GTNEWS 16 Summer 2021

Research • Conserve • Campaign

Front cover image: “The East Pool, or Basin, end of Mr Goldney’s Bristol grotto features two pillars ‘encrusted with Bristol diamonds’. The extraordinary shell work is surely our Mr Warwell’s work.” (see the article on p.22). Our photographer Lin Baldock has said “it was always difficult photographing in the grotto”. So true, GT but I love this image Ed. NEWS 16 Summer 2021

Join Us If you or someone you know is not a member, please join us! Contents Your support is vital in helping the Gardens Trust to protect From the Garden Chair 4 and campaign for historic news & campaigns 6 designed landscapes. Benefits Engaging with our Future 6 include GT News, our journal Celebrating Gardens Trust Volunteers 7 Garden History, and access Historic Landscape Project update 8 to exclusive member events. Norfolk GT and Mr Repton 9 A special rate is available Greatford Hall, Lincolnshire 10 to County Garden Trust Planning Reform 13 members. Join today at: Parks for People 16 thegardenstrust.org/support-us/ 17th Annual Mavis Batey Essay Prize 18 11th New Research Symposium 18 from our contributors 19 Management regimes for lawns and hedges19 John Warwell — the mystery man of Goldney grotto 22 Stoke Poges Memorial Gardens 25

David Marsh - The Shed online 29 www.thegardenstrust.org

GT Events 30 The Gardens Trust head office: The Gardens Trust AGM 30 70 Cowcross Street, Study Tour to France – update 31 London EC1M 6EJ phone: 020 7608 2409 Study Tour to Palermo and the West of Sicily 32 general email: GT North Yorkshire weekend 2022 33 [email protected] Company number: 03163187 other events & news in brief 34 Registered Charity number: 1053446 Major accessions to repositories 34 Mystery airmen revisited 36 Copy deadline for Autumn 2021 Painshill’s appeal 37 Copy deadline for issue 17 Artists and the Garden Conference 37 1 October 2021 for distribution Officers 38 in November 2021 Events Diary 39 From the Garden Chair Peter Hughes

obert Browning’s poem, R‘Home Thoughts from Abroad’, contains the line ‘All will be gay when noontide awakes anew’. It is particularly apposite now, we all yearn for freedom from the pandemic. Spring is a time of renewal, but it is especially so this year like no other year. Here in the Lake District, its arrival was promised in April but then delayed and only as May gave way to June did everything finally awaken anew. One of the highlights of spring for us are the local Meconopsis betonicifolia ‘Lingholm’. They originate from the Lingholm Estate which borders our garden. After an initial Hughes Peter struggle, we have established a Meconopsis betonicifolia ‘Lingholm’, now flourishing at High Moss, Cumbria. small colony which is growing year by year. Another delight is important that we carefully we depend on everyone to report the rhododendrons and azaleas, monitor the situation. Our issues of concern. especially the luteum with their members and supporters in the These are exciting times for the heady scent. GT and in the County Gardens Gardens Trust. In March, we Last year, members of County Trusts are our eyes and ears, and received news from the National Gardens Trust around the country expressed concern about the care and maintenance of gardens during the pandemic while gardeners and volunteers were absent, and concern that some gardens might not re-open at all. I see from the National Trust website that Rievaulx Terrace is now re-open again but only for one weekend a month, and that the grounds of the Kymin in Monmouth are open daily, but not the Round House. We have to accept that it may take time for some gardens to get back to their pre-pandemic standard and that the lasting financial impact of the pandemic may necessitate some economies and restrictions Hughes Peter in opening times. It is, though, A ‘random rhododendron’ at High Moss, enjoying this year’s long cool spring.

4 GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 From the Garden Chair

Lottery Heritage Fund that we quality of the papers which have Finally, some sad and some good had been awarded a grant of been submitted, it will be split news. In the last GT News, I £75,700 towards a total project into two online sessions, the featured our two dogs. Our elder of £95,700 to enable us to first on Saturday 4th September, flat coat, Mungo, died suddenly undertake a thorough review of the second on Saturday 20th in April. He went, as he lived, in our organisation and to plan for November. saintly fashion, without suffering our future. The work will focus on The National Trust has recently and peacefully, having enjoyed a number of areas – expanding our announced the appointment of a his last day in the garden. He left membership, bringing what we do new Head of Gardens. He is Andy us and his mate, Bembo, bereft. and the importance of protecting Jasper, and he joins the Trust from The photograph of Bembo was our gardens, parks, and designed RHS Wisley where he has been the taken by an American garden landscapes to a wider audience, Programme Director. He worked photographer, Ellen Rooney, improving our website, and formerly at the Eden Project as when she visited us recently to making more effective use of social Head of Evaluation and Research. photograph the garden. Some of media. Over five years on since the He takes up his appointment in her photographs of the garden can Gardens Trust was formed, and as August and follows in a line of be found on her website. we are, hopefully, coming out of distinguished occupants of the role, On a brighter note, the Gardens the worst global pandemic for a Graham Stuart Thomas, John Sales, Trust is to feature in an article in hundred years, the time is right to a Vice-President of the Gardens Country Life. It takes the form of undertake such a review. Trust, and Mike Calnan, who an interview with me as the new The grant enables us to appoint a now serves as a valued member Chairman of the GT. I met the part-time Audience Development of our Conservation Committee. Gardens Editor, Tiffany Daneff, and Engagement Officer. By the It is two years since Mike retired recently, and her article is due to time the GT News reaches you we from the National Trust and the appear in the issue of the 14th hope to have that person in post. post of Head of Gardens has been July. The real value of something It is intended that what we learn vacant since. Andy Jasper takes like this is that it helps to bring from the review will be shared over at a critical time for the Trust the GT, the work that we do, and with County Gardens Trusts and as gardens, forcibly closed by the the contribution that we make, to that they too will be able to benefit pandemic, re-open to visitors, and a readership who may otherwise from the work. gardeners return from furlough. not be aware of us or understand At the end of March, we made We wish him well and hope that what we do. The GT News should the difficult decision not to go we can establish the same sort of arrive with you around the time ahead this year with the annual supportive relationship that we the article is published, and I hope conference and AGM in North have enjoyed with his predecessors. you get the opportunity to read it. Yorkshire. I know that some felt that we were being over-cautious, and, with the luxury of hindsight, they may yet be proved right. Delaying a decision, though, risked adding to the inconvenience and uncertainty to members and the financial cost of cancellation. The Board was concerned that members might not be prepared to travel and spend the weekend in a conference hotel in sufficient numbers to make it viable, and that restrictions such as social distancing might still be in place. Instead, the AGM will be held like last year online, and the New Research Symposium will go ahead. Because of the high © ellenrooneyphotos.photoshelter.com/archive

GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 5 news & campaigns Engaging with our Future The Gardens Trust secures a National Lottery Heritage Fund grant to help us grow for the future.

e are delighted that the Running through this all will be The Gardens Trust Chairman, WGardens Trust has just been a concerted effort to reach more Peter Hughes QC, says, awarded a second grant from the diverse audiences so that we “We are so grateful to Lottery National Lottery Heritage Fund. can help ensure people from all players for this grant, which will The project is designed to backgrounds can come together to enable us to reach more people and grow the GT’s resilience for the enjoy and care for historic parks become stronger for the future. future, particularly by improving and gardens. We are particularly delighted to our ability to reach new people We are thrilled that the grant will be able to recruit a new Audience from a broad range of cultural also enable us to recruit a part- Development and Engagement backgrounds. We are excited time Audience Development and Officer, and look forward to about ensuring that our work can Engagement Officer, particularly seeing how we connect with new have more impact and on broader focussing on inclusion and friends from a range of different foundations. diversity. We expect that they will backgrounds.” The total project cost is £95,700, of be especially active developing our which £75,700 is coming from the digital offer (see opposite). Dominic Cole CMLI FIOH NLHF, thanks to Lottery players. As ever, our intention is to share VMM OBE, President of the It will run until winter 2022. the learning from this project Gardens Trust, says, Work will include market with the local County Gardens “I have enjoyed watching the research so we better understand Trusts so that we all together have Gardens Trust go from strength our place in the sector, the the opportunity to become more to strength, and this is the next development of audience organised, more secure in our exciting stage on our journey. It development and fundraising finances, more outward looking, is crucial that historic parks and strategies so that we can grow and more impactful. We look gardens are enjoyed across our our work in a sustainable way, forward to growing together – hard society so that they can survive for expansion of our digital resource work and exciting times lie ahead! future generations, and this project to reach new people, and a review Linden Groves will help us to achieve that goal.” of our internal organisational structures. We will also be piloting three activities around growing membership, digital engagement such as improving our website or getting better on social media, and community outreach such as events for people who haven’t previously been interested in garden history or conservation.

6 GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 news and campaigns

Frankie Taylor, our new Audience Development and Engagement Officer

s the GT News goes to press, projects, including widening designed and delivered a successful Awe are delighted to have just participation for young people at fundraising strategy. recruited a part-time Audience English Heritage and delivering This post is supported for 18 Development and Engagement a NLHF outreach programme of months, thanks to our National Officer – Frankie Taylor. events as part of the York: Gateway Lottery Heritage Fund grant. Frankie is a skilled audience to History project. In addition she Frankie starts work in July, and I’m development professional having spent three years at the It’s Your sure we will be hearing more from worked for English Heritage, Life charity working on projects her in the next issue! York Libraries and the National focused on pupils excluded from Linden Groves Archives in York on relevant school. In that role she also Celebrating Gardens Trust Volunteers

ardens Trust Chairman Peter their homes, and to reach out to None of this would happen GHughes reminds us, new audiences and supporters in without our volunteers. “The first week of June was the UK and further afield. Volunteers Week provides a fitting Volunteers’ Week, a time to There are 37 CGTs associated opportunity to recognise their recognise and appreciate the vital with the GT. Like us, they could huge contribution. The GT is also contribution that volunteers make not exist without the support and seeking nominations for its annual to the work of charities across hard work of their volunteers. Gilly Drummond Volunteer of the length and breadth of the Their local knowledge is invaluable the Year Award [nominations country. This last year has been in assisting the GT to discharge its closed on Friday 16 July 2021]. exceptionally challenging, and the statutory role as a consultee for all The award celebrates the part played by volunteers all the planning applications concerning efforts of our volunteers by their more important. registered parks and gardens. They contribution to the work of The Gardens Trust (GT) and make an important contribution their CGT or the GT itself. It is the network of County Gardens to research and recording, and to awarded to a volunteer who has Trusts (CGTs) would be nothing raising public awareness of our made an outstanding contribution without our volunteers. They are rich heritage of gardens and the over the last year and thereby our life blood. The GT itself has a need to protect them. added to the enjoyment, learning small staff and is largely run by its CGT’s across the country are and conservation of gardens, volunteers; its Trustees, members supporting the GT in its current parks, and designed landscapes. of committees and working theme of Unforgettable Gardens A sincere thanks to all our groups, and, of especial importance through a wide range of events and volunteers, especially for their during the pandemic, the team of activities. These include research vital contribution in these difficult volunteers who have assisted in projects, events to highlight the times. We look forward to working the comprehensive programme of importance of particular gardens together over the next year in what webinars. These have made a much in their area, arranging talks and we all hope may be more normal needed financial contribution to contributing to the GT series of times. the GT, and helped us to keep in webinars on the Unforgettable Peter Hughes QC, touch with members isolating in Gardens theme. Chairman

Calling Our Gardens Trust Members Many of you are already enjoying our e-Bulletin and online lectures. But we still would like to contact you by email from time to time and need to ensure our Membership database is up to date. We would be very grateful if you would confirm your current email address by emailing us at: [email protected] including your name and postal address. Thank you very much.

GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 7 Historic Landscape Project training and support for County Gardens Trusts

e’ve really enjoyed finding planners or conservators. The first Clarification Wexperienced and engaging event will look at the importance t seems the illustration speakers for our Monday of getting your research onto local Iused here in Issue 15 might afternoon training webinars for heritage lists: an excellent showcase have caused some confusion? County Gardens Trust volunteers. for significant but undesignated To clarify, the screenshot/ Our ongoing series on research historic parks and gardens. photo (p.8, in the last edition) and recording has so far covered: • Our annual Historic Landscapes of campaigners against the • an introduction to research sources, Assembly, a discussion day development of the historic with HLP Officer Sally Bate; bringing together volunteers and landscape at Parlington showed • “Why are we here?”, in which professionals from across the the amazingly effective locally garden historian Twigs Way landscape and heritage sphere, organised group Save Parlington. examined the site visit and its will be held in November. The Yorkshire Gardens Trust alternatives; • Our next Members’ Meet Up, was also active in opposing the • using remote sensing to in late autumn, will consider how development, but was not part of understand historic designed CGTs can broaden their supporter the campaign group. landscapes, with the National base and reach out to new audiences. Susan Kellerman Trust’s Keith Challis; • We are also planning Meet Ups • sharing your research on the to discuss the impacts of the The full text for Margie’s slide national heritage list via the pandemic upon your CGTs and reads: “CONSERVATION ‘Enriching the List’, with share ideas for overcoming these. VALUE OF RESEARCH – this Historic England’s • Later in the year, we will be was borne out spectacularly in Gareth Lopes Powell. responding to planning changes Yorkshire when a Yorkshire GT It’s been great to welcome over proposed in the Planning for the member who had researched 470 people to these talks, and Future White Paper, determining Parlington put it forward for urgent we’ve been delighted to note that, how the revisions to planning Registration, due to an application in addition to the CGTs, they policy could adversely affect for up to 5000 houses and have also had an international designed landscapes, and what associated roads within the park. audience of other volunteer we can do to help protect them. Spot-Registration of the site in 2017 groups, students, landscape Keep an eye on our e-Bulletin was challenged by the developer, owners / managers and landscape and the Events page of our website who wanted the designation to be professionals. A real tribute to the for more details and booking reversed, but happily, when the incredible reach of online events! links. All our training webinars Registration was revisited it was We’ve also held two discussion- are open to everyone, whether or actually amended with additions filledMembers’ Meet Ups, at which not you are a member of the GT highlighting the significance and CGT volunteers shared their recent or a CGT, and are free to attend. survival of the former deer park news, issues and triumphs relating We look forward to seeing familiar and the arable land. The proposed to conservation and planning and faces, as well as welcoming anyone development of hundreds of research and recording. else who enjoys and cares about houses was deleted from the Leeds Coming up next, we’ll continue our historic designed landscapes. County Council site allocation plan to hold most, or perhaps all of our In addition to providing training (SAP) by HM Inspectors. This events online, until we are certain and networking opportunities, an research was directly responsible that ‘physical’ events are safe again: important part of the HLP’s role for saving this historic designed • We’re planning further online is also to provide direct support landscape from development.” talks in the research and recording to CGTs in all their activities, so series, focussing on the various please do get in touch if you need platforms you can use to share any help or advice. Contact us: your research with others – be they Tamsin McMillan [email protected] interested individuals, academics, and Sally Bate or: [email protected]

8 GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 Norfolk GT and Mr Repton hit the small screen

orfolk Gardens Trust was Napproached in April by the Norwich Festival of Learning’s Inspiring Norfolk team, to produce a short video introducing Humphry Repton to primary school children and their families. The pandemic has seen school trips drastically reduced and the destinations they would normally travel to, unable to open their doors. The Inspiring Norfolk project sought to bring people and places into the classroom and the children’s Norfolk Trust Gardens homes by enlisting the help of local individuals and organisations. There was a tight turnaround time of four weeks for videos to be submitted at the end of April. The idea of making a film was definitely outside any comfort zone Norfolk GT might have previously had but we decided to give it a go as it would extend our normal audience demographic as well as spreading the word

about Humphry Repton and Norfolk Trust Gardens Norfolk garden history. We were fortunate that a new member had Airport. This was solved by a humphrey-repton-garden-designer/ volunteered to help us set up our phone call to the airport the day which resulted in a brief appearance recent Facebook and Instagram before to get permission and again on BBC Look East to announce the pages. Stuart had a background in 30 minutes before filming (to beginning of the project, alongside education before setting up as a check for any unexpected aircraft more famous faces such as Stephen school and wedding photographer. in the area). Stuart had to contact Fry and Ed Balls. It was exciting to What was more we heard that the drone manufacturer to suspend see a short clip of a class of children he also had a drone for taking the built-in Catton no-fly zone having a go at designing their own aerial films and photos. Our setting for a day, which meant we landscape pictures after watched vice chairman Sally volunteered were able to get aerial footage of our film on Repton and we hope to stand front of camera for at least one park. After filming this is being repeated across many films shot in both Catton and Stuart kindly edited the different more of the county’s schools. Sheringham Park, as well as sections together adding some We so enjoyed flying the drone presenting some slides using a music for the aerial shots – we that Stuart is now filming over zoom recording. could not have done this without other public parks and adding Flying drones over National his knowledge and expertise. them to our social media accounts Trust land is not permitted and We were one of the first as part of our contribution to the we thought we could also have a to submit our video to the Gardens Trust’s Unforgettable problem filming over Catton Park Inspiring Norfolk website: www. Gardens campaign. because it is so close to Norwich inspiringnorfolk.co.uk/resources/ Sally Bate

GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 9 Greatford Hall, Lincolnshire added to HE’s Register at Grade II s of 25 June 2021, Greatford (listed at Grade I), and the former for cropmarks which have been AHall, Lincolnshire has been barn (listed at Grade II*), stables interpreted to possibly represent added to Historic England’s (listed at Grade II), and formal prehistoric trackway and enclosures, Register of Parks and Gardens of gardens of the hall. The hall and as well as medieval ridge and Historic Interest at Grade II. formal gardens are included within furrow. This information has been To quote from Historic Greatford Conservation Area incorporated into the Details and England’s Advice Report: (designated in 1980), however the Sources sections of the report. “The designed landscape of former watercress gardens west of A representative of the Greatford Hall was selected as a the hall, early C20 gardens in the Lincolnshire Gardens Trust possible candidate for addition to south-west corner, and parkland provided very useful historical the Register of Parks and Gardens south of the hall are not included information for Greatford Manor, of Historic Interest under the in the conservation area. and made a number of factual Register Upgrade Programme additions and corrections to in the 1990s. The review of the initial consultation report. the county of Lincolnshire was “A representative They queried the omission of the undertaken by a consultant on parkland south of the hall from behalf of English Heritage (now of the Lincolnshire the initial consultation report, and Historic England) in 1996. The provided useful information for its assessments for registration did not Gardens Trust inclusion in a revised consultation progress due to the cessation of the report. The relevant historical Register Upgrade Programme. The provided very information and factual corrections current project has been set up to useful historical have been incorporated into the review the sites identified in the History and Details sections of the Programme and to take a selection information for report. The consultation report forward for full assessment. was revised to include the parkland Greatford Hall stands on an Greatford Manor…” south of the hall, and recirculated island west of Greatford village, to all consultees. and was constructed around … 1610, likely replacing an earlier The owner, the local authority, After examining all the records manor house; it was destroyed by the Historic Environment Record and other relevant information fire in 1922, substantially rebuilt (HER), the Gardens Trust and and having carefully considered the between 1925 and 1930, and Lincolnshire Gardens Trust were historic interest of this case, the criteria listed at Grade II in 1952. The invited to comment on the factual for registration are fulfilled. The island is accessed by way of an details of the case as part of the parkland and gardens of Greatford C18 stone bridge (listed at Grade consultation process. Hall are therefore recommended II), and also contains the medieval The HER Officer provided useful for registration at Grade II. parish church of St Thomas A HER information for the parkland The parkland and gardens of Becket in its north-east corner south of the hall, including data Greatford Hall, constructed

The Gardens Trust: Supporting us our ongoing support is invaluable to us to continue our vital work protecting historic parks and gardens Yat this particularly challenging time. Had you thought of membership as a gift for a friend or family member? Ring 01787 249286 and our team at Lavenham can help you organise this over the ‘phone. If you might consider leaving a legacy to the Trust, contact: [email protected] We have now added the facility to easily make donations from our website: thegardenstrust.org/support-us/ This promises to be a vital fund-raising tool now and for the future. We deeply appreciate all levels of support @thegardenstrust #unforgettablegardens

10 GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 around 1610 on the site of a medieval manor house, developed in the early C17, C18, and early C20, with commercial watercress beds added around 1930, is recommended for registration at Grade II for the following principal reasons: Historic Interest • as a multi-layered evolved historic landscape which retains substantial evidence of different phases of activity and Shields Steffie development from at least the Greatford Hall fields looking South, May 2019, showing evidence of late-18th medieval period to the present century, early-19th century designed landscape. The cut at right is c.1970. day, in the form of buildings, a developed water management system and planned landscape features; • the Historic Environment Record has documented a number of multi-phased archaeological features in the parkland south of the hall, evident on aerial photography, which may represent the possible survival of prehistoric enclosures and trackway as cropmarks, and extensive medieval ridge and furrow as cropmarks and earthworks of adjoining blocks of parallel

linear features; Shields Steffie • the late-C18 improvement of the landscape as a therapeutic landscape was carried out for Dr Francis Willis (1718-1807), a renowned physician who specialised in treating people with psychiatric illnesses, most famously King George III; • the gardens were improved and extended in the early C20 by Major Cuthbert Fitzwilliams, a prolific garden ornament designer, whose English section of the Derry and Toms Roof Garden (now The Roof Gardens) in Kensington is registered at Grade II;

• for the key role the estate played Shields Steffie in the provision of watercress Close up views show clear evidence of specimen singletons, balanced groves as a vital and nutritious food and conifer clumps to south-east and south-west and perimeter belt planting.

GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 11 Greatford Hall, Lincolnshire

source for the nation during the Second World War; Design interest: • the estate is distinguished by attractive entrances and key estate buildings, including an early-C16 aisled barn (listed at Grade II*), late-C17 stables (listed at Grade II), C18 stone bridge (listed at Grade II), C18 walled garden (not listed), and country house rebuilt in the early C20 (listed at Grade II); • the views from the house are carefully considered, with parkland south of the hall discreetly separated from the hall by a road, and views framed by specimen, clump and perimeter National Library of Scotland belt planting; Views on the previous page are to the south of the Hall on this 1887, 1st edn. OS map. • the early C20 improvements by Major Cuthbert Fitzwilliams following centuries, each of which survey, and even drone evidence enhance the design interest add a layer of interest to the site. It in order to inform and help and experience of the historic survives well, with a large number assess significance… but more landscape, with the addition of designated and undesignated than this, as happened here, site of ornamental bridges, gardens assets within it which contribute visits stimulate other possible in the south-west corner, and a to its interest. It is of clear special connections and, as happened here, pool and swimming pool north interest and should be Registered equally fascinating new areas and of the house. at Grade II.” stories to research in greater depth.” Group value: • it is of clear historic interest as Steffie Shields, Lincolnshire GT And Steffie’s comments produced the setting for the listed country Chairman, and GT Vice President this from Liz Whittle, formerly of house, rebuilt following a fire concludes: “I am sure you are all CADW, and now Cambridge GT: between 1925 and 1930 (listed aware, the surrounding setting of a “I quite agree with you on both at Grade II), and its associated historic garden often has evidence the setting issue and the value early-C16 aisled barn (listed of earlier layers which might have of site visits. Settings are ultra at Grade II*), late-C17 stables significance. I know Johnny Phibbs important and many of the (listed at Grade II), C18 stone has been passionate about this planning battles, including two bridge (listed at Grade II), and aspect that has, in the past, been serious public inquires in Wales C18 walled garden (not listed); overlooked/ disregarded, on some (Margam Park and Aberfan) were • the designed landscape Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown sites fought, and won, over the setting also forms an important in particular and then being missed rather than the site itself. archaeological group with being included in the Register. In Wales we didn’t register a the nearby scheduled remains In this case at Greatford Hall, site if we were refused permission of multi-phased settlement because it was leased by Dr Willis by the owner to visit it. This was sites south and south-east George III’s doctor, I had been in usually as a result of them refusing of Greatford, which contain search of possible Brown links or to be on the Register at all. At the documented evidence of Bronze influence… and quite by chance time it meant leaving a very few Age, Iron Age and Roman found this setting directly in the off the Register that should have activity. view south of the hall across the been on it, but with many of them The park at Greatford Hall has its road from the gardens. Hence, we caught up later, usually when origins in the C17, with numerous whenever possible, site visits will the next, more accommodating, phases of development over the always be preferable to desk-top generation took over!”

12 GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 Planning Reform and Historic Parks and Gardens Ten things you need to know… Victoria Thomson, Buckinghamshire Gardens Trust

hen launching Planning for assets (such as registered parks and Wthe Future (the planning gardens), are primarily determined White Paper) last year, the in light of the development Government announced significant plan (itself comprising local reform of the planning system, and neighbourhood plans). It specifically ‘radical reform unlike has therefore been important to anything we have seen since the influence plan content at the outset, Second World War’. The result and ensure that suitable policies (registered parks and gardens is intended to be ‘a whole new for the conservation of parks and are not, yet, confirmed as being planning system for England’, but gardens are included. Local plans, within this category). what will this mean for historic particularly, are going to change Local plans are to be shorter (‘a parks and gardens? From the significantly in terms of their role, reduction in size of at least two extraordinarily wide range of content, length and preparation. thirds’), as they will be limited to proposals put forward, some of a core set of local standards and which are already being progressed.1 requirements for development, This article highlights the ten possibly within a standard local reform areas of most relevance to # a bit more plan template. Ensuring that the park and garden conservation. nuances of historic environment than a listicle protection are adequately reflected 1. National Policy within such a standardised The White Paper is clear that approach will require some care. national planning policy, as set The stages in local plan out in the National Planning In an attempt to provide more production will be reduced in Policy Framework (NPPF), is to certainty within the development number and the overall timescales be ‘updated’, but will this include process, local plans are to be more reduced; timely and effective historic environment policy? It has definitive in the new system, consultation responses will been suggested by Government that setting out ‘clear rules rather than therefore be even more important. the intention is to maintain current general policies for development’. levels of historic environment It will therefore be even more 3. Beauty protection.2 Current policy – important to ensure that the right One of the three ‘pillars’ presented focused on the definition and policies are in place. The White by the White Paper is planning for protection of significance – is long- Paper proposes the definition in ‘beautiful and sustainable places’: established, and works well when local plans of three areas, or zones, properly applied, so would seem to which will be used to identify land: be a strong candidate for retention. • Growth areas: suitable for The overall role of the NPPF is substantial development; outline likely to increase in importance, as approval for development will be it may become the primary source of automatically granted for defined (generic) policies for the consideration forms and types of development of planning applications. • Renewal areas: suitable for some development, such as ‘gentle Stowe: one of the many historic parks 2. Local Policy densification’ and gardens in Buckinghamshire Planning applications, including • Protected areas: where protected by the planning system as a those affecting designated heritage development is restricted ‘designated heritage asset’.

GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 13 Planning Reform and Historic Parks and Gardens

measures in support of design for the principle of development quality feature strongly in the (with ‘streamlined’ consent routes reform proposals. thereafter), ‘while automatic The existing 'National Design approvals would also be available for Guide' is to be supplemented by pre-established development types in a 'National Model Design Code', other areas suitable for building’. which will set out ‘more detailed The existing ‘permission in parameters for development in principle’ consent regime is to

different types of location’. Local, be extended, and some types of © Victoria Thomson binding design codes will also application may be deemed to have be prepared, ‘to make design been granted planning permission Local List coverage in Buckinghamshire expectations more visual and if speed-related targets are not met to date has been limited, and mostly predictable’. by local planning authorities. relates to buildings, such as The Lodge, A ‘fast-track for beauty’ is to The requirements for at the Loudwater Station entrance to be introduced, ‘to incentivise information, and the format Rayners, High Wycombe, included on the and accelerate high quality in which it is presented, are to Local List of Architectural and Historic development which reflects change. Validation of applications Significance for Wycombe District. local character and preferences’: is to be integrated with the NPPF policy will confirm that submission of applications so the application of professional schemes which comply with local that the right information is judgement will be reduced: this design guides and codes have ‘a provided at the right time – this could be particularly challenging positive advantage and greater is particularly welcome in relation in relation to heritage, where certainty about their prospects to heritage-related applications. one size does not fit all. It is not of swift approval’. Additionally, Applications are also to be shorter yet clear how heritage will be in growth areas, ‘permission in and more standardised, with only considered within the proposed principle’ (granted through the one key standardised planning growth and renewal areas, nor local plan) will be directly linked statement of no more than 50 which types of heritage asset be to design codes. Finally, permitted pages to justify development designated as protected areas. The development rights will be further proposals, and related supporting planning framework for listed extended, so that ‘popular and information is also to be buildings and conservation areas is replicable forms of development’ standardised. Much about the to be reviewed and updated. can be swiftly approved. This process is also to be digitised and is intended to support ‘gentle made available online. 6. Local Heritage intensification’ of urban areas, As with local plans, procedural The White Paper itself does not and the ‘industrialisation of streamlining is also proposed, refer directly to locally designated housebuilding’ – the impact of with regard to both timescales and (or ‘locally listed’) heritage, but which may be offset in part by consultation: again, timely and local heritage has had something a commitment to all new streets effective consultation responses of a boost recently, with the being tree-lined. will therefore be important. Government’s Local Heritage List campaign, and it may be that 4. Local Decisions 5. Heritage Protection the protection of local heritage With local plans themselves giving The planning White Paper is increased as reform proposals automatic planning consent in recognises the value of heritage, and are developed in more detail. In some cases, and the increase in heritage protection, and states that the meantime, Historic England’s permitted development rights, the new planning system will build updated advice on local heritage much is to be taken out of the on the existing framework of ‘strong listing3 emphasises that it is planning application process protections for heritage assets’. not just buildings which can be altogether, and many of the It does not however make any identified for protection, and remaining decisions will be made direct reference to registered parks there are opportunities for more in accordance with a more rules- and gardens (though non-historic attention to be paid to the local based approach. parks are mentioned frequently), designation of historic parks and Growth areas will be automatically and, in a more rules-based gardens, particularly locally: both granted outline planning permission system, the opportunities for Buckinghamshire Council and

14 GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 Planning Reform and Historic Parks and Gardens

Milton Keynes Council have relation to planning applications, recently been successful in obtaining overall timescales are to be reduced funding towards the production of (with additional fast-tracking for new and improved local lists.4 some types of proposal), and the Some forms of local heritage- ‘opportunity for consultation at in the form of historic statues, the planning application stage’ is plaques, memorials and to be streamlined, because it ‘adds monuments – have already been Council © Hastings Borough delay to the process’. given additional protection.5 From Linton Gardens, Hastings: one of four Spring 2021, the removal of any parks and gardens added to the Hastings 10. More Still to Come historic unlisted statue, plaque, Local List of Heritage Assets in 2017. The White Paper sets out a memorial or monument will high-level vision for a reformed require planning permission (with noting that the formal evidence planning system, and notes that notification requirements similar to requirements for local plan ‘the detail of the proposals will those in force for listed buildings). preparation are to be limited, as need further development’. The they are in decision-making. Government has indicated that 7. Statutory Consultees The availability of information it intends to publish a response The more general proposals will also change, for County to the White Paper consultation in the White Paper already Gardens Trusts and others, due to in the Spring, ‘setting out our bring implications for statutory the emphasis throughout the White decisions on the proposed way consultees such as Historic Paper on making information forward, including to prepare for England and the Gardens Trust available in digital form, and legislation… in the Autumn’.6 (the latter supported by the ensuring it is widely available. In the meantime, consultation County Gardens Trusts), including documents continue to be issued a reprofiling of casework as 9. Community Engagement on the details of the various local plans are emphasised, and The White Paper makes proposals, and these bring further procedures are streamlined. repeated reference to engaging opportunities to influence the There are also proposals which communities in the planning form that this ‘simpler, clearer and directly affect statutory consultees. process, particularly through quicker’ planning system will take. The White Paper recognises the increased access to information, ‘critical role’ of statutory consultees digital innovations, and the Notes in supporting the preparation of production of local design codes. 1 All New Developments Must Meet Local Local Plans and decision-making, Procedural changes mean that Standards of Beauty, Quality and Design and suggests, amongst other opportunities for input will be Under New Rules, 30 January 2021. things, that statutory consultees reduced in number and scope, 2 As mentioned in the Secretary of State’s should ‘transform the way they however. In relation to local plans, speech on Planning for the Future, operate’, ‘be more responsive and there will no longer be a draft 21 September 2020, and the Housing outward looking’, become more plan for public comment ahead of Minister’s written answer on self-financing, and be subject to formal submission to the Planning 29 September 2020. new performance targets. Inspectorate for examination. In 3 Local Heritage Listing: Identifying and Conserving Local Heritage – Historic 8. Information England Advice Note (HEAN) 7. The increased prominence of local 4 Local Heritage List Campaign: plans in the new planning system Announcement of Successful Areas, means that more information about 2 February 2021. the historic environment will need 5 Protecting our Nation’s Heritage, to be available upfront, to ensure 18 January 2021. that all relevant issues are able to 6. Housing Update, 16 December 2020. consider from the outset. Here there is undoubtedly a role for This article first appeared in research such as that undertaken Rosemary Jury The Buckinghamshire Gardens Trust by the Buckinghamshire Gardens Existing research; a scatter of Bucks GT Newsletter – Spring 2021, p.8–11. Trust, but it is also worth Research and Recording Group dossiers.

GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 15 Parks for People: why should we invest in parks? The new report from the Heritage Fund

Parks for People was a Following this research, the programme offered by The evaluators examined six Parks for National Lottery Heritage People projects, creating individual Fund and The National Lottery case studies for each one: Community Fund launched in • Alexandra Park, Manchester • activities for park users 2006. It aimed to revitalise historic • Boultham Park, Lincoln • connecting to nature parks and cemeteries in the UK. It • Grosvenor and Hilbert Park, Investment also provides supported a total of 135 projects Tunbridge Wells vulnerable or marginalised people through £254million of funding. • Myatt’s Field, Lambeth with opportunities to connect with • Saughton Park, Edinburgh parks facilities and activities. • Stafford Orchard, Quorn, Parks investment helps to reduce Leicestershire isolation and loneliness. It supports The six parks were selected to the creation of spaces where encompass a range of locations, people can meet or simply be types of community, and periods near each other, and helps ensure of investment. The report studies inclusive design of the landscape the impact the Parks for People and buildings. Targeted outreach Alexandra Park, Manchester. programme has had for the activities also helped to include selected projects, referring to six groups who do not usually use parks. The new report benefits identified in the Space to The Parks for People report is Thrive report. an evaluation of the programme The findings show that without which provides clear evidence for this initial investment through the value of investing in parks. the programme, many of these It highlights the multiple social benefits would not have happened benefits that can be achieved by or would have been greatly investing in public parks and reduced. Investing in parks created in the people who bring those more opportunities for sport and

parks to life. It can be used to exercise, attracting a more diverse Nicola Dempsey support decision-making about range of users. People’s health and parks investment and to support wellbeing benefited from: Boultham Park, Lincoln. development of new practices and • different types of spaces within parks policy for parks management. • opportunities to volunteer Parks for People projects The evaluation was conducted by developed a wide range of the Centre for Regional Economic activities to promote community and Social Research (CRESR) at engagement through the project's Sheffield Hallam University, along duration and beyond. Although with colleagues at the University many projects found this difficult of Sheffield and Urban Pollinators to maintain once the grant ended. Ltd. The evaluation built on Investment made parks more evidence from the rapid evidence inclusive places, including through review Space to Thrive, which inclusive design. Investment in activities was published by The Heritage that support inclusion or sought to Fund and The National Lottery reduce inequalities benefited a range Community Fund in January of people and helped disadvantaged 2020. Myatt's Field, Lambeth. communities feel they ‘matter’.

16 GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 Parks investments are a great way One park user said: “We go out to create new natural habitats and for a walk every afternoon after encourage biodiversity, often in [we’ve] sort of done our school spaces that may not have supported stuff and we went every day to that native wildlife previously. Local park. It was like a godsend … I residents found they were was just so grateful that we had it. improving their connections I was so, so grateful.” with nature which brought many However, the upsurge in visitors wellbeing benefits. Volunteering to the parks led to an increase or learning helped people connect in wear and tear, as well as a rise Stafford Orchard, Leicestershire. with and care for nature. in antisocial behaviour. With the reduced capacity of staff parks. It highlights the many and volunteers due to lockdown long-lasting benefits that make restrictions, this created a real parks important to individual and challenge for parks. community wellbeing. Green spaces have an important role in a post-Covid-19 recovery. Evidence from the This research demonstrates the Parks for People importance of investing in high quality green spaces as well as the programme and six facilities and activities that support Grosvenor and Hilbert Park, case studies uncovers communities to thrive. Tunbridge Wells the importance of our On the Heritage Fund’s website Investment has supported a parks and how we you can find Case range of economic activities, Studies for all six from park maintenance to social can support them in sites, as well as the enterprises that work in education. future. full report: Why The investment has created jobs should we invest in through these activities and Parks? Evidence from provided people with skills to It also highlighted many inequalities. the Parks for People find employment. Importantly, Those without access to green spaces Programme. investment has supported at home turned to parks which were different approaches to economic often overcrowded or restricted. Many development; developing face-to-face community groups were Volunteer for the enterprise to meet the needs of also suspended, leaving vulnerable people and planet. people without vital support Gardens Trust Park users in Saughton Park, they needed and unable to access f you have an interest in Stafford Orchard and Grosvenor community and green space. Ifurther supporting the and Hilbert Park were also This research demonstrates the work of the Gardens Trust interviewed about their experiences long-term value of investing in by volunteering to help, we of using the parks during the first would love to hear from you. coronavirus (Covid-19) lockdown We can always use help in in Spring 2020. our communications efforts, In a time of uncertainty and organising events in different increased anxiety, these parks parts of the country, and offered many people with the indeed worldwide, tracking our escapism they needed to support planning successes or developing their mental health and wellbeing. news stories. They also provided a local If you would like to learn more, please contact our

space for exercise and a way of Julian Dobson connecting with nature during a Administrator, Louise Cooper: time where travel was restricted. Saughton Park, Edinburgh. [email protected]

GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 17 17th Annual Mavis Batey Essay Prize his year’s Mavis Batey Essay Waterlow Court was the writing and art and relates it to TPrize winner is Anthony brainchild of the Suburb’s founder, nearby contemporary bicycle Davis, a student at the Bartlett Henrietta Barnett, born of her spaces, revealing the importance School of Architecture, UCL. social work with women in the of bicycles for women in daily use After their judges’ meeting to East End. The essay makes new in Edwardian England before mass discuss this year’s entries, David connections to show that it was ownership of motor cars.” Marsh was able to say, “I’m directly influenced by Raymond The judges “considered it a lively delighted to tell you that they Unwin who saw the model of and confident piece of writing that were unanimous in deciding ‘The quadrangular communal housing, was articulate, well researched and Mirror in the Bike Shed’ should be based on mediaeval Oxbridge contextualised – as well as being awarded the prize.” colleges, as a vehicle for social fun to read. We wondered what Anthony sets out the premise of his reform. The Store is an example Pevsner would have made of it.” near 6,000-word Essay thus, “This of Scott’s mediaevalism: designed In more normal times the judges essay is about an Arts and Crafts like a miniature threshing invite the winner to a presentation style garden store of 1909, designed barn, it mirrors the working over an informal lunch, or at our by M.H. Baillie Scott and used as a ladies’ aspirations. Bicycles Conference/AGM if the winner is garden tool and bicycle shed by the held particular significance for able to travel to it. As our AGM single professional ladies who were women’s emancipation and the this year will be conducted over the original inhabitants of Waterlow suffrage movement, and Scott’s zoom, on Friday 3 September, Court in Hampstead Garden ambivalent attitude illustrates it is likely that we will make the Suburb. This contradicts Pevsner’s the tensions between the male presentation before our online famous comment ‘A bicycle shed is establishment and the ‘anomaly’ audience, but this remains to be a building; Lincoln Cathedral is a of working women. Alongside confirmed. You will all be able to piece of architecture’ because of the analysis of this feminist narrative, read a version of the winning Essay unexpectedly high aesthetic quality the essay contextualises the Store’s in our journal Garden History, in of its design and construction. materiality within contemporary due course. 11th New Research Symposium Saturday 4 September and Saturday 20 November 2021

aking our popular New entries that we are splitting it into Patrick Eyres has stepped down TResearch Symposium online two sessions, though maintaining as Convenor and is handing over last year seems to have paid the format of twenty-minute to Stephen Smith, who many of unexpected dividends. Reaching presentations with ten minutes of you might know through his role a far wider audience than we questioning to follow. as a Convenor at the History of were able to during our Annual We will meet at 4pm on Saturday Gardens and Landscapes Seminar, Conference – and that was a 4 September for a session looking at the IHR, Institute of Historical very healthy audience in its own mainly at gardens and designed Research, University of London. right, encouraging links to be landscapes of the twentieth We do hope you can join us formed between new scholars century and meet again at 4pm to support our new scholars at and our audience of experts – we on 20 November for a session both events, full details of which are continuing online this year, primarily based in the perhaps will be released in our monthly though with a possibility of a live more familiar ground of aspects e-Bulletin, and on our website, audience too in future years. of the 18th and 19th centuries nearer the dates given above. This year we have had so many gardens and landscapes.

18 GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 contributorsfrom our Management regimes for lawns and hedges in historic gardens Joakim Seiler, PhD at the Department of Conservation, University of Gothenburg, and Head Gardener at Gunnebo House, Sweden

y study sets out from the Mfact that previous research in garden conservation has overlooked the craftsmanship of gardening. We are generally careful to choose the historically correct materials, for example the plants in the reconstructed flower border. But when it comes to management anything goes as soon as it is time efficient. In this presentation, the word management is used instead of maintenance. The reason for this is the intention not to limit the scope of the gardeners’ actions and knowledge, which the term maintenance seems to do. The goal for my research has been Art© UK Government Collection to improve garden conservation Detail of colored engraving showing four gardeners at work on a lawn. The through craft research. gardener in the background to the left in a red coat is carrying a scythe on his The garden at Gunnebo House shoulder and seems to be walking away after scythe-mowing the lawn in the is used as a laboratory. It was built engraving. The other gardener in the background in the blue coat looks at the two in the 18th century as a summer gardeners in the front and carries a broom on his/her shoulder. The two gardeners house and is now a public park in the front are sweeping the grass clippings together and collect them in a basket owned by the Municipality of on a wheelbarrow. William Woollett, 1760. Molndal. Gunnebo House is located outside Gothenburg in John Abercrombie (1789) (1797), sources and the craft experiments Western Sweden and the garden Johann Ahlich (1744), Peter have been utilized. The lawn consists of a pleasure garden, Lundberg (1754) and Anders is rare in the Swedish sources two kitchen gardens, and a Lundström (1831–1852). before the nineteenth century. landscape garden. My research One of my research questions The management methods for is focused on lawns and hedges. was: How were these lawns and lawns before the lawn mower The main sources have been hedges managed in the eighteenth was introduced were conducted books by André Mollet (1651), century? To investigate this with the roller, the scythe, and Dézallier d’Argenville (1728), question, both the historical the broom. It consisted in rolling

GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 19 Management regimes for lawns and hedges in historic gardens

hedges are present in more Swedish sources. Manual hedge shears have continuity from the mid-seventeenth century and identified as a living tradition. The historical hedge slasher and pruning hook have been found in the sources and using them has been reconstructed in craft experiments. They were used in Sweden between the mid-seventeenth century and the mid-twentieth century. The experiments show that the

Gunnebo House movements were explosive, and the speed of the tool and the sharpness Stucco panel showing garden tools, from the interior at Gunnebo House, and angle of the blade towards the made by Gioacchino Frulli in the late-eighteenth century. branch were important. The manual tools produced a the lawn with a roller first, in made with the eyesight, the sense result that was less technically order to make the surface even of touch and the hearing. These perfect but with more life in which would prevent the scythe were not described in the sources. the shapes than is produced by edge from becoming blunt. The The glimmering of the wet dew battery-powered tools. The quality morning after rolling, the grass in the lawn, the sound and sight of the result was directly linked was mowed with the scythe and of the wind in the leaves were to the manual tool and gardener swept with a broom to collect the necessary assessments made by the rather than being secured by grass clippings. The recommended bodily senses. The craft experiment the power tools themselves. The frequency in the sources for has shown that in scythe-mowing manual tools also communicated scythe-mowing varied from four of a lawn, the quality of the result gardening history to visitors. times a year (Dézallier 1728) to is decided by the skill of the Another research question twice a week (Mollet 1670). craftsperson, the sharpness of the was: What arguments are there The craft experiment showed scythe edge and the amount of for using historical management that the assessments of the lawn dew upon the lawn. methods today? One argument and the weather conditions were In contrast to the lawn, the is the potential in relation to Malin Arnesson

The author at work with scythe in Gunnebo House gardens Sketch by John Hall the younger, showing an earlier gardener at work at Gunnebo House.

20 GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 This presentation was given at the Garden Trust’s New Research Symposium on 5th September 2020, by zoom. It is based on the research presented in the thesis “Management regimes for lawns and hedges in historic gardens”. On 18th September 2020, the thesis was publicly defended by Joakim Seiler and accepted by the scientific committee. Joakim Seiler is therefore not a PhD candidate anymore, but a PhD. Sarah Heithausen Working with a hedge slasher at the hornbeam pyramids, Gunnebo.

sustainability and biodiversity. Most positive effects can be gained by the use of the scythe for lawn mowing. It can be a fossil free technology, and one important feature is that it can be used in low frequency management. Most other lawn management equipment is designed for use at an intense frequency to produce short-trimmed lawns and not for low frequency management. As well as saving resources, the advantage of low frequency management is that it promotes Joakim Seiler biodiversity by leaving plants to The biodiverse lawn at Gunnebo House, if the frequency of management is lowered, flower and become a resource for many species are allowed to flower and thus contribute to biodiversity.

insects and pollinators. Other as a means to preserve historic historical methods, such as use gardens and on looking back of brooms, rollers, hedge shears, over history. This regime also hedge slashers, and pruning hooks, highlights craft as meaningful mainly contribute to sustainability activity for people of today. It is a in that they are fossil free. regime which encourages quality Another argument for the and sustainability that combines use of heritage gardening craft good practices from different pasts is the visitor experience. My with contemporary concerns for investigation indicates how biodiversity and sustainability as management methods contribute well as people’s sense of heritage and to or disturb the visitor in the interest in learning from the past. public garden. These arguments Link to thesis: can constitute a new management http://hdl.handle.net/2077/62813 regime which I would call: The Link to Gunnebo House: regime of meaningful management https://gunneboslott.se/en/ Röhsska Museum and Craft of Design in the age of the Anthropocene. See also: GT News 14 Autumn Sketch by John Hall the younger, showing an earlier gardener at work at Gunnebo House. It is focused not only on craft 2020, p.22–25.

GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 21 John Warwell — the mystery man of Goldney grotto Peggy Stembridge

efore sending the query about BJohn Warwell, published in GT News 3 Spring 2017 p.32, I had been searching a long time for clues to identify the mystery decorator of Goldney grotto in Clifton, Bristol. I had come across John Warwell very early in my research for the “Rec.d April 25th 1758 of Mr. Thom.s Goldney Thirty 18th-century garden and grotto One Pounds, Ten Shillings, in full for finish: £31..10 created by the Quaker merchant, -ing the Grotto Bason in his Garden Grotto with Thomas Goldney. He had inherited Rock Work, Shell Work, &c. , ___ John Warwell”} the garden in 1731, begun creating the grotto in 1737, and made considerable progress with the Entry and transcription from Goldney’s Memorandum book, dated 25 April, 1758. complex structure and decoration in the next twenty years. Evidence of September 1759 which provide has unfairly led in modern times its origin and progress is recorded in clearer evidence of time spent, the to chiefly crediting Thomas some of the surviving family papers rate paid and where some specific Goldney himself for the shell and in a few contemporary accounts work was done. It seems to have work, sometimes also fancifully by interested visitors. been continuous through the attributed to the Goldney ladies. The first mention of Warwell is winter – seven months in all, and It is more probable that the plan, in a small Memorandum book the rate £3 a week. design and development was kept by Goldney:1 The rock and shell work mentioned Goldney’s own, unique to the “I finish’d the opposite Side to Lyon’s as finishing “the bason” is clearly situation and his interests, with Den in the Grotto, all save the some of the most elaborate and the practical work being done by Free- Stone Window Frames, 7:br three-dimensional in the grotto. skilled craftsmen. 3:rd 1757; & M:r Warwell began Warwell seemed to have been a skilled Further references to John to work upon them the 13:th craftsman, even artist. Michael Edkins Warwell occur a few years later following.” (i.e. the windows on the local artist who later restored in Thomas Goldney’s Day Book.5 either side of the main entrance paintings in the garden received These transactions do not refer door; 13 September 1757). a fairly similar rate.3 Goldney’s to work done, and seem to imply that John Warwell could “Rec.d Feb 28:th 1758 of Mr Thom.s Goldney Sixty Pounds be in London. In January 1761, Eighteen Shillings, which with £17 17 rec.d before at Goldney recorded sending a sundry times is Seventy Five Guineas in full for Work draft (the equivalent of a modern done in his Grotto, & all Demands to this day John Warwell” cheque) for 12 guineas from his account with his Bristol bank to his London bank, specifically as a The next reference, for 28 competent head gardener was loan to John Warwell.6 February 1758 (above), is an entry only paid £15 a year, so it seemed Meanwhile in Clifton, work written by Thomas Goldney, in strange that no record had come continued on the grotto, some a large family receipt book, for to light of similar work done recorded by Goldney and by instalments totalling 75 guineas, anywhere else in the country. visitors. The unique floor, with its with Warwell’s signature.2 There is no mention of Warwell special quarry tiles from different This was payment for what was in the known visitors’ accounts. works near Coalbrookdale, was evidently skilled and extensive One comment, by Mrs Grote, a being laid by a local craftsman, work. A series of four more cash banker’s wife, in 1762,4 that “Mr T.Paty.7 A new source of power for payments are recorded in the Goldney made it all himself. He the cascade which appeared to flow Receipt Book during 1758 and to has been thirty years about it” from the urn of the river god was

22 GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 John Warwell — the mystery man of Goldney grotto being installed in a tower specially built “for my fire-engine”, a small Newcomen type commissioned from the ironworks at Coalbrookdale. Then, in July 1764, a smaller draft for two guineas was sent to John Warwell through Henton Brown and Son, the London bank.8 There was no reference to the earlier loan, nor to the purpose of this payment. Goldney was evidently still in touch with John Warwell, some years after his work in the grotto had been completed. A further payment recorded by Goldney in November 1764 was an Order for a similar sum from the bank to be paid to Mrs Warwell.9 Warwell notice in South Carolina Gazette This led me to think that perhaps John Warwell had died, as there Time passed… 400 weight, composed of English were no further references to him Then a response some months Topazes, Amethists [sic] and other in Goldney documents. later was astonishing and exciting. Petrifications.” Charles Brown said It had not been possible to trace The query had travelled in the this fountain is unknown today records of the London bank, nor airwaves and reached North but he speculated that it may have references to Warwell through America, inspiring an email from been for the town garden of Miles Goldney’s London or Quaker a reader there: Charles Allan Brewton then under construction circle, hence the belated request to Brown, “a garden historian and in Charleston, and of particular GT News, sent with the hope that preservation landscape architect interest to himself. there might be a response from the who practices in the United States, He also reported that John and garden history readership. with a particular interest in the Maria Warwell had arrived in garden history of Charleston, Charleston in October 1765. They South Carolina.” were coming to meet their son, He had noticed the query Michael Angelo. He had evidently regarding John Warwell in the emigrated a few years earlier, GT News and was generously and become involved in theatre offering information on a notice in and was something of a strolling the 18th-century South Carolina player, and gentleman entertainer. Gazette, linked with a particular The parents intended staying in interest of his own and research Charleston and they set up house that he had done on Warwell. On there near the Governor’s house 15 December 1766, John Warwell and put out the advertisement. was offering to supply shells for However, after a short time, in grotto-work or for cabinets from April 1767, a Gazette notice his own collection; and indicated carried their intention to leave. that he could create shellwork Then, on 9 June 1767, it was ornaments whether large or small. reported that Mr Warwell Sr., “a He also stated that he could paint noted limner”, had died. a variety of decorative scenes even This was a fascinating story “deceptive” ones for gardens and providing light on John Warwell. groves. On a more mundane level, Charles Brown placed the Charles Boot “pictures carefully cleaned and Warwells in Totnes, Devon in Goldney's River God, the water still mended”. He claimed that he was the early 1740s, where their son, flowing from his urn 250 years on… “finishing a Grotesque Fountain of Michael Angelo, was born in

GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 23 John Warwell — the mystery man of Goldney grotto

1741. The choice of name perhaps reflected his own aspiration as a painter. Lin Baldock thinks the choice suggests a certain flamboyance in the characters of John and Maria. She had also commented on Warwell’s confident free-flowing signature, another characteristic which found scope in his other decorative work. Charles Brown reported an interesting episode from this time linking Warwell with a young Joshua Reynolds, living at Plympton. Lin has traced the origin of comments by Joshua’s father, concerned about his Lin Baldock son’s future employment.10 His The astonishing Cockerell demonstrates the superb quality of Warwell's work, choice was as an apothcary, but and suggests why he commanded such a premium. Joshua was showing real talent for drawing and even painting and passage, she will be much obliged payment for them could have “Mr. Warmell (sic), who is both a to those who will employ her, been included in the considerable painter and a player” had offered in mending in the neatest and amounts paid by Goldney, but to take him as an apprentice most durable manner, all sorts no separate mention has been without payment. Joshua’s of useful and ornamental china, found. After finishing work at reported reply expressed preference viz. beakers, tureens, jars, vases, Goldney, Warwell was in London, for apothecary over “an ordinary and busts; statues, either in china, as I thought; not dead, however, painter’, but would prefer painter glass, plaster, bronze, or marble; but preparing to follow his son to if with “an eminent master”. This should a piece be wanting, she America. episode reveals something of the will substitute a composition in The Warwells have become position and interests of John its room, and copy the pattern as people with a back story, filling Warwell’s early life and situation. nigh as possible.” in ‘Goldney and after’ but still Further research efforts have had This concludes some fascinating with a large gap before 1757 mixed results, partly because of material in connection with that it would be interesting to current circumstances, and record the story of Goldney’s grotto. fill. It would be good to discover offices being closed. Internet It provides an identity for the how Goldney came to employ searches are not always readily mystery man: he was an artist, John Warwell. Had there been accessible. As well as providing the capable of painting the landscapes an advertisement in the local illustrations relating to Goldney seen by visitors, and at work press? Did Maria accompany her for this article, Lin Baldock has earlier than Michael Edkins whom husband that whole winter he provided the photograph of the I had thought might have been was working in Clifton? Did she notice quoted from the South responsible. Warwell was also very perhaps, considering the skills she Carolina Gazette, has helped with likely to have painted the two advertised, contribute something internet searches, tracing some “deceptive” pictures commented to the shell decoration? If they had information in confirmation and on as skilful by visitors, Samuel no permanent home, where did addition to that sent by Charles Curwen and Arthur Young, the they stay? There were a number of Brown in our correspondence. portrait of a lady apparently respectable lodging houses in the This includes a notice posted behind broken glass which is on area, and Thomas Goldney owned by Mrs Warwell after John’s the back of the main entrance some property, but if he rented or death, announcing that she was door, and an imitation door and lent it to the Warwells, it is not in planning to leave South Carolina staircase somewhere at the western his records. and wanted to settle her debts. grotto entrance, but no longer My query to GT News hoped She added, “while she waits for a there. If they were by Warwell, to elicit information about the

24 GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 John Warwell — the mystery man of Goldney grotto person who carried out the skilful more than anticipated, not only the country let alone across the shell and decorative work, and an identity for the artist, but Atlantic. As outlined above, paintings, fashionable at the showed how widely travelled such questions still remain, but perhaps time, in Goldney’s grotto and skilled people could be despite the with equally surprising and garden. My unexpected contact difficulties of eighteenth-century interesting answers to be found from South Carolina provided travel and communication around from further research.

Notes & references 1 Thomas Goldney’s Memorandum Book Warwell D:r to Goldney, Smith & Co, 8 Day Book: f. 216 July 5th 1764 ~~ Jn:o University of Bristol Library Special for their Dra:tt on Henton Browne & Warwell D:r to Henton Brown & Son for Collections (UBLSC) DM 1398 Box E/22. Son to my self for 12 Guineas at sight, my Dra:tt on them to him for _ _ £2..2..0 . 2 Receipt book 1700–1769 Goldney family which I sent said Warwell as so much 9 Ibid f. 218 Nov 27 1764 Jn:o Warwell UBLSC DM 1398Box/22, p.15. Mony lent him £12. 12 __. D:r to D:o [i.e. Henton Brown & Son] 3 Payments for work on scenes in garden, 7 The tiles cost £30 16. 10, (+ freight) for my Ord:r to pay M:rs Warwell _£ 1777–1778, Accounts of Michael Edkins, For three periods in 1762 - 65 ‘T, Paty’ 2..2.. __. 1762–84, p.265, (Bristol Reference Library). was paid a total £88. 16. 4 for the work, 10 Life and times of Sir Joshua Reynolds: 4 Note given to Mr Eberle, last private but it may have been one of the men in with notices of some of his contemporaries. owner of Goldney, source untraced. his important Bristol firm who actually Commenced by Charles Egbert Leslie, 5 Thomas Goldney Day Book, Wilts and did ‘the grinding, gaging and laying’. R.A. Continued and concluded by Tom Swindon Archives 473/295. Memorandum Book UBLSC DM 1398 Taylor, M.A. Published by John Murray, 6 Day Book f.192: 1761 Jan:ry 8. Jn:o Box E/22. Albermarle St London. 1865. Stoke Poges Memorial Gardens, Buckinghamshire Clare Butler

ell, you learn something Act of Parliament enabled local unique, in being a landscape for Wevery day. I knew of William authorities to build crematoria; cremated remains unconnected Robinson as the proponent one of the first was at Golders with a crematorium. They exist of revolutionary but hugely Green where landscape design was through the generosity of Noel influential ideas about naturalistic considered from the outset and Mobbs (not yet ‘Sir’; 1878–1959), planting, put forward in such Robinson’s design of the gardens who had bought Stoke Park in books as The Wild Garden (1870) with open lawns, flowerbeds and 1928. Stoke Park, at one time and The English Flower Garden woodland gardens became a model owned by the Penn gamily and (1883); and about his arguments for crematoria settings for much with landscaping by Brown and against architects’ involvement of the 20th century. The terms Repton, had been turned into in garden design (Garden Design ‘gardens of rest’ and ‘gardens of a golf course and the UK’s first and Architects’ Gardens, 1892). remembrance’ began to be used in country club in the early 20th But among his prodigious output the 1920s. century, and soon afterwards was a volume called God’s Acre Opposition to cremation part of the park and surrounding Beautiful, Or, The Cemeteries of persisted – in 1930, cremations land was sold for housing (before the Future, in which he applied accounted for less than 5 per cent World War II there was no his gardening aesthetic to urban of all funerals – but adoption by legislation preventing unrestricted churchyards and cemeteries, which members of the Royal family, development: builders could build he thought should be uncluttered leading politicians and Anglican whatever and wherever they liked). by tombstones and memorials. clergymen, and then the lifting of Gray’s Meadow next to the church, This campaign included trying to a Catholic ban on the practice in containing Gray’s Monument convince an unwilling public of the 1960s, gradually led to today’s and the Penn memorial, had the advantages of cremation over position of around 75 per cent of been saved by public appeal and burial, and the book’s publication people opting to be cremated. made over to the National Trust in 1880 predates the legalisation Stoke Poges Memorial Gardens in the 1920s. Mobbs acquired 20 of cremation by four years. A 1902 (Grade I) are unusual, though not acres (8 ha) of land south of St

GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 25 Stoke Poges Memorial Gardens, Buckinghamshire

Giles church to further protect the tranquil rural setting of the building that had inspired Thomas Gray’s 1751 ‘Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard’, and to provide a Memorial Garden to be a ‘living memorial to the dead and of solace to the bereaved’. The land was dedicated as ‘non- denominational grounds’ in 1935 and given to Eton Rural District Council in 1971 (later subsumed into South Bucks District which in turn has now become part of Buckinghamshire Council). Significant restoration work was carried out during 2001–2004, a project supported by the Heritage Lottery Fund, South Bucks District Council and the Mobbs Memorial Trust. The gardens were designed by Edward White (1873–1952), a partner of Milner, Son & White, a leading landscape architect firm of the day. White had a great interest in the cremation movement gardens. Paths off each side of the parterre gardens on either side, each and was also responsible for main walk provide access to the one a knot garden worked in low the development of the gardens yew-hedged areas which line either box hedges woven between stone at other major cemeteries and side of the central path, kept as paths, enclosed by clipped yew crematoria in the late 1930s. The memorials to individuals or family hedges. From here the main path, Stoke Poges plan was completed in groups. The walk continues through at this point sunken between raised 1937. The gardens were to contain an ironwork gateway, past raised yew hedges, reaches the entrance no buildings or monuments as in a cemetery; small gardens and plots were available for purchase for the repose of ashes but the landscape was designed as a complete garden with overall unity. At the main entrance at Church Cottage south-east of the church is a little museum relating to the Penn family and Thomas Gray. From here you follow a westward avenue bisecting the site through lawns to a circular stone pool set in a ring of lawn, with a central fountain of cherubs with a swan. Beyond this the walk leads up a flight of stone steps, edged by balustrading and decorated with four urns showing the Four © John O’Dwyer Seasons, to the area of formal The Circular pool and avenue.

26 GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 Stoke Poges Memorial Gardens, Buckinghamshire

by Edward White to represent a ‘home-coming’, and in which are interred the ashes of some well-known people. One of the larger gardens memorialises the Gurkha Rifles. In addition there are over 3,000 individual plots. Although the main purpose of the Memorial Gardens is the interment of cremated remains, it is a vibrant and interesting place to visit, open all year round, with a wealth of history and many activities on offer such as guided walks, a butterfly day in August led by an expert, and an autumn ‘fungus foray’. There are

© John O’Dwyer heritage open days and the gardens The Colonnade Garden, now planted in a more modern style. open twice a year with the National Gardens Scheme. An annual service to the Colonnade Garden. This the south. East of here are more of Thanksgiving takes place on the is a square, sunken water garden informal plantings, including a first Saturday in October. surrounded on all four sides by a magnificent 600-year-old oak tree. How appropriate that one of our raised stone and timber pergola. There are 500 gated family Unforgettable Gardens should be To the north, paths lead through gardens, individually designed a Gardens of Remembrance. an extensive area of informal rock and water gardens overlooking lawns sloping down towards Stoke Park. South and west of the Colonnade Garden paths pass through a grassed area planted up with flowering trees and shrubs set in lawns, and leading to a circular rose garden to Dr Sarah Rutherford Charles Boot A part of the rock and water garden. One of the 500 individual family gardens awaiting its spring/summer bedding display.

GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 27 RHS GT News July 2021.qxp_Layout 1 27/05/2021 16:39 Page 1

The RHS Master of Horticulture provides an incredible foundation of knowledge and an excellent network for horticulturists Roy Godwin, Professional Horticulturist, A team of horticultural experts, who ac- range of information, develop the skills Lecturer and former Head Gardener at tively work within the industry, provide to research different sources, analyse Sherborne Castle Estate in Dorset, is a exceptional support and guidance on relevant data, and demonstrate the abil- recent graduate of the Royal Horticul- the programme. Through them, I have ity of critically evaluating researched tural Society’s (RHS) Master of Horti- gained new skills in project and re- material. culture (MHort) award. He explains why source management, developed a bet- he decided to invest in his career, and ter understanding of business strategies The programme also opens a wide and the benefits gained. and established a greater awareness of established channel to a network of technology, economic and social issues professional horticulturists, which is “I was originally attracted to the MHort within the horticultural sector on a critical in providing up-to-date, current programme because the RHS repre- global scale. I have found this invaluable, knowledge of issues, changes in training, sents the highest level of horticultural as in-depth, up-to-date knowledge en- legislation, biosecurity and best prac- excellence in training and education and ables me to make more accurate, in- tice. For anyone considering the RHS it is considered the most prestigious of formed decisions, considering different Master of Horticulture (MHort), I can awards in the industry. viewpoints, concluding in better results. confidently say I made the right choice.”

The MHort has shown me how impor- The dissertation in my final year allowed About the RHS Master of Horticulture tant horticulture is to everyone for rea- me to explore a specialised topic of my The MHort is the Royal Horticultural sons of physical and mental health, own choice. As then Head Gardener of Society’s most prestigious degree-level sustainable economy, scientific discov- Sherborne Castle Estate, I chose to re- award. ery and food production. I gained useful search the establishment of the Studied over three years, predomi- skills such as problem-solving and effec- treescape at the garden, and its man- nantly online. tive communication, and it provided an agement in the past, present and future. excellent link between practical horti- Affordable and flexible payment culture and academic research. This This was extremely interesting, as it en- options, including monthly. has reinforced my current knowledge abled me to discover so much more Holders of the award may use the and better prepared me for most chal- about my place of work. For example, designation MHort (RHS) after their lenges found in a professional environ- how the influences of fine art, philoso- name. ment. phy and politics guided Brown’s initial Applications close on 2 August 2021 (for natural landscape designs. It was like October start) “rediscovering a window into the past”. Web: rhs.org.uk/mhort The programme is flexible in study and Email: [email protected] the material ingeniously designed to en- Twitter: @RHSEducation courage candidates to explore a wide RHS GT News July 2021.qxp_Layout 1 27/05/2021 16:39 Page 1

David Marsh The Shed online

whole year on zoom – who’d So maybe it’s not so surprising Tuesdays will be busy, with a Ahave thought it possible! In that since January we’ve sold about morning series on Yorkshire’s Trees fact like many other organisations 34,000 tickets. in September, and evening sessions we’ve discovered a whole new Obviously I miss the audience from FOLAR – the Friends side of ourselves and new ways interaction which makes teaching of Landscape Architecture at of getting garden history and and lecturing so much fun but I Reading, the home of the former conservation across to new have to set that against the fact Landscape Institute collections audiences as well as our traditional that every lecture I give is probably (following a series they will be one. We’ve learned a lot in the reaching more than ten times the running themselves in August, The RHS Master of Horticulture process and while there’s no number of people it would on-site. see p.37). Then in October we doubt that face-to-face meetings The same is true for all our will have a series on garden provides an incredible foundation are essential for our sanity there’s speakers and all the groups we’ve archaeology [six sessions], followed equally no doubt that zoom has a been partnering. It’s great to know, by a series on Shakespeare and of knowledge and an excellent lot of advantages. Giving a lecture for instance, that the research your gardens starting in mid-November. now doesn’t require working out county trust has been carrying Wednesday evenings network for horticulturists travel times and counting up out, or your particular area of see a continuation of our the costs, merely a quick think interest, knowledge and expertise Unforgettable Gardens Roy Godwin, Professional Horticulturist, A team of horticultural experts, who ac- range of information, develop the skills about which room to sit in. It’s is reaching a much wider audience series; Norfolk GT brings Lecturer and former Head Gardener at tively work within the industry, provide to research different sources, analyse Sherborne Castle Estate in Dorset, is a exceptional support and guidance on relevant data, and demonstrate the abil- much cheaper for the people or than your own membership and us September evenings with talks recent graduate of the Royal Horticul- the programme. Through them, I have ity of critically evaluating researched group we’re talking to, and there that perhaps it’s encouraging on Houghton, The Plantation tural Society’s (RHS) Master of Horti- gained new skills in project and re- material. are no limits on numbers who others to get involved themselves. Garden, Norwich, the Venetian culture (MHort) award. He explains why source management, developed a bet- can join in. It’s much easier and So you won’t be surprised to Waterways of Great Yarmouth, and he decided to invest in his career, and ter understanding of business strategies The programme also opens a wide and more efficient for everyone, and learn that the GT is staying online the Royal Gardens at Sandringham. the benefits gained. and established a greater awareness of established channel to a network of speakers can’t forget the vital and will be delivering a large We move to Surrey GT in October, technology, economic and social issues professional horticulturists, which is cable or memory stick and don’t programme of lectures and courses with talks on Sutton Place, “I was originally attracted to the MHort within the horticultural sector on a critical in providing up-to-date, current have to worry about technical from the autumn onwards. Munstead Wood, the Muslim programme because the RHS repre- global scale. I have found this invaluable, knowledge of issues, changes in training, compatibility of equipment. But Our new season starts in Burial Grounds at Woking, and sents the highest level of horticultural as in-depth, up-to-date knowledge en- legislation, biosecurity and best prac- it’s equally convenient for the September, with Monday evening Albury Park, initially laid out by excellence in training and education and ables me to make more accurate, in- tice. For anyone considering the RHS audience too. There’s no travel on sessions, from 6 September, and on John Evelyn. Our November series it is considered the most prestigious of formed decisions, considering different Master of Horticulture (MHort), I can a cold winter’s night in the rain – through the new year, on the history takes us to Northamptonshire awards in the industry. viewpoints, concluding in better results. confidently say I made the right choice.” even if the journey was feasible in of Commercial Nurseries, plant GT and includes Kirby Hall, the first place. They can [and do] hunters and pioneers (see p.30). and Holdenby, before we spread The MHort has shown me how impor- The dissertation in my final year allowed About the RHS Master of Horticulture tant horticulture is to everyone for rea- me to explore a specialised topic of my watch in the comfort of their own The MHort is the Royal Horticultural sons of physical and mental health, own choice. As then Head Gardener of home with tea and cake, glasses Society’s most prestigious degree-level sustainable economy, scientific discov- Sherborne Castle Estate, I chose to re- of wine or G&T’s to hand. We’ve award. ery and food production. I gained useful search the establishment of the even seen audience members Studied over three years, predomi- skills such as problem-solving and effec- treescape at the garden, and its man- watching from the comfort of nantly online. tive communication, and it provided an agement in the past, present and future. their bed [that’s one reason why excellent link between practical horti- Affordable and flexible payment we suggest you keep cameras off!] options, including monthly. culture and academic research. This This was extremely interesting, as it en- And crucially what it means is that has reinforced my current knowledge abled me to discover so much more Holders of the award may use the designation MHort (RHS) after their our audiences can be anywhere and better prepared me for most chal- about my place of work. For example, in the world. As I write our last lenges found in a professional environ- how the influences of fine art, philoso- name. Applications close on 2 August 2021 (for lecture was delivered from Boston ment. phy and politics guided Brown’s initial [Massachusetts not Lincolnshire] natural landscape designs. It was like October start) and had audience members from “rediscovering a window into the past”. Web: rhs.org.uk/mhort all over the world. Without zoom The development and continuing conservation of Boston’s Emerald Necklace park The programme is flexible in study and Email: [email protected] that would simply be impossible. system formed part of our link-up series with the Historic Gardens Foundation. the material ingeniously designed to en- Twitter: @RHSEducation courage candidates to explore a wide GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 29 Gardens Trust Events 2021/2022 thegardenstrust.org/events-archive/ our wings further to include On Fridays throughout so-called ‘hybrid’ method means the Japanese Garden at Tatton, September, there will be a series that we’d have a live audience, Cheshire, and beyond. on aspects of Botany taking us but we’d broadcast it via zoom [or Our continuing series on Garden through to mid-October. equivalent] at the same time, as History resumes on Thursday But don’t despair if you can’t well as record them. We’re hoping mornings, with a course on bear the thought of living on to trial this in partnership with the early-18th-century gardens, with zoom permanently. We will be Garden Museum later this year six sessions beginning on 23 doing ‘live’ events too when it’s and if that works then the sky’s the September, followed by a series possible, but what we’re hoping limit on what the GT can achieve. on the English Landscape Garden is that we can find a way of doing I might even have to buy an even from 11 November. some things simultaneously. This bigger shed!

Lectures Conferences GT events Study Tours The Gardens Trust Annual General Meeting at 6pm, Friday 3 September 2021 n light of continuing uncertainty online AGM, cast their votes and ask Proxy Voting Form for Individual Isurrounding the impact of questions. For members unable to and Joint Members of the Gardens Covid-19 restrictions and social attend online, you can vote by proxy. Trust. Your vote is important and distancing measures, the 2021 For the Notice of the Annual General will help to ensure a quorum for the AGM will be held online by zoom. Meeting 2021 and Annual Report 2020, meeting. Closing date for proxy votes is Members are welcome to attend the see enclosed booklet together with 6pm on Tuesday 31 August 2021.

Plant Nurseries, Plant Hunters and Pioneers

e are now planning a series Founded in the late-18th century, Wof Monday evening zoom this was one of the most remarkable lectures to run from September horticultural dynasties, sending their through to mid-2022. The subjects own plant collectors abroad in search are wide-ranging in date and of new plants to feed the appetite approach but are linked by the of the Victorian elite for exotic common theme of the establishment novelties. Between 1840 and 1912, and history of plant nurseries, Messrs. Veitch sent twenty-three the people who owned them and plant collectors to various continents their quest for new and interesting in search of new plants for our plants. We aim to include talks homes, glass houses and gardens. on nurseries from York, Cheshire, Looking further ahead, in Hampshire and Norfolk, as well as February and March 2022 we London and its environs, some of have an exciting series of six Courtesy of the Oak Spring Foundation Garden which have been run by the same talks by expert speakers on the open, so please watch that space. families for several generations. exquisite drawings of Chinese plants Sign up for our monthly For October, we have a series produced by John Bradby Blake and e-Bulletin, if you haven’t already of four talks by Caradoc Doy, his Chinese artists in the 1770s. done so, to hear more about all professional horticulturalist and More details and dates will our upcoming online offerings, authority on ‘The Story Veitch appear on The Gardens Trust lectures and courses. Nurseries in Exeter and Chelsea’. website soon, when booking will Sally Jeffery

30 GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 thegardenstrust.org/events-archive/ Gardens Trust Events 2021 Study Tour to France Jardins à la Française: origins, variations, reinventions Friday 17 to Monday 20 September 2021 — UPDATE Charly's Drone

Ariel view of the complex of gardens at Château de Valmer.

ith the success of the We will then spend the night Wvaccine programme we are in Orléans, before travelling looking forward to honouring along the River Loire, to the the revised dates of the trip, newly reconstituted early 18th- Friday morning 17 September century garden at the Chateau to the afternoon of Monday 20 de Chambord and the Chateau September 2021. It will still be de Gaillard. We will also visit led by landscape historian, author the Pagoda of Chanteloup, that and curator, Dr Gabriel Wick poignant fragment of one of with Robert Peel as organiser. The France’s lost 18th-century gardens. plan is to meet our coach at Gare We shall overnight in Tours, de Serres Léonard du Nord on Friday morning and which is conveniently located Statue of David on Leda's Terrace, drive to Fontainebleau, a key site to tour the gardens of three Château de Valmer, our final visit. in the development of the classical other chateaux, Lude, Lathan French gardens in the late-16th and Villandry, each significant before heading back to Paris to and early-17th centuries. From for their history as well as their connect with the evening Eurostar. there to Chateau de Courances, pragmatic and ecologically driven Full details appeared in GT News home of the Ganay family, with approaches to planting and 12 Spring 2020 issue. There may its renaissance water-gardens, maintenance. be places available at this short reinterpreted by Henri and Finally, on Monday we shall notice for those wanting to join us Achille Duchêne in the early-20th visit Chateau de Valmer with its but no guarantees. If interested, century, and restored by the family terraced-gardens, vineyards and please apply to Robert Peel: in the post-war period. potager, and enjoy a wine tasting [email protected]

GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 31 Gardens Trust Events 2022 thegardenstrust.org/events-archive/ Study Tour to Palermo and the West of Sicily Now rescheduled for April 2022 — UPDATE

ollowing our successful study Ftour to Western Sicily in Spring 2019 (see our report on the study tour p.38, GT news 10, Summer 2019), Robert Peel and Cassandra Funsten prepared another one there for members of the Gardens Trust in Spring 2020. Revised dates are about to be fixed for early April 2022. Please contact Robert Peel if you wish to be notified, as soon as they are known. We still have a few places available. Once confirmed by the travel agent and when airline schedules are known, revised dates for April 2022 will be sent to those who are still intending to participate and to those on the waiting list. In addition the dates will be posted in the Autumn edition of this

newsletter, and on the website. Cignitti Annalisa P. The same programme of visits will be included, with five nights Looking back across the terrace of Villa Valguarnera, Bagheria. in Palermo, a day in Bagheria, and two nights in Trapani, from where to visit Segesta, Mozia, Marsala, n his report on our earlier Study favoured roses, the Bourbon Mazara and Selinunte. ITour in 2019, Robert wrote: queen had chosen the cycad as The aim is to give a full appreciation ‘At Villa Valguarnera the her specific botanical device. The of the range of landscapes and chatelaine has succeeded in turning Botanical Garden in Palermo now gardens in western Sicily and the the mafia out of her property, on has the largest collection of cycads architectural heritage in its varied re-occupying it after a period anywhere in Europe. manifestations through the centuries, when her family was unable to The owner of Villa Valguarnera is from classical Greek, through reside there. She conducted us preoccupied at threats by the local Norman, medieval, baroque, neo- along the masonic-influenced authority to expropriate that part classical and Liberty style. circuit of her garden, inspired of her estate through which the Sicily’s climate permits a by the philosophy of her mute historic entrance drive leads up to hedonistic mix of Mediterranean female antecedent, along which the Bernini-style oval courtyard in and exotic plants from temperate we passed challenges to purge our front of the house. I volunteered and tropical parts of other weakness and prepare our strength the support of The Gardens Trust continents, as well as a rich range of of leadership until reaching the in any conflict she might find in wild flowers, especially prominent prominent peak of the garden trying to save the integrity of this in the archaeological sites we visit. from which to survey the disarray very important 18th-century estate. Cassandra is based in Palermo and of modern Bagheria below. Our Bagheria has already been the her knowledge of the gardens and hostess convinced us that the first victim of too much ill-considered plants of the city allows a thorough cycad to arrive in Sicily came with development and The Gardens appreciation of the art and botany Queen Maria Carolina, while she Trust has a proud inheritance of of its designed landscapes. resided at Villa Valguarnera. To campaigning for the survival of Contact Robert Peel: rma.peel@ show her disapproval of Napoleon, landscapes that need our support.’ btopenworld.com whose wife Josephine famously RP

32 GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 Gardens Trust Events 2022 thegardenstrust.org/events-archive/ The Gardens Trust North Yorkshire weekend North Yorkshire explored 2022 The Gardens Trust North Yorkshire weekend 2022 will be held in and around Richmond and Wensleydale over the weekend of Friday 2 to Sunday 4 September

embers are probably now Maware that our North Yorkshire weekend is back on track for the first weekend in September 2022, and our partners Val Hepworth and the Yorkshire Gardens Trust are (still) looking forward to welcoming us then. Centred on Wensleydale and the picturesque Georgian town of Richmond, all our visits are to privately-owned historic listed or registered estates and we’ll have access to many areas not normally open to the public. We will be based, as originally planned, at the Holiday Inn just off the A1(M)/A66 at Scotch Corner (DL10 6NR) which has National Galleries 4.0 BY of Scotland | Licence: CC been attractively refurbished Bolton Castle, Yorkshire, by Edward Dayes (1763–1804). and updated (with efficient double glazing) and offers ample conference facilities and on-site also published in our GT News formed such a part of the GHS parking. Spring 2022 issue. See GT News and CGT and GT Conferences in Darlington station is twenty 12 Spring 2020 for previous summers past. minutes away by frequent local details and costings. express bus or taxi to the hotel. If you have any queries he outline programme (tbc) Our aim is to keep prices as for meanwhile, or have a special need Twill include: 2020, but some venues may pass to book by email or post, contact A Tour of Temple Grounds and on small increases – we will let you our Organiser Virginia Hinze: its ‘Picturesque’ landscape, a tour know in good time. [email protected] of Richmond’s Georgian Theatre, There are just eighty residential or: 01273 844 819 with its historic interiors and stage places available at the Holiday Please note the change in settings, and Millgate House’s Inn (with some sharing Virginia Hinze’s email. exquisite plantsman’s garden; rooms) plus provision for day- While our intention, at this stage An owner-guided visit to Aske attendance. Additional overnight is to broadly follow the previous Hall, with garden landscape accommodation (on a self-book programme, we have decided elements by both William Kent basis) may be available at the to separate the AGM and New and Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown; nearby Scotch Corner Travelodge. Research Symposium from the our special Saturday night Booking will now open on weekend as they has taken off so dinner at The Station, housed in the GT website (via Eventbrite) well online, so we will have more Richmond’s Victorian Railway in February 2022 and probably time for garden visiting. Station building; close at the start of August 2022. Our North Yorkshire weekend An extensive visit to Constable Details of the fully revised will remain the same opportunity Burton, lunch and viewing of the itinerary will be available on to catch up with old friends and garden at Bolton Castle and a visit Eventbrite when you book and to meet new members that have to Bolton Hall.

GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 33 other news & events in brief Major accessions to repositories in 2018 relating to Horticulture

Local Edinburgh City Archives Lincolnshire Archives Archives and Cornish Studies • Midmar Allotments Association, • Blackstone & Co, farm Service (formerly Cornwall Edinburgh: records incl minutes, implement maker, Stamford: Record Office) corresp and plans 1930–2017 glass negatives (41) 20th cent • Falmouth Floral Arrangement (1166) (MISC DON 2033) Society: records incl minutes, Essex Record Office Norfolk Record Office reports, programmes and exhibition • Robert Edward Chatfield (b 1845), • Burnham Market Parish Council: results 1978–2017 (AD2551) manufacturing chemist: garden minutes, accounts and records Bedfordshire Archives & record book for Woodlands at relating to the Playing Field, Records Service Sewardstone and for a garden in allotments and the Queen’s • Bedford & District Gardeners’ Fulham 1884–1918 (D/DU 1510) Diamond Jubilee c1894–2014 Association Show Committee: • Four Colnes Horticultural (PC 241) Bedford show committee books Society: records, incl accounts, • Kelling Parish Council: minutes 1978–1993 (Z1690) membership lists and notebook incl parish meetings, councillors Berkshire Record Office with recipes 1895–2015 declarations, receipts and • Woodley Horticultural Society: (A15005) payments, and allotments rent minutes, financial records, Glasgow City Archives books c1909–1999 (ACC newsletters and records rel to • Kelvinside Allotments 2018/158) shows 1965–2012 (D/EX2715) Association, Glasgow: minutes, North East Lincolnshire Archives Cumbria Archive Centre, Carlisle finance and plot holders books, • National Union of Agricultural • Dalston and District Gardening corresp and maps 1923–2008 Workers, Brigg District Club: records incl minutes, (T-AL1/9) Committee: records 1946–1983 accounts, corresp, list of plant sales, • Queens Park Allotment (1478; 2018/026) membership records, programmes Association, Glasgow: minutes, Oxfordshire History Centre and corresp 1992–2017 (DSO 451) finance and plot holders books, • Oxfordshire Gardens Trust: Cumbria Archive Centre, Kendal corresp 1946–1996 (T-AL 1/14) Walled Kitchen Gardens project • Survey of Hutton in the Hay and Gloucestershire Archives records 2018 (Acc 6685) Scalthwaiterigg with Allotments • Illman Young Landscape Design Sheffield City Archives of Common, giving details of Ltd, Cheltenham: additional • Woodseats Allotment Society: landlords, tenants and estates corresp and project files records incl minutes 1912–2004 c1827–1869 (WDX 1971) 2009–2013 (D10830) (X841) Derbyshire Record Office Hampshire Archives and Local Shropshire Archives • Brackenfield Well Dressing Studies • Bicton Horticultural Society: Committee: minutes and • Sir Harold Hillier Gardens, minutes and accounts treasurers’ accounts 1990–2017 Ampfield: records incl of 1958–1989 (9490) (D8159) planting schemes, corresp rel to Somerset Heritage Centre Dorset History Centre acquisitions from other horticultural (South West Heritage Trust) • Chesil Bank Garden Club: establishments, nurseries and • Taunton Flower Show: records programmes, accounts, minutes of international plant specialists, and incl minutes, annual show files talk by Geoffrey Hawtin (b 1949), rel to transfer to Hampshire County and financial statements agrobiodiversity researcher and Council c1920–2009 (68A18) c1970–2017 (DD/X/TF) author 1979–2017 (D-3084) Herefordshire Archive and Stirling Council Archive Service • Sherborne and District Records Centre • John Bruce (fl 1918–1921), Gardeners’ Association: minutes, • Gorsley and District gardener: garden diary rel to the programmes, show schedules and Horticultural Society: papers Allan Water Hotel, Bridge of finance 1942–2012 (D-2909) 1960–1970 (DB94) Allan 1918–1921 (A 1976)

34 GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 other news and events in brief

Suffolk Record Office, Wiltshire and Swindon Special Bury St Edmunds Branch History Centre Bishopsgate Institute • Horringer Gardening Club: records, • Seend and District Gardening • Hester Mallin (1969–2018), incl minutes, accounts and winner Club: records incl minutes, artist and gardener: artworks, books 1911–2017 (GG505) reports, accounts and papers and ephemera 1969–2003 Surrey History Centre programmes 1992–2016 (MALLIN) • Limpsfield, Oxted and District (2942B) Horticultural Society: records Worcestershire Archive and University incl minutes, corresp and Archaeology Service Bristol University Information accounts 1936–1997 (9969) • Wilfred George Cole Services: Special Collections Trafford Local Studies (fl 1953–1987), horticulturalist • Bristol University, Long Ashton • Moor Nook Allotment Society: and pioneering organic farmer: Research Station: addtl material minute books 1977–1995 diaries from Sandilands Nursery, 1912–1956 (DM2759) (TRA1828) Evesham 1953–1987 (BA16269) Museum of English Rural Life Warwickshire County Record Office • William Herrod-Hempsall • Wellesbourne and Walton National (fl 1930–1939), author and Horticultural Society: records British Library, Manuscript photographer: photographic glass incl minutes, entry book, Collections plates rel to his research into bees schedules, posters and printed • Museum of Garden History: and bee-keeping c1930–1939 items c1940–2017 (CR 4971) archive c1901–2000 (Add MS (DX2269) West Yorkshire Archive Service, 89296) Wakefield • The Wakefield Paxton Society: records incl minutes 1877–2018 (WYW1890) Major accessions to repositories in 2019 relating to Horticulture

Local • Palterton Allotments Association: photographs of shows and Cheshire Archives and Local Studies minutes 1973–2006 (D8296) programmes 1978–2016 (A/CUH) • Charles Howard Derbyshire, • South Darley Horticultural West Yorkshire Archive Service, market gardener of Middlewich: Society: account book Kirklees deeds, family papers and business 1977–2003 (D8771) • Dalton Allotment Association: papers c1750–1940 (D 9227) Nottinghamshire Archives records incl minutes, financial • Frodsham and District • Elston and District Garden records, member address books Horticultural Society: minutes Club: records incl minutes, and show competition records 1950–1964 (D 9261) copy programmes, photographs, incl winners 1940s–1960s Cumbria Archive Centre, Carlisle also digital files, budgets, (WYK1906) • Keswick Flower Club: minutes, competitions and quizzes, programmes, corresp and papers, events programmes and flyers, University scrapbooks and financial records information sheets, meeting Borthwick Institute for 1963–2017 (DSO 463) minutes, other papers incl rel Archives: University of York Derbyshire Record Office to publicity, and programmes • Daphne Hamilton, former chair • Bakewell Agricultural and 2004–2018 (Acc 9540) of Yorkshire Gardens Trust: Horticultural Society: committee Oxfordshire History Centre photographs and plans, garden minutes, accounts, catalogues, • Abingdon Horticultural Society nursery catalogues, garden plans, other records 1903–2017 records: yearbooks, programmes, corresp on horticulture and (D7483) minutes and accounts 1896– published books 18th–20th cent • Riber Hall Farm, Matlock: 2019 (O55) (2019/036) documents incl surrenders, articles of Somerset Heritage Centre agreements, Poor Rate Assessments, (South West Heritage Trust) abstract of title and wills and probate • Taunton and District Gardeners 1651–1944 (D8221) Association: minutes, accounts,

GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 35 other news and events in brief Mystery airmen revisited

ay back in Spring 2009 in reality in the garden. Or vice proved wrong. So if there is more W(GHS NEWS Issue 83), versa. So I came to the conclusion information which explains the Kate Felus posed a question, “Can that while it looked like we might different shape of the pergola, or anyone help to identify this garden? have found the location, we places the Polish airmen firmly there These photographs of Polish actually hadn’t. I would love to be I would be very glad to hear it.” airmen were probably taken just before or just after the start of the Second World War.* The garden is probably in Poland, but may possibly be elsewhere in eastern Europe, France or England.” If you think you can help please email Kate Felus: [email protected] We thought we had resolved it when Steffie Shields suggested it might be Petwood (Hotel), Woodhall Spa, Lincolnshire,, now Registered at Grade II, an interesting garden created by the Maples Furniture heiress together with designers such as Harold Peto and William Goldring. family collection Felus Following a site visit and further inspection of the pictures this now seems very much in doubt, so the hunt is on again (afresh?). We would be very grateful if you could have another look at the pictures, printed rather larger this time, and make any further suggestions. Kate adds, “We visited a few years ago, after those photos were reproduced in the GHS newsletter and you, Steffie, had suggested that the garden was Petwood. We were given a short book on the history of the house, which rather poured cold water on my excitement about finding the garden so easily. While the book made much of the connection family collection Felus with the Dambusters, it made no Kate Felus’s father’s pictures of Polish officers at rest in a lavish garden begs the mention of Poles stationed there. question, where is the location? The statuary, and pergola in the background of the “We also took the photos out into upper picture, are quite distinctive, but really it could be anywhere in Europe. the garden but, if I remember rightly, Can you help identify the garden or gardens in these photographs? couldn’t quite make them fit. I also looked at some other historic photos * After the Polish ‘defeat’, in 1939, some 80,000 Poles made it to France. 20,000 of of the garden too, which reinforced those made it to England after France was in turn defeated. Some 8,500 Polish pilots my disappointment. The pergola is had arrived in Britain by 1940. By the end of WWII some 200,000 Poles were fighting straight in the photo, and curved alongside the Western Allies, with more fighting alongside the Russians in the East.

36 GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 other news and events in brief Painshill’s appeal to replace the Woollett Bridge

n the 40th anniversary year of It is not practical to repair IPainshill Park Trust they are the bridge, however, they have launching an appeal to replace the temporarily installed columns Woollett Bridge. They urgently under the cross beams, to support need your help. The Woollett it. These ensure that the bridge is Bridge sits on the west side of safe to walk on. However this is Grotto Island, and is shown in an not a long term solution. engraving by William Woollett in Painshill Park Trust is raising 1760 (Woollett was named as the money to replace the bridge, so Painshill Trust Painshill Park most famous British engraver of that visitors can enjoy the historic his day by the British Museum). Not so much a bridge… route for many years to come. The The bridge forms part of the 40th anniversary appeal is to raise historic route, a circular walk In December 2019 and again in the funds needed so that it can with a series of scenes, continually February 2020 Painshill flooded. The replace the bridge during 2022. It changing and mystifying. It is bridge, which is made of softwood is estimated that it will cost around vital to the landscape as it allows timber, was under water for about £130,000 to complete this work. visitors to leave Grotto Island two weeks. Despite forty degree heat Contact: [email protected] and continue on the circuit walk over the summer the wood did not or: 01932 868113 towards the Mausoleum. dry out properly and is now rotting. or: Painshill, Cobham, KT11 1BE

Changing attitudes to open space and landscape preservation Artists and the Garden: in the UK 1920–1930s New Perspectives Conference FOLAR zoom lecture series, August 2021 Hestercombe Monday 27 to The Open Spaces Society Streatham Common. The talk will Tuesday 28 September 2021 lantern slides collection and follow the genesis of Streatham the ideal landscape Common and The Rookery, its he Conference will explore the in the early 20th Century social uses and the making and Trelationship between cultural Dr Katrina Navickas planting, with some original plant production and the garden, across 6pm, Tuesday 10 August 2021 lists, of the Stream Garden. creative disciplines and media, The Open Spaces Society was from the 18th century until the founded in 1865, and it has CPRE and present day. campaigned ever since for the the Preservation of Amenity This international conference will preservation of public open spaces Dr Francesca Church take place at Hestercombe, which and rights of way in Britain. This 6pm, Tuesday 24 August 2021 has been decisively influenced talk examines their collection of This talk will look at the early and shaped by artists and creative over 1000 lantern slides, held at Preservationist movement and the practitioners. Starting with the Museum of English Rural Life. creation in 1926 of the umbrella Coplestone Warre Bampfylde, The slides offer a view of the ideal organisation CPRE. A key part of artist, architect, landscape designer, landscapes that they sought to the Council’s founding aims was and one of the most distinct, yet preserve in the early 20th century. amenity, an idea around which overlooked cultural figures of much of their practices, approaches, 18th-century Britain, to whom Rediscovering the Stream and identity were based. Drawing Hestercombe largely owes its unique Garden at the Rookery, on ideas that were important both identity. Then, in the 19th century, Streatham Common to the ILA and the CPRE in the Rev John Eagles, a founder member Dr Lee Heykoop first half of the twentieth century, of the Bristol School, created 6pm, Tuesday 17 August this talk will explore two examples many artworks at Hestercombe. We set out in 2018 to research the of such overlaps: education (in In the early 1900s, Gertrude history of what became known as particular, CPRE exhibitions) and Jekyll, an artist before becoming the Stream Garden at the Rookery, roadside planting. a horticulturist, constructed the

GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 37 The Gardens Trust officers estate’s world-famous Edwardian founder and chief executive of garden with Sir Edwin Lutyens. the Hestercombe Gardens Trust, And today, Hestercombe Gallery and expert in the life and work delivers a programme of new of Coplestone Warre Bampfylde indoor and outdoor commissions, (1720-1791), whose 300th and contemporary art exhibitions, anniversary was the impetus for which are inspired by the estate this conference. Philip’s lecture and its gardens. ‘Laying out ground’ C.W. Bampfylde; In this historical setting, the artist and place maker’ will focus on Conference draws together artists, Bampfylde’s artistic development art historians, critics and curators culminating in his being elected who reflect on the multifaceted web an honorary exhibitor at the of relations and influences between Royal Academy; together with a cultural creativity and the garden. description of the creation and the Illustrated papers will explore subsequent restoration of probably the historical, contemporary and his greatest work, Hestercombe’s experiential role of the garden landscape garden developed over a through disciplines as diverse as period of forty years. painting, interior architecture, Cost: £120 registration fee, installation art, literature, garden including all meals, snacks, design and drawing. conference reception, garden tours The conference keynote is a and conference pack. lecture by Philip White MBE, www.hestercombe.com/whats-on/

President Staff Dominic Cole CMLI FIOH VMM OBE Administrator: Louise Cooper Vice Presidents Finance Officer & CGT Co-ordinator: Teresa Forey-Harrison Dr James Bartos, Mr Alan Baxter, Mrs Susan Campbell, Conservation Officer: Margie Hoffnung Sir Richard Carew Pole, Mrs Gilly Drummond OBE, Conservation Casework Manager: Alison Allighan Mr Robert Peel, Mr John Sales, Mrs Steffie Shields, Assistant Conservation Casework Manager: Daniel Bowles Sir Tim Smit KBE, Mr Michael Symes Strategic Development Officer: Linden Groves Historic Landscape Project Officers: Trustees Tamsin McMillan, Sally Bate Peter Hughes QC, Chairman Audience Development and Engagement Officer: Christopher Blandford Frankie Taylor Sarah Dickinson Chair, Conservation Committee Communications Adviser: Susannah Charlton Dr Marion Harney Virginia Hinze Editors Dr Sally Jeffery Editor Garden History: Dr Barbara Simms David Lambert Editor GT News: Charles Boot Dr David Marsh Chair, Education and Training Committee Editor e-Bulletin: Charlotte Casella Maureen Nolan Honorary Secretary Thadian Pillai Membership enquiries Rachel Savage Chair, Audience Development, phone: 01787 249 286 Marketing and Communications Committee email: [email protected] Paul Titcombe GDPR: [email protected] Peter Waine Lisa Watson Vice Chairman; Honorary Treasurer Advertising enquiries: Hall McCartney Ex-officio Members of Board phone: 01462 896 688 Joanna Davidson Welsh Historic Gardens Trust email: [email protected] Chloe Bennett Scotland’s Garden & Landscape Heritage

38 GT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 GT events diary 2021 The Gardens Trust Annual General Meeting 6pm, Friday 3 September 2021 In light of continuing uncertainty surrounding the impact of Covid-19 restrictions and social distancing measures, the 2021 AGM will be held online by zoom. Members are welcome to attend the online AGM, cast their votes and ask questions. For members unable to attend online, you can vote by proxy. For the Notice of the Annual General Meeting 2021 and Annual Report 2020, see enclosed booklet together with Proxy Voting Form for Individual and Joint Members of the Gardens Trust. Your vote is important and will help to ensure a quorum for the meeting. Closing date for proxy votes is by 6pm on Tuesday 31 August 2021. Saturday 4 September 11th New Research Symposium, session 1 20th-century gardens and landscapes from Monday 6 September The History of Commercial Nurseries, planthunters etc from Tuesday 7 September Trees with Yorkshire Gardens Trust [4 sessions] from Tuesday 7 September with FOLAR – Friends of the Landscape Archive at Reading from Wednesday 8 September Unforgettable Gardens in Norfolk, with Norfolk GT [4 sessions] from Friday 10 September Botany [7 sessions] 17 to 20 September Study Tour to France, Jardins à la Française from Thursday 23 September Garden History – The early18th-century Garden [6 sessions] from Tuesday 5 October Garden Archaeology [6 sessions] from Wednesday 6 October Unforgettable Gardens in Surrey, with Surrey GT [4 sessions] from Wednesday 3 November Unforgettable Gardens Northamptonshire, with Northamptonshire GT [4 sessions] from Thursday 11 November Garden History – The Landscape Garden [6 sessions] from Tuesday 16 November Shakespeare and Gardens [4 sessions] Saturday 20 November 11th New Research Symposium, session 2 — 18th and 19th century gardens and landscapes from Wednesday 1 December Unforgettable Gardens further afield… 2022 TBC April 2022 Return to Sicily and Palermo, Gardens Trust Study Tour 2 to 4 September North Yorkshire Gardens and Landscapes Weekend Details and booking information for all these events can be found inside on pages 29 to 33. This is a rapidly evolving programme so please keep an eye on our website for updates: thegardenstrust.org/events-archive/ and always check our e-Bulletin for the very latest programme details and information.

GT NEWS correspondence and items to The Gardens Trust head office, headed: GT NEWS or email the editor Charles Boot: [email protected] Please make a note of our publications schedule: GT NEWS copy deadlines: 1 February, 1 June & 1 October. Distribution: mid March, mid July with our Journal & Annual Report; mid November with our Journal. GT NEWS ISSN 2398-3248 Editor and layout Charles Boot Printed by Lavenham Press, 47 Water Street, Lavenham, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 9RNGT NEWS 16 Summer 2021 39 NOTHING ELSE IS A HARTLEY

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