to shallower Topex/Poseidon, nearing its 11th year in orbit to study the world’s ocean circulation and Jason, Topex waters, where they enhance the growth of its effect on climate, mix in a fresh sibling satellite, Jason, and add a dash of ingenuity, marine life. Beyond Jason and the tandem mission, scien- and you get what scientists are calling the Jason-Topex/Poseidon tandem mission. now work tists are developing ways to achieve even high- er resolution ocean measurements without Since last September, when the older space- “The Jason-Topex/Poseidon tandem mission flying multiple conventional altimeters. A Jason craft was maneuvered into a tightly spaced doubles the resolution of ocean surface topog- in tandem follow-on project, the Ocean Surface Topogra- orbit with Jason’s, the two have engaged in a raphy data, creating a continuous, simultane- phy Mission, may carry a Wide-Swath Ocean By Alan Buis spicy experimental orbital tango. The space- ous record of superior-quality radar Altimeter. It would make wide-swath ocean craft are serving up exceptionally high-resolu- measurements that will be used to map ocean surface height measurements using radar tion data on the height of the surface current speed and direction, revealing interferometry. The wide-swath instrument world’s ocean sur- important new information about these ener- would provide a resolution of about 15 kilome- faces, a key getic swirls that are often too small to be re- ters (9 miles) on the ocean surface, an eight- measure of solved by a single satellite,” Fu said. “Tandem fold improvement in data resolution over the heat storage mission data will allow scientists to revise tandem mission. in the ocean models, improving their ability to predict With Jason’s instruments fully calibrated, ocean, ocean currents in the future.” NASA and the French Space Agency released via which Fu said data from the mission are expected the Internet Jason’s first high-accuracy science influ- to improve our knowledge of ocean tides in data products. The products represent the final, Globe shows ences coastal and other shallow-water regions, the validated records of Jason altimetry data and weather changing transports of boundary currents, the Jason data associated background information. Scientists and future horizontal transport of heat in the oceans and around the world will use these records to taken in a 10-day planetary other climate-relevant properties. Also, it may develop products and perform investigations. collection cycle ending climate validate theories of ocean turbulence caused by The Jason science team has accumulated ap- July 15. The slight rise in events. The the Coriolis force, a phenomenon caused by proximately 50 10-day cycles from the mission. experimental tan- Earth’s rotation that deflects moving objects, sea levels (warming) shown in These will be reprocessed over the next several dem mission data will such as water or air, to the right in the north- months to create a single data record for each the western Pacific contrasts with the help scientists better detect and ern hemisphere and to the left in the southern cycle. Future records will be made available to Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska and U.S. understand ocean currents, tides and eddies. hemisphere. the public about 35 days after spacecraft collec- west coast, where lower-than- In a paper in the American Geophysical The data may provide valuable information tion. Specialized products are available to sci- Union newsletter Eos, JPL’s Dr. Lee-Lueng Fu, about ocean eddies, a type of ocean “weather.” normal sea-surface levels and cool entists. project scientist for the Jason and Topex/Posei- These intermediate-sized (50 to 200 kilome- For more information about Jason, visit ocean temperatures continue. don missions, reports the mission is producing ters, or 30 to 120 miles across) ocean features http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/index.html. ocean surface topography data that reveal generally last only a few months, yet play an twice as many details as seen before. important role in transporting ocean heat. 2 Researcher receives glacier honor Three JPL-led studies, each led by Universe JPL geophysicist ERIC RIGNOT was principal investigators from Section recently honored by having an Antarctic 353, were selected in advanced chemi- Special Events Calendar glacier named for him. cal propulsion technology. “Lightweight, Rignot, of the Interferometric Syn- Foam Core Covers for Protection of JPL Genealogy Club—Meeting at noon thetic Aperture Radar Phenomenology Propellant Tanks and Propulsion Com- Ongoing Support Groups in Building 301-271. and Product Verification Group in the ponents” is led by MARC ADAMS. Alcoholics Anonymous—Meetings are Radar Science and Engineering Section “Ultralight Tank Technology Develop- available. Call the Employee Assistance Wednesday, August 6 334, received the honor from the ment for In-Space Applications” is led Program at ext. 4-3680 for time and United States Board on Geographic by JOSEPH LEWIS, with LORIE location. Associated Retirees of JPL/Caltech— Names. He was cited for his use of field GRIMES-LEDESMA as co- investigator. Meeting at 10 a.m. at the Caltech Credit and remotely sensed data to study “Cryogenic Propulsion with Zero Boil- Caregivers Support Group—Meets the Union, 528 Foothill Blvd., La Cañada. first Thursday of the month at noon in Antarctic glacier mechanics from the off Storage Applied to Outer Planetary Exploration” is led by CARL GUERNSEY, Building 167-111 (The Wellness Place). 1990s to the present.
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