DOCSLIB.ORG

The Middle East

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Middle East An Overview of Standard Contractual Forms Modifications in the Construction Industry - The Middle East Sadek Samer University of Salford, United Kingdom email: [email protected] Udayangani Kulatunga University of Salford, United Kingdom email: [email protected] Abstract Despite the fact that there exist several construction forms of contract that aimed at standardizing the contractual clauses in relation to the construction industry, the adoption of the same was being subject to major modifications and alteration endangering the overall spirit and consistency of the contractual forms. Knowing that the middle East region is and will be subject to major construction projects during the upcoming years, it is of major importance to consider that well figured contractual clauses would play major role in simplifying part of the complexity associated with the construction environment. The problem is that the project parties would be focusing on the contractual aspects governing the project rather than technical and execution issues which would eventually flag hindrance in the project original schedule and certainly an escalation to the project original budget notwithstanding the project works atmosphere. Furthermore, and if the contractual clauses were not drafted clearly, contracts negotiation and signature would be a time consuming challenge and would take considerable time from the total originally allocated. During project execution, the problem may become worse if the contractual terms and conditions were not clear enough i.e. the contracting parties do not have a clear understanding of what they have agreed upon, accordingly, any claim may be considered as a fertile ground for contractual disputes. The above issues represent a challenge to any project manager whose aim is to finish his project within the given time frame and allocated budget constraints. Hence, it would be of great importance to have the conditions of contracts responsibly drafted. The same would assist in alleviating disputes that do relate to contractual terms and would support the contracting parties to jointly read from the same book. This paper focuses on Standard construction contracts current practices in the Middle East with their corresponding conditions. The final section of this paper highlights the major modifications being witnessed to the Standard contractual clauses. Keywords: Standard contractual forms, Middle East 1 Introduction The General Conditions of Contract are of major importance since the same do play a main regulatory role at the various project interfaces during project execution which mandates a particular attention and proper tuning during project award through its corresponding Particular Conditions of Contract. Particular Conditions needs to be introduced, as per FIDIC Fourth Edition reprint 2011, for the following reasons: 1. Where the General Conditions of Contract requires further information to be included in the Particular Conditions without which the conditions are not complete. 2. Where the General Conditions of Contract requires supplementary information to be included in the Particular Conditions without which the conditions would still be complete. 3. Where the locality and circumstances of the scope of works necessitate additional clauses to the General Conditions of Contract. 4. Where the law of the country in which the works to be executed necessitates introducing modifications to the General Conditions of Contract. If the particular contractual clauses were not drafted responsibly, or falsely tuned, Contracts, even those with Standardized general conditions, negotiation and signature would be a time consuming challenge and would take considerable time from the total originally allocated (Tatarestaghi, 2011). During project execution, the problem may become worse if the contractual terms and conditions were not clear enough i.e. the contracting parties do not have a clear understanding of what they have agreed upon, accordingly, any claim may be considered as a fertile ground for contractual disputes (Murdoch and Hughes, 2008). In 2006, Fenn et al developed and published a summary of the studies of the sources of disputes (Fenn et al., 2006). His study showed that disputes do relate to contract interpretation, misunderstandings, extension of time, variation to scope, payment, administration, contract terms…. Etc. For instance: Lee (1994), noted that unfair contract clauses, vague definition of contract documents in terms of performance period, payment, variations do contribute to disputes from contract problem. Jones (1994), highlighted that inadequate contract drafting is a factor that would contribute to disputes. Lo (2002), noted that differences in contract interpretation between project parties would lead to construction conflict. Yan (2002), marked that contractual factors do form one of the sources of dispute. Within the Middle East region, the situation is not different, Al-Hammad, (1993), noted that there exists “interface problems” in the relationship of a main contractor and his subcontractor. The problems do relate mainly to contract progress payment, lack of construction quality work, execution errors, and delay in shop drawings and/or sample material approval, which do mandate clear contractual responsibly to deal with the same and avoid problem escalation. The above issues represent a challenge to any project manager whose aim is to finish his project within the given time frame and allocated budget constraints. Hence, it would be of great importance to have the particular conditions properly drafted. The same would alleviate the disputes that do relate to contractual terms and would support the contracting parties to jointly read from the same book. The Aim of this paper is to evaluate the mostly being modified Standard Form of Construction Contract clauses in the Middle East Area. Accordingly, the paper is structured as follows: firstly, the literature review is presented by providing an overview of the Construction Industry in the Middle East Region and a review of the Construction Contracts Standard Forms with a highlight on the importance of General Conditions and Standard Forms. Secondly, the research method used for the paper is explained. Finally the Research findings are presented with the way forward. 2 Literature review 2.1 Overview of the construction industry in the middle east region The Middle East region connects the continents of Africa, Asia, and Europe. The definition of the countries forming the Middle East is not well defined to the extent that not everyone agrees as to what countries can be labeled "Middle Eastern”. The countries that are normally referred to being middle Easterns are: Bahrain, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia KSA, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen (Gunderson 2003). Comprising some of the spectacular skyscrapers to artificial floating island homes, state of the art large retail malls, major residential and commercial developments, the construction industry continues to remain at the top of Middle Eastern countries agenda in their quest to create an alternative to the predominantly oil based economy. During the third quarter of 2011, the value of construction contracts awarded reached USD 36.78 billion awarded in the second quarter of the same year (Ventures Middle East, 2011). To identify the distribution of construction projects by countries, Figure 1 indicates Projects by Country and Status of Construction. From a different perspective, within the Middle East region, the construction market in Saudi Arabia comprises the largest construction market with multibillion dollar projects under way and many more being still in the planning stage by the private and public sectors, (Mohammed Al-Nagadi, 2011), which is in line with Figure 1. During 2011, the Saudi Arabia's construction sector indicated a double digit growth of 11.6% in 2011 if compared to 7.8% in 2010, (Bank Audi Saradar, 2012), reflecting a positive increasing trend in the construction market which implies additional use of construction contracts and imposes additional challenges to the contractual forms. A major key driver in Saudi Arabia's construction industry is the shortage of supply and escalating demand in the housing market. In March 2011, King Abdullah released a plan to build 500,000 affordable homes within the Kingdom worth US$ 66.7 billion (Bank Audi Saradar, 2012). Figure 1: Projects by Country and Status of Construction (US$ Million) September 2012 (Ventures Middle East, 2012) Another new dimension added to Saudi Arabia construction projects is the concept of economic cities with currently four are being constructed (King Abdullah Economic City, Jazan Economic City, Prince Abdul Aziz Bin Musaed Economic City, Knowledge Economic City being) with a value of around USD 50 Billion, and two More under the design and planning stage (North Economic City, Easter Province Economic City) (Saad Al Adhami, 2011). 2.2 Construction disputes observation According to EC Harris 2013, an International Built Asset Consultancy, the construction disputes in the Middle East are more than double the global average, the same was attributed to the a failure to properly administer the contract, failure to understand and/ or comply with the parties own contractual obligations, its contractual which indicate additional urgency to further investigate the Conditions of Contracts being used (EC Harris, 2013). 2.3 What is “Standard General Conditions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Construction Management Contracts: Law and Practice
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Central Archive at the University of Reading Construction management contracts: law and practice Will Hughes, Dept of Construction Management & Engineering, University of Reading, PO Box 219, Reading RG6 6AW, UK Abstract: The context of construction management (CM) reveals that this method of procurement is as much a management philosophy as a contract structure. It is important to consider legal and contractual issues in this context. The interplay between management and law is complex and often misunderstood. Before considering specific issues, the use of contractual remedies in business agreements is discussed. In addition, the extent to which standardising a form of contract detracts or contributes to the success of projects is also considered. The dearth of judicial decisions, and the lack of a standard form, render it difficult to be specific about legal issues. Therefore, the main discussion of legal issues is centred around a recently completed research project which involved eliciting the views of a cross-section of experienced construction management clients, consultants and trade contractors. These interviews are used as the basis for highlighting some of the most important legal points to consider when setting up CM projects. The interviews revealed that the advantage of CM is the proximity of the client to the trade contractors and the disadvantage is that it depends on a high degree of professionalism and experience; qualities which are unfortunately difficult to find in the UK construction industry. Keywords: Construction management, contract drafting, law, procurement, risk apportionment. Contract structure or management philosophy? Construction management (CM) is a procurement system which differs significantly from general contracting.
    [Show full text]
  • The Guide to Construction Arbitration
    Global Arbitration Review The Guide to Construction Arbitration General Editors Stavros Brekoulakis and David Brynmor Thomas QC Third Edition © Law Business Research The Guide to Construction Arbitration Third Edition Editors Stavros Brekoulakis and David Brynmor Thomas QC Reproduced with permission from Law Business Research Ltd This article was first published in October 2019 For further information please contact [email protected] arg © Law Business Research Publisher David Samuels Account Manager Bevan Woodhouse Editorial Coordinator Hannah Higgins Head of Production Adam Myers Deputy Head of Production Simon Busby Copy-editor Claire Ancell Proofreader Rakesh Rajani Published in the United Kingdom by Law Business Research Ltd, Meridian House, 34-35 Farringdon Street, London EC4A 4HL, UK © 2019 Law Business Research Ltd www.globalarbitrationreview.com No photocopying: copyright licences do not apply. The information provided in this publication is general and may not apply in a specific situation, nor does it necessarily represent the views of authors’ firms or their clients. Legal advice should always be sought before taking any legal action based on the information provided. The publishers accept no responsibility for any acts or omissions contained herein. Although the information provided is accurate as of September 2019, be advised that this is a developing area. Enquiries concerning reproduction should be sent to Law Business Research, at the address above. Enquiries concerning editorial content should be directed
    [Show full text]
  • Major Challenges Facing the Implementation of the FIDIC in Construction Projects in Palestine
    An-Najah National University Faculty of Graduates Studies Major Challenges Facing the Implementation of the FIDIC in Construction Projects in Palestine By Mohammad Bahij Mohammad Tuffaha Supervisor Prof. Sameer Abu-Eisheh This Thesis is Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master in Engineering Management, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine. 2015 iii DEDICATION I dedicate this work, with sincere gratitude, to all my family for their unlimited and generous support, and to all those who supported me to achieve it successfully. Mohammad B. Tuffaha iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Praise and thanks to Allah who granted me the power to finish this work. Secondly, I would like to express my deep appreciation for many people without their guidance and persistent help, this dissertation would not have been possible. Particularly my supervisor Prof. Sameer Abu- Eisheh for his constant support and invaluable guidance. Special thanks to Eng. Jamal Al-Aref and Eng. Rabah Odeh and all ANERA’s staff for their support and motivation. Also, I would like to extend my thanks to my instructors in the Engineering Management Program at An-Najah National University for their support, dedication and devotion. Kind gratitude and sincere acknowledgement to all Ministries, Municipalities, International NGO’s, Engineering Firms, Palestinian Contractors Union, and Contractors who participated in filling out the study questionnaires and provided valuable information for this study. Finally, I would like
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Design-Build: an Analysis of Its Uniqueness Based on Responsibility and Risk Allocation in Construction Contracts
    JAPANESE DESIGN-BUILD: AN ANALYSIS OF ITS UNIQUENESS BASED ON RESPONSIBILITY AND RISK ALLOCATION IN CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS January 2013 AZEANITA SURATKON Graduate School of Engineering CHIBA UNIVERSITY Abstract Japanese Design-Build (DB) is unique and different from the DB implemented in other parts of the world, especially in advanced western countries like the US and UK. The purpose of this research study is to analyse the uniqueness of Japanese DB, based on allocation of responsibility and risk in the standard construction contracts. A comparative analysis was carried out to ascertain the similarities and differences between Japanese DB contract and Japanese traditional as well as western contracts as represented by the standard contract forms of the American Institute of Architects and the Joint Contracts Tribunal. Contract clauses are extracted and broken down into eight elementary components in order to clarify the responsibility statement. For each responsibility, the appropriate project phases (whether pre-design, design, construction or completion of each responsibility), risk contained in the responsibility and degree of each party’s involvement were indicated. To make the three contract series with different configuration structures comparable, ten headings of contractual issues were established. The comparative analysis revealed that the differences between Japanese and western contracts basically revolve around the clarity of the responsibility description, the process and approach of decision making, and the degree of involvement by the Owner. The finding supports the hypothesis that the Japanese DB contract does not properly represent the actual Japanese DB; instead, it suggests that the Japanese DB is closer to the Japanese Traditional method. The hypothesis that the Japanese DB is nothing like the DB in other global DB standard contracts, as represented by the AIA-DB and JCT-DB, was also verified.
    [Show full text]
  • Fall 2002, Vol. 7, No. 3, Pp. 117-136 1522-8150/01/$3.00/Educational Practice Manuscript What Should We Teach About Design-Build Contracts? a Learning Module
    Journal of Construction Education Copyright 2002 by the Associated Schools of Construction Fall 2002, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 117-136 1522-8150/01/$3.00/Educational Practice Manuscript What Should We Teach About Design-Build Contracts? A Learning Module Lee A. Ellingson Indiana State University Terre Haute, Indiana The popularity of the design-build method of project delivery is increasing in the United States. There are important differences between design-build and the more traditional method of design- bid-build. Getting the details right in the contracts can make the difference between success or failure. Professional organizations publish standard form contracts to assist their constituents to create accurate and comprehensive contracts. This paper identifies which standard form contracts are available and some important issues to consider when negotiating any construction contract. It is written to be used as a learning module for any course related to design-build. Key Words: Design-Build, Contracts, Construction, Agreements Introduction A contract is an agreement between two or more parties to do something (or refrain from doing something) and is enforceable by law. Contracting is fundamental to the construction industry. Constructors are commonly called contractors. They contract with an owner to construct something. Architects and engineers are also contractors except they typically provide documents instead of buildings. (However, this is changing, as more designers get involved with design-build.) Contract law is an important study in the legal profession, and many lawyers specialize in this area. Although lawyers can be an important asset in contract negotiations, owners, builders, and designers should have the knowledge and skill to negotiate a favorable contract.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance Bonds and Guarantees: Construction Owners And
    PERFORMANCE BONDS AND GUARANTEES:CONSTRUCTION OWNERS AND PROFESSIONALS BEWARE By Issaka Ndekugri1 ABSTRACT: Performance bonds and guarantees have been the subject of considerable litigation in recent years in not only the United Kingdom but also some other common law jurisdictions. The aim of the research reported in this paper is to identify the issues most commonly in dispute and the legal principles governing their resolution. Possession of knowledge of the issues and principle should alert the construction and engineering industries and their legal advisers to the matters that need serious attention in the drafting and negotiation of these instruments. Clarity in the legal principles should also contribute to a reduction in litigation. The issues identi®ed include: (1) Whether an instrument is a conditional or an on-demand bond; (2) the effect of failure on the part of the bene®ciary to give notices; (3) availability of an injunction to restrain the surety from paying after a call has been made by the bene®ciary; (4) availability of an injunction to restrain a bene®ciary from receiving payment after a demand has been made; (5) availability of an injunction to restrain a bene®ciary from making claim; (6) availability of a Mareva injunction to freeze the fruits of a call; (7) meanings of certain phrases used in the instruments; and (8) a duty to account for proceeds of a call. The principles governing their resolution were also identi®ed. Particular attention must be paid to (1) any ambiguity whether a surety is liable is always construed in the surety's favor; and (2) prejudicial conduct by the bene®ciary releases the surety unless the instrument provides expressly to the contrary.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Article
    The JCT Povey Lecture The Journey to Deep GreenTM Mike Putnam 6 December 2011 Introduction On Tuesday 6 December the JCT Povey Lecture was given by Mike Putnam, President & CEO of Skanska UK. His lecture, entitled ‘The Journey to Deep GreenTM’, was presented at the Bevin Hall, Local Government House, Smith Square, London. The JCT Povey Lecture is an annual event at which an eminent person is invited to give his/her thoughts on significant matters that are relevant to the construction and property industry. The JCT Povey Lecture was inaugurated in 2003 as a public acknowledgement and tribute to Philip Povey who served the Joint Contracts Tribunal for 50 years. Biographical Details Philip John Povey – Barrister – commenced in construction as a legal adviser to the NFBTE, later became the Construction Confederation, in 1951. At the same time he began to assist the Joint Secretaries of the Joint Contracts Tribunal (the JCT). Philip first became Director of Legal Services at the Confederation and then its Director General. He later became the first Secretary-General of the restructured Joint Contracts Tribunal Limited in 1998. Philip's work for the JCT became well known through the publication of JCT Standard Forms of Contract, which in time found their way to many parts of the world. He had a keen mind, which steered him around what he viewed as the less important or parochial issues for which the industry seems to have a particular attraction and enabled him to get to the core of a problem and to resolve it. He was an extremely skilful draftsman who invariably managed to satisfy the demands of many disparate, often competing, bodies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Construction Industry Model Arbitration Rules Are the Result of Extensive Consultation with the Industry Over a Period of Some Eighteen Months
    THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY MODEL ARBITRATION RULES FOR USE WITH ARBITRATION AGREEMENTS UNDER THE ARBITRATION ACT 1996 FEBRUARY 1998 PREFACE The Construction Industry Model Arbitration Rules are the result of extensive consultation with the industry over a period of some eighteen months. This edition of the Rules may be cited as “CIMAR 1998” At the time of publication endorsement of the use of the Rules has been indicated by the following bodies: The Association of Consulting Engineers The British Institute of Architectural Technologists The British Property Federation The Chartered Institute of Arbitrators The Chartered Institute of Building The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers The Civil Engineering Contractors’ Association Construction Confederation The Constructors Liaison Group The Institution of Mechanical Engineers The Institution of Electrical Engineers The Royal Institute of British Architects The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors The Specialist Engineering Contractors’ Group The Conditions of Contract Standing Joint Committee sponsored by: The Institution of Civil Engineers The Civil Engineering Contractors Association The Association of Consulting Engineers has recommended to its sponsors that arbitration under the family of ICE Conditions should offer CIMAR in addition to the ICE Arbitration Procedure as one of its two options The Joint Contracts Tribunal is publishing an edition of CIMAR incorporating advisory procedures for use with its standard form contracts and is issuing amendments to its contracts to incorporate these Rules. The Institution of Chemical Engineers will be including a note to their Model Form Contracts that CIMAR may, by agreement between the parties, be used as an alternative to the IChemE Arbitration Rules. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Society of Construction Arbitrators acknowledges the contribution of all who have assisted the Society in the production of these Rules.
    [Show full text]
  • Practice Note – Deciding on the Appropriate JCT Contract
    Practice Note – Deciding on the appropriate JCT contract This Practice Note is intended to provide assistance in deciding the appropriate form of contract but it is not a substitute for professional advice. Published September 2011 by Sweet & Maxwell, 100 Avenue Road, London NW3 3PF part of Thomson Reuters (Professional) UK Limited (Registered in England and Wales, Company No 1679046. Registered Office and address for service: Aldgate House, 33 Aldgate High Street, London EC3N 1DL) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Thomson Reuters and the Thomson Reuters Logo are trademarks of Thomson Reuters. Sweet & Maxwell ® is a registered trademark of Thomson Reuters (Professional) UK Limited. © The Joint Contracts Tribunal Limited 2011 www.jctcontracts.com Contents Introduction Page 1 Part 1: Project Strategy 2 Procurement methods 2 Types of contract 4 Matters which might influence choice 5 Consequences of the choice of main contract 6 Watchpoints for choice and use 8 Part 2: Range of JCT Main Contracts 9 Traditional or conventional : Lump sum 9 Traditional or conventional: Measurement 14 Traditional or conventional: Cost reimbursement or cost plus 15 Design and build 16 Management 17 Partnering 19 Pre-Construction Services Agreement 20
    [Show full text]
  • Construction and Projects Guide: United Kingdom (England and Wales)
    ® By in-house counsel, for in-house counsel.® InfoPAKSM Construction and Projects Guide: United Kingdom (England and Wales) Sponsored by: Association of Corporate Counsel Association of Corporate Counsel 1025 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 200 1025 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 200 Washington, DC 20036 USA Washington, DC 20036 USA tel +1 202.293.4103, fax +1 202.293.4701 tel +1 202.293.4103, fax +1 202.293.4701 www.acc.com www.acc.com 2 Construction and Projects Guide: United Kingdom (England and Wales) Construction and Projects Guide: United Kingdom (England and Wales) March 2016 Provided by the Association of Corporate Counsel 1025 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 200 Washington, DC 20036 tel +1 202.293.4103 fax +1 202.293.4107 www.acc.com This InfoPAKSM provides a Q&A that gives a high level overview of the main trends and significant deals; procurement arrangements; transaction structures and corporate vehicles; financing projects; security and contractual protections that funders require; standard forms of contracts; risk allocation; excluding liability, including caps and force majeure; contractual provisions covering material delays and variations; appointing and paying contractors; subcontractors; licences and consents; projects insurance; employment laws; health and safety; environmental issues; corrupt business practices and bribery; bankruptcy/insolvency; public private partnerships (PPPs); dispute resolution; tax and mitigating tax liability; the main construction organisations; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the construction and projects Country Q&A tool at http://uk.practicallaw.com/4-502-1260. This Q&A is part of the global guide to construction and projects law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/construction-guide.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainability Note with Green Text:S&M 432
    Sustainability Note with green text:S&M 432 JCT Mngmt Build 09/02/2009 14:42 Page 1 together future Building a sustainable Please consider the environment and do not print this document 2009 PCSA Building a sustainable future together Members British Property Federation Limited Construction Confederation Local Government Association National Specialist Contractors Council Limited Royal Institute of British Architects The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors Scottish Building Contract Committee Limited All parties must rely exclusively upon their own skill and judgment or upon those of their advisers when using this document and neither Sweet & Maxwell, Thomson Reuters (Legal) Limited nor its associated companies assume any liability to any user or any third party in connection with such use. Guidance Note {SweetAndMaxwell}XML/Sustainability Guidance Note Inside.3d 30/1/09 14:56 Amended by Evelyn Smith Guidance Note –Building asustainable future together Published February2009 by Thomson Reuters (Legal) Limited (Registered in England & Wales, Company No 1679046) trading as Sweet &Maxwell 100 Avenue Road, London, NW3 3PF All rights reserved. No partofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted, in any formorbyany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior written permission of the publisher.Thomson Reuters and the Thomson Reuters Logo are trademarks of Thomson Reuters.Sweet
    [Show full text]
  • Design-And-Build-Contract.Pdf
    Design and Build Contract (DB) Appropriate: • where detailed contract provisions are necessary and Employer’s Requirements have been prepared and provided to the Contractor; • where the Contractor is not only to carry out and complete the works, but also to complete the design; and • where the Employer employs an agent (who may be an external consultant or employee) to administer the conditions. Can be used: • where the works are to be carried out in sections; • by both private and local authority employers. Where the Contractor’s design responsibility is restricted to discrete parts of the works and he is not responsible for completing the design for the whole works, consideration should be given to using one of the JCT contracts that provide for the employment of an Architect/Contract Administrator and limited design input by the Contractor. Published September 2011 by Sweet & Maxwell, 100 Avenue Road, London NW3 3PF part of Thomson Reuters (Professional) UK Limited (Registered in England and Wales, Company No 1679046. Registered Office and address for service: Aldgate House, 33 Aldgate High Street, London EC3N 1DL) The 2011 Edition is intended for use following the implementation of the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 on 1 October 2011. For details of 2011 Edition changes, see the Design and Build Contract Guide (DB/G). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]