Codon Usage and Selection on Proteins
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Weak Selection Revealed by the Whole-Genome Comparison of the X Chromosome and Autosomes of Human and Chimpanzee
Weak selection revealed by the whole-genome comparison of the X chromosome and autosomes of human and chimpanzee Jian Lu and Chung-I Wu* Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 Communicated by Tomoko Ohta, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan, January 19, 2005 (received for review November 22, 2004) The effect of weak selection driving genome evolution has at- An alternative approach to measuring the extent and strength tracted much attention in the last decade, but the task of measur- of selection, both positive and negative, is to contrast the ing the strength of such selection is particularly difficult. A useful evolution of X-linked and autosomal genes (18, 19). If the fitness approach is to contrast the evolution of X-linked and autosomal effect of a mutation is (partially) recessive, then this effect can genes in two closely related species in a whole-genome analysis. If be more readily manifested on the X chromosome than on the the fitness effect of mutations is recessive, X-linked genes should autosomes (20). When the recessive mutations are still rare, they evolve more rapidly than autosomal genes when the mutations are will nonetheless be expressed in the hemizygous males of the XY advantageous, and they should evolve more slowly than autoso- system. On the other hand, autosomal mutations have to become mal genes when the mutations are deleterious. We found synon- sufficiently frequent to form homozygotes to be influenced by ymous substitutions on the X chromosome of human and chim- natural selection under random mating. Therefore, if recessive panzee to be less frequent than those on the autosomes. -
Demography and Weak Selection Drive Patterns of Transposable Element Diversity in Natural Populations of Arabidopsis Lyrata
Demography and weak selection drive patterns of transposable element diversity in natural populations of Arabidopsis lyrata Steven Lockton, Jeffrey Ross-Ibarra, and Brandon S. Gaut* Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 Edited by M. T. Clegg, University of California, Irvine, CA, and approved June 25, 2008 (received for review May 13, 2008) Transposable elements (TEs) are the major component of most approximately 6,000 TEs within the A. thaliana genome have been plant genomes, and characterizing their population dynamics is well characterized (4, 19). A. lyrata diverged from A. thaliana Ϸ5 key to understanding plant genome complexity. Yet there have million years ago (20) and has become a model system for plant been few studies of TE population genetics in plant systems. To molecular population genetics (21). A. lyrata is a predominantly study the roles of selection, transposition, and demography in self-incompatible, perennial species distributed across northern and shaping TE population diversity, we generated a polymorphism central Europe, Asia, and North America. A. lyrata consists of large, dataset for six TE families in four populations of the flowering stable populations, particularly in Central Europe where popula- plant Arabidopsis lyrata. The TE data indicated significant differ- tions are hypothesized to have served as Pleistocene refugia (21– entiation among populations, and maximum likelihood procedures 23). Importantly, Ross-Ibarra et al. (24) modeled the demographic suggested weak selection. For strongly bottlenecked populations, history of six natural A. lyrata populations based on single- the observed TE band-frequency spectra fit data simulated under nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from 77 nuclear genes. -
Insights Into the Codon Usage Bias of 13 Severe Acute
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.01.019463; this version posted April 4, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Insights into The Codon Usage Bias of 13 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Isolates from Different Geo- locations Ali Mostafa Anwar *1, Saif M. Khodary 1 1 Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which is an infectious disease that spread throughout the world and was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). In the present study, we analyzed genome-wide codon usage patterns in 13 SARS-CoV-2 isolates from different geo-locations (countries) by utilizing different CUB measurements. Nucleotide and di-nucleotide compositions displayed bias toward A/U content in all codon positions and CpU-ended codons preference, respectively. Relative Synonymous Codon Usage (RSCU) analysis revealed 8 common putative preferred codons among all the 13 isolates. Interestingly, all of the latter codons are A/U-ended (U-ended: 7, A-ended: 1). Cluster analysis (based on RSCU values) was performed and showed comparable results to the phylogenetic analysis (based on their whole genome sequences) indicating that the CUB pattern may reflect the evolutionary relationship between the tested isolates. -
Codon Usage Bias in the Model Moss Physcomitrella Patens
GBE Selfing in Haploid Plants and Efficacy of Selection: Codon Usage Bias in the Model Moss Physcomitrella patens Pe´ ter Szo¨ve´nyi,1,* Kristian K. Ullrich,2,7 Stefan A. Rensing,2,3 Daniel Lang,4 Nico van Gessel,5 Hans K. Stenøien,6 Elena Conti,1 and Ralf Reski3,5 1Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Switzerland 2Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Germany 3BIOSS—Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany 4Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Mu¨ nchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany 5Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany 6NTNU University Museum, Trondheim, Norway 7Present address: Max-Planck-Insitut fu¨ r Evolutionsbiologie, Plo¨n,Germany *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]. Accepted: May 25, 2017 Data deposition: This project has been deposited at EMBL ENA under the accession PRJEB8683. Abstract A long-term reduction in effective population size will lead to major shift in genome evolution. In particular, when effective population size is small, genetic drift becomes dominant over natural selection. The onset of self-fertilization is one evolutionary event considerably reducing effective size of populations. Theory predicts that this reduction should be more dramatic in organ- isms capable for haploid than for diploid selfing. Although theoretically well-grounded, this assertion received mixed experimen- tal support. Here, we test this hypothesis by analyzing synonymous codon usage bias of genes in the model moss Physcomitrella patens frequently undergoing haploid selfing. In line with population genetic theory, we found that the effect of natural selection on synonymous codon usage bias is very weak. -
Codon Usage and Adenovirus Fitness: Implications for Vaccine Development
fmicb-12-633946 February 8, 2021 Time: 11:48 # 1 REVIEW published: 10 February 2021 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.633946 Codon Usage and Adenovirus Fitness: Implications for Vaccine Development Judit Giménez-Roig1, Estela Núñez-Manchón1, Ramon Alemany2, Eneko Villanueva3 and Cristina Fillat1,4,5* 1 Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain, 2 Procure Program, Institut Català d’Oncologia- Oncobell Program, IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, 3 Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 4 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain, 5 Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain Vaccination is the most effective method to date to prevent viral diseases. It intends to mimic a naturally occurring infection while avoiding the disease, exposing our bodies to viral antigens to trigger an immune response that will protect us from future infections. Among different strategies for vaccine development, recombinant vaccines are one of the most efficient ones. Recombinant vaccines use safe viral vectors as vehicles and incorporate a transgenic antigen of the pathogen against which we intend to Edited by: Rosa Maria Pintó, generate an immune response. These vaccines can be based on replication-deficient University of Barcelona, Spain viruses or replication-competent viruses. While the most effective strategy involves Reviewed by: replication-competent viruses, they must be attenuated to prevent any health hazard Kai Li, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, while guaranteeing a strong humoral and cellular immune response. Several attenuation Chinese Academy of Agricultural strategies for adenoviral-based vaccine development have been contemplated over Sciences, China time. -
Recombination, Dominance and Selection on Amino Acid Polymorphism in the Drosophila Genome: Contrasting Patterns on the X and Fourth Chromosomes
Copyright 2003 by the Genetics Society of America Recombination, Dominance and Selection on Amino Acid Polymorphism in the Drosophila Genome: Contrasting Patterns on the X and Fourth Chromosomes Lea A. Sheldahl, Daniel M. Weinreich and David M. Rand1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 Manuscript received December 14, 2002 Accepted for publication June 27, 2003 ABSTRACT Surveys of nucleotide polymorphism and divergence indicate that the average selection coefficient on Drosophila proteins is weakly positive. Similar surveys in mitochondrial genomes and in the selfing plant Arabidopsis show that weak negative selection has operated. These differences have been attributed to the low recombination environment of mtDNA and Arabidopsis that has hindered adaptive evolution through the interference effects of linkage. We test this hypothesis with new sequence surveys of proteins lying in low recombination regions of the Drosophila genome. We surveyed Ͼ3800 bp across four proteins at the tip of the X chromosome and Ͼ3600 bp across four proteins on the fourth chromosome in 24 strains of D. melanogaster and 5 strains of D. simulans. This design seeks to study the interaction of selection and linkage by comparing silent and replacement variation in semihaploid (X chromosome) and diploid (fourth chromosome) environments lying in regions of low recombination. While the data do indicate very low rates of exchange, all four gametic phases were observed both at the tip of the X and across the ϭ fourth chromosome. Silent variation is very low at the tip of the X ( S 0.0015) and on the fourth ϭ chromosome ( S 0.0002), but the tip of the X shows a greater proportional loss of variation than the fourth shows relative to normal-recombination regions. -
Codon Clusters with Biased Synonymous Codon Usage Represent
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/530345; this version posted January 25, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Codon clusters with biased synonymous codon usage represent 2 hidden functional domains in protein-coding DNA sequences 3 4 Authors 5 Zhen Peng1*, Yehuda Ben-Shahar1 6 7 Affiliations 8 1Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63130, USA. 9 *Correspondence to: Zhen Peng ([email protected]). 10 11 Outline 12 1. Abstract 13 2. Introduction 14 3. Results 15 3.1. Identifying putatively functional codon clusters (PFCCs) 16 3.2. Codon usage patterns of PFCCs are diverse 17 3.3. PFCC distribution is not restricted to specific regions of protein-coding sequences 18 3.4. Specific protein functional classes are overrepresented in genes carrying PFCCs while most PFCCs 19 are not associated with known protein domains 20 3.5. Voltage-gated sodium channels include a conserved rare-codon cluster associated with the 21 inactivation gate 22 4. Discussion 23 5. Materials and Methods 24 5.1. Reference genome and data pre-procession Page 1 of 28 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/530345; this version posted January 25, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 25 5.2. Identifying PFCCs 26 5.3. Calculating TCAI 27 5.4. K-mean clustering of PFCCs 28 5.5. -
Analysis of Codon Usage Patterns in Giardia Duodenalis Based on Transcriptome Data from Giardiadb
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Analysis of Codon Usage Patterns in Giardia duodenalis Based on Transcriptome Data from GiardiaDB Xin Li, Xiaocen Wang, Pengtao Gong, Nan Zhang, Xichen Zhang and Jianhua Li * Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; [email protected] (X.L.); [email protected] (X.W.); [email protected] (P.G.); [email protected] (N.Z.); [email protected] (X.Z.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-431-8783-6172; Fax: +86-431-8798-1351 Abstract: Giardia duodenalis, a flagellated parasitic protozoan, the most common cause of parasite- induced diarrheal diseases worldwide. Codon usage bias (CUB) is an important evolutionary character in most species. However, G. duodenalis CUB remains unclear. Thus, this study analyzes codon usage patterns to assess the restriction factors and obtain useful information in shaping G. duo- denalis CUB. The neutrality analysis result indicates that G. duodenalis has a wide GC3 distribution, which significantly correlates with GC12. ENC-plot result—suggesting that most genes were close to the expected curve with only a few strayed away points. This indicates that mutational pressure and natural selection played an important role in the development of CUB. The Parity Rule 2 plot (PR2) result demonstrates that the usage of GC and AT was out of proportion. Interestingly, we identified 26 optimal codons in the G. duodenalis genome, ending with G or C. In addition, GC content, gene expression, and protein size also influence G. -
Close Evolutionary Relationship Between Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf
Wang et al. Virology Journal (2019) 16:53 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-019-1163-3 RESEARCH Open Access Close evolutionary relationship between rice black-streaked dwarf virus and southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus based on analysis of their bicistronic RNAs Zenghui Wang1,2†, Chengming Yu2†, Yuanhao Peng1†, Chengshi Ding1, Qingliang Li1, Deya Wang1* and Xuefeng Yuan2* Abstract Background: Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) and Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) seriously interfered in the production of rice and maize in China. These two viruses are members of the genus Fijivirus in the family Reoviridae and can cause similar dwarf symptoms in rice. Although some studies have reported the phylogenetic analysis on RBSDV or SRBSDV, the evolutionary relationship between these viruses is scarce. Methods: In this study, we analyzed the evolutionary relationships between RBSDV and SRBSDV based on the data from the analysis of codon usage, RNA recombination and phylogenetic relationship, selection pressure and genetic characteristics of the bicistronic RNAs (S5, S7 and S9). Results: RBSDV and SRBSDV showed similar patterns of codon preference: open reading frames (ORFs) in S7 and S5 had with higher and lower codon usage bias, respectively. Some isolates from RBSDV and SRBSDV formed a clade in the phylogenetic tree of S7 and S9. In addition, some recombination events in S9 occurred between RBSDV and SRBSDV. Conclusions: Our results suggest close evolutionary relationships between RBSDV and SRBSDV. Selection pressure, gene flow, and neutrality tests also supported the evolutionary relationships. Keywords: RBSDV, SRBSDV, Phylogenetic analysis, Recombination, Selection pressure Introduction was first reported in Guangdong Province, China in In major rice-growing regions, virus diseases occurred 2001 [4], and later was identified as a disease caused by frequently and caused severe damages to rice, among Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), a which Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) and new member of the genus Fijivirus [5]. -
Gene Flow 1 6 James Mallet
Gene Flow 1 6 James Mallet Calton Laboratory, Department of Biology, Univetsity College London, 4 Stephenson Way, London NWI 2HE, UK What is Gene Flow? 'Gene flow' means the movement of genes. In some cases, small fragments of DNA may pass from one individual directly into the germline of another, perhaps transduced by a pathogenic virus or other vector, or deliberately via a human transgenic manipulation. However, this kind of gene flow, known as horizontal gene transfer, is rare. Most of the time, gene flow is caused by the movement or dispersal of whole organisms or genomes from one popula- tion to another. After entering a new population, immigrant genomes may become incorporated due to sexual reproduction or hybridization, and will be gradually broken up by recombination. 'Genotype flow' would therefore be a more logical term to indicate that the whole genome is moving at one time. The term 'gene flow' is used probably because of an implicit belief in abundant recombination, and because most theory is still based on simple single locus models: it does not mean that genes are transferred one at a time. The fact that gene flow is usually caused by genotype flow has important consequences for its measurement, as we shall see. Two Meanings of 'Gene Flow' We are often taught that 'dispersal does not necessarily lead to gene flow'. The term 'gene flow' is then being used in the sense of a final state of the population, i.e. successful establishment of moved genes. This disagrees somewhat with a more straightforward interpretation of gene flow as actual EICAR International 2001. -
The Causes and Consequences of Codon Bias
REVIEWS Synonymous but not the same: the causes and consequences of codon bias Joshua B. Plotkin*and Grzegorz Kudla‡ Abstract | Despite their name, synonymous mutations have significant consequences for cellular processes in all taxa. As a result, an understanding of codon bias is central to fields as diverse as molecular evolution and biotechnology. Although recent advances in sequencing and synthetic biology have helped to resolve longstanding questions about codon bias, they have also uncovered striking patterns that suggest new hypotheses about protein synthesis. Ongoing work to quantify the dynamics of initiation and elongation is as important for understanding natural synonymous variation as it is for designing transgenes in applied contexts. When the inherent redundancy of the genetic code Advances in synthetic biology, mass spectrometry was discovered, scientists were rightly puzzled by the and sequencing now provide tools for systematically elu- role of synonymous mutations1. The central dogma of cidating the molecular and cellular consequences of syn- molecular biology suggests that synonymous muta- onymous nucleotide variation. Such studies have refined tions — those that do not alter the encoded amino our understanding of the relative roles of initiation, elon- acid — will have no effect on the resulting protein gation, degradation and misfolding in determining pro- sequence and, therefore, no effect on cellular func- tein expression levels of individual genes and the overall tion, organismal fitness or evolution. Nonetheless, in fitness of a cell. This information, in turn, is helping most sequenced genomes, synonymous codons are not researchers to distinguish among the forces that shape used in equal frequencies. This phenomenon, termed naturally occurring patterns of codon usage. -
Codon Usage Biases Co-Evolve with Transcription Termination Machinery
RESEARCH ARTICLE Codon usage biases co-evolve with transcription termination machinery to suppress premature cleavage and polyadenylation Zhipeng Zhou1†, Yunkun Dang2,3†*, Mian Zhou4, Haiyan Yuan1, Yi Liu1* 1Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States; 2State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio- Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China; 3Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China; 4State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China Abstract Codon usage biases are found in all genomes and influence protein expression levels. The codon usage effect on protein expression was thought to be mainly due to its impact on translation. Here, we show that transcription termination is an important driving force for codon usage bias in eukaryotes. Using Neurospora crassa as a model organism, we demonstrated that introduction of rare codons results in premature transcription termination (PTT) within open reading frames and abolishment of full-length mRNA. PTT is a wide-spread phenomenon in Neurospora, and there is a strong negative correlation between codon usage bias and PTT events. Rare codons lead to the formation of putative poly(A) signals and PTT. A similar role for codon *For correspondence: usage bias was also observed in mouse cells. Together, these results suggest that codon usage [email protected] (YD); biases co-evolve with the transcription termination machinery to suppress premature termination of [email protected] (YL) transcription and thus allow for optimal gene expression. †These authors contributed DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.33569.001 equally to this work Competing interests: The authors declare that no Introduction competing interests exist.