Hadean Geodynamics and the Nature of Early Continental Crust
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Timeline of Natural History
Timeline of natural history This timeline of natural history summarizes significant geological and Life timeline Ice Ages biological events from the formation of the 0 — Primates Quater nary Flowers ←Earliest apes Earth to the arrival of modern humans. P Birds h Mammals – Plants Dinosaurs Times are listed in millions of years, or Karo o a n ← Andean Tetrapoda megaanni (Ma). -50 0 — e Arthropods Molluscs r ←Cambrian explosion o ← Cryoge nian Ediacara biota – z ←Earliest animals o ←Earliest plants i Multicellular -1000 — c Contents life ←Sexual reproduction Dating of the Geologic record – P r The earliest Solar System -1500 — o t Precambrian Supereon – e r Eukaryotes Hadean Eon o -2000 — z o Archean Eon i Huron ian – c Eoarchean Era ←Oxygen crisis Paleoarchean Era -2500 — ←Atmospheric oxygen Mesoarchean Era – Photosynthesis Neoarchean Era Pong ola Proterozoic Eon -3000 — A r Paleoproterozoic Era c – h Siderian Period e a Rhyacian Period -3500 — n ←Earliest oxygen Orosirian Period Single-celled – life Statherian Period -4000 — ←Earliest life Mesoproterozoic Era H Calymmian Period a water – d e Ectasian Period a ←Earliest water Stenian Period -4500 — n ←Earth (−4540) (million years ago) Clickable Neoproterozoic Era ( Tonian Period Cryogenian Period Ediacaran Period Phanerozoic Eon Paleozoic Era Cambrian Period Ordovician Period Silurian Period Devonian Period Carboniferous Period Permian Period Mesozoic Era Triassic Period Jurassic Period Cretaceous Period Cenozoic Era Paleogene Period Neogene Period Quaternary Period Etymology of period names References See also External links Dating of the Geologic record The Geologic record is the strata (layers) of rock in the planet's crust and the science of geology is much concerned with the age and origin of all rocks to determine the history and formation of Earth and to understand the forces that have acted upon it. -
The Evolution and Distribution of Life in the Precambrian Eon-Global Perspective and the Indian Record 765
The evolution and distribution of life in the Precambrian eon-Global perspective and the Indian record 765 The evolution and distribution of life in the Precambrian eon-Global perspective and the Indian record M SHARMA* and Y SHUKLA Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow 226 007, India *Corresponding author (Email, [email protected]) The discovery of Precambrian microfossils in 1954 opened a new vista of investigations in the fi eld of evolution of life. Although the Precambrian encompasses 87% of the earth’s history, the pace of organismal evolution was quite slow. The life forms as categorised today in the three principal domains viz. the Bacteria, the Archaea and the Eucarya evolved during this period. In this paper, we review the advancements made in the Precambrian palaeontology and its contribution in understanding the evolution of life forms on earth. These studies have enriched the data base on the Precambrian life. Most of the direct evidence includes fossil prokaryotes, protists, advanced algal fossils, acritarchs, and the indirect evidence is represented by the stromatolites, trace fossils and geochemical fossils signatures. The Precambrian fossils are preserved in the form of compressions, impressions, and permineralized and biomineralized remains. [Sharma M and Shukla Y 2009 The evolution and distribution of life in the Precambrian eon-Global perspective and the Indian record; J. Biosci. 34 765–776] DOI 10.1007/s12038-009-0065-8 1. Introduction suggested that all the living forms can be grouped into three principal domains viz. the Bacteria, the Archaea, and The sudden appearance and radiation of both skeletal and the Eucarya (Woese 1987, 2002; Woese et al. -
Foundations of Complex Life: Evolution, Preservation and Detection on Earth and Beyond
National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA Astrobiology Institute Annual Science Report 2016 Team Report: Foundations of Complex Life: Evolution, Preservation and Detection on Earth and Beyond, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Foundations of Complex Life Evolution, Preservation and Detection on Earth and Beyond Lead Institution: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Team Overview Foundations of Complex Life is a research project investigating the early evolution and preservation of complex life on Earth. We seek insight into the early evolution and preservation of complex life by refining our ability to identify evidence of environmental and biological change in the late Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic eras. Better understanding how signatures of life and environment are preserved will guide how and where to look for evidence for life elsewhere in the universe—directly supporting the Curiosity mission on Mars and helping set strategic goals for future explorations of the Solar System and studies of the early Earth. Our Team pursues these questions under five themes: I. The earliest history of animals: We use methods from molecular biology, experimental taphonomy, and paleontology to explore what caused the early divergence of animals. Principal Investigator: II. Paleontology, sedimentology, and geochemistry: We track the origin of complex Roger Summons protists and animals from their biologically simple origins by documenting the stratigraphy, isotopic records, and microfossil assemblages of well-preserved rock successions from 1200 to 650 million years ago. III. A preservation-induced oxygen tipping point: We investigate how changes in the preservation of organic carbon may have driven the Neoproterozoic oxygenation of the oceans coincident with the appearance of complex life. -
Hutton, Kelvin, and the Great Earth Debates. • the Beginnings of Modern Geology “All Natural Processes That Affect the Earth’S Crust (Erosion, Deposition, • Ca
Chapter 1 The Science of Geology An Introduction to Geology • Geology - the science that pursues an understanding of planet Earth • Physical geology - examines the materials composing Earth and seeks to understand the many processes that operate beneath and upon its surface • Historical geology - seeks an understanding of the origin of “If there is an interesting place you want to go, there is Earth and its development interesting geology that you can study there” through time Mersin ophiolite, (Cappadocia, Central Turkey). Turkey The Science of Geology The Science of Geology 1.3: satellite image of Mt. Vesuvius, Italy. • Some historical views • Geology, people, and the environment of the Earth • Many important relationships exist between • Aristotle, 300 BC; people and the natural environment • James Ussher, ca. 1600, ‘Earth was created in Problems and issues 4004 BC;’ addressed by • Catastrophism geology include • Earth’s features formed through • Natural hazards, sudden and violent resources, world changes. ‘The Dog population growth, of and environmental Pompeii’ issues Dwelling in Goreme, Cappadocia The Science of Geology Hutton, Kelvin, and the great Earth debates. • The beginnings of modern geology “All natural processes that affect the Earth’s crust (erosion, deposition, • ca. 1780, James Huton’s volcanic eruptions, faulting, glaciation Theory of the Earth; etc.) operate with the same intensity • Uniformitarianism: “the and under the same set of physical processes that operate constraints now as in the geologic past.” today have operated in “(as to the age of Earth) we see no the past.” vestige of a beginning, no prospect of • a uniformitarian view of an end.” Earth requires a vast These points are incorrect - why? amount of time…. -
Geologic History of the Earth 1 the Precambrian
Geologic History of the Earth 1 algae = very simple plants that Geologists are scientists who study the structure grow in or near the water of rocks and the history of the Earth. By looking at first = in the beginning at and examining layers of rocks and the fossils basic = main, important they contain they are able to tell us what the beginning = start Earth looked like at a certain time in history and billion = a thousand million what kind of plants and animals lived at that breathe = to take air into your lungs and push it out again time. carbon dioxide = gas that is produced when you breathe Scientists think that the Earth was probably formed at the same time as the rest out of our solar system, about 4.6 billion years ago. The solar system may have be- certain = special gun as a cloud of dust, from which the sun and the planets evolved. Small par- complex = something that has ticles crashed into each other to create bigger objects, which then turned into many different parts smaller or larger planets. Our Earth is made up of three basic layers. The cen- consist of = to be made up of tre has a core made of iron and nickel. Around it is a thick layer of rock called contain = have in them the mantle and around that is a thin layer of rock called the crust. core = the hard centre of an object Over 4 billion years ago the Earth was totally different from the planet we live create = make on today. -
The Geologic Time Scale Is the Eon
Exploring Geologic Time Poster Illustrated Teacher's Guide #35-1145 Paper #35-1146 Laminated Background Geologic Time Scale Basics The history of the Earth covers a vast expanse of time, so scientists divide it into smaller sections that are associ- ated with particular events that have occurred in the past.The approximate time range of each time span is shown on the poster.The largest time span of the geologic time scale is the eon. It is an indefinitely long period of time that contains at least two eras. Geologic time is divided into two eons.The more ancient eon is called the Precambrian, and the more recent is the Phanerozoic. Each eon is subdivided into smaller spans called eras.The Precambrian eon is divided from most ancient into the Hadean era, Archean era, and Proterozoic era. See Figure 1. Precambrian Eon Proterozoic Era 2500 - 550 million years ago Archaean Era 3800 - 2500 million years ago Hadean Era 4600 - 3800 million years ago Figure 1. Eras of the Precambrian Eon Single-celled and simple multicelled organisms first developed during the Precambrian eon. There are many fos- sils from this time because the sea-dwelling creatures were trapped in sediments and preserved. The Phanerozoic eon is subdivided into three eras – the Paleozoic era, Mesozoic era, and Cenozoic era. An era is often divided into several smaller time spans called periods. For example, the Paleozoic era is divided into the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous,and Permian periods. Paleozoic Era Permian Period 300 - 250 million years ago Carboniferous Period 350 - 300 million years ago Devonian Period 400 - 350 million years ago Silurian Period 450 - 400 million years ago Ordovician Period 500 - 450 million years ago Cambrian Period 550 - 500 million years ago Figure 2. -
Soils in the Geologic Record
in the Geologic Record 2021 Soils Planner Natural Resources Conservation Service Words From the Deputy Chief Soils are essential for life on Earth. They are the source of nutrients for plants, the medium that stores and releases water to plants, and the material in which plants anchor to the Earth’s surface. Soils filter pollutants and thereby purify water, store atmospheric carbon and thereby reduce greenhouse gasses, and support structures and thereby provide the foundation on which civilization erects buildings and constructs roads. Given the vast On February 2, 2020, the USDA, Natural importance of soil, it’s no wonder that the U.S. Government has Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) an agency, NRCS, devoted to preserving this essential resource. welcomed Dr. Luis “Louie” Tupas as the NRCS Deputy Chief for Soil Science and Resource Less widely recognized than the value of soil in maintaining Assessment. Dr. Tupas brings knowledge and experience of global change and climate impacts life is the importance of the knowledge gained from soils in the on agriculture, forestry, and other landscapes to the geologic record. Fossil soils, or “paleosols,” help us understand NRCS. He has been with USDA since 2004. the history of the Earth. This planner focuses on these soils in the geologic record. It provides examples of how paleosols can retain Dr. Tupas, a career member of the Senior Executive Service since 2014, served as the Deputy Director information about climates and ecosystems of the prehistoric for Bioenergy, Climate, and Environment, the Acting past. By understanding this deep history, we can obtain a better Deputy Director for Food Science and Nutrition, and understanding of modern climate, current biodiversity, and the Director for International Programs at USDA, ongoing soil formation and destruction. -
Chapter 8: Geologic Time
Chapter 8: Geologic Time 1. The Art of Time 2. The History of Relative Time 3. Geologic Time 4. Numerical Time 5. Rates of Change Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Geologic Time How long has this landscape looked like this? How can you tell? Will your grandchildren see this if they hike here in 80 years? The Good Earth/Chapter 8: Geologic Time The Art of Time How would you create a piece of art to illustrate the passage of time? How do you think the Earth itself illustrates the passage of time? What time scale is illustrated in the example above? How well does this relate to geological time/geological forces? The Good Earth/Chapter 8: Geologic Time Go back to the Table of Contents Go to the next section: The History of (Relative) Time The Good Earth/Chapter 8: Geologic Time The History of (Relative) Time Paradigm shift: 17th century – science was a baby and geology as a discipline did not exist. Today, hypothesis testing method supports a geologic (scientific) age for the earth as opposed to a biblical age. Structures such as the oldest Egyptian pyramids (2650-2150 B.C.) and the Great Wall of China (688 B.C.) fall within a historical timeline that humans can relate to, while geological events may seem to have happened before time existed! The Good Earth/Chapter 8: Geologic Time The History of (Relative) Time • Relative Time = which A came first, second… − Grand Canyon – B excellent model − Which do you think happened first – the The Grand Canyon – rock layers record thousands of millions of years of geologic history. -
Chapter 7: the Age of Earth
Earth and Life History Ancient Carvings These beautiful formations in Paria Canyon, along the boder of Arizona and Utah, were carved by the Paria River about 5.4 million years ago. 40,000–12,000 1875 Years Ago Henry Hancock discovers that a Organisms are trapped tooth more than 23 cm long and in tar pits found at La 9 cm wide may be from a saber- Brea (Los Angeles, tooth cat; realizes the bones at California). La Brea could be ancient. A.D. 1 1750 1800 1850 1900 1795 1896 James Hutton pro- Henri Becquerel dis- poses idea that covers radioactivity of natural processes uranium salts not long forming rock layers after Wilhelm Conrad occur uniformly Roentgen discovers throughout time. the X ray in 1895. 278 (bkgd)Layne Kennedy/CORBIS, (t)Albert Copley/Visuals Unlimited, (b)American Institute of Physics/Emilio Segrè Visual Archives To learn more about geologists and paleontologists and their work, visit ca7.msscience.com. Interactive Time Line To learn more about these events and others, visit ca7.msscience.com. c. 1910–1915 1980 1990 First scientific digs of the La Luis and Walter Alvarez from UC NASA researchers Kevin Pope, Brea Tar Pits are made by Berkeley propose that an asteroid Adriana Ocampo, and Charles scientists from the Univer- crashed into Earth 65 million years Duller, identify a huge crater sity of California; about ago, causing the sudden extinction in the Yucatan, Mexico, that 170,000 fossils found. of dinosaurs and many other living they think is the site of the things. asteroid crash. 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 1913 1967 November 2002 First numeric time scale of geo- Richard Leakey finds two The National Science Founda- logic ages is proposed by skulls and uses new technol- tion launches a program, sci- Arthur Holmes of Great Britain; ogy to date objects more entists from around the world he used radioactive means to accurately; one is 195,000 will verify dates and class of measure the age of Earth years old, the oldest for a old specimens and analyze (about 4 billion years old). -
Using Volcaniclastic Rocks to Constrain Sedimentation Ages
Using volcaniclastic rocks to constrain sedimentation ages: To what extent are volcanism and sedimentation synchronous? Camille Rossignol, Erwan Hallot, Sylvie Bourquin, Marc Poujol, Marc Jolivet, Pierre Pellenard, Céline Ducassou, Thierry Nalpas, Gloria Heilbronn, Jianxin Yu, et al. To cite this version: Camille Rossignol, Erwan Hallot, Sylvie Bourquin, Marc Poujol, Marc Jolivet, et al.. Using vol- caniclastic rocks to constrain sedimentation ages: To what extent are volcanism and sedimentation synchronous?. Sedimentary Geology, Elsevier, 2019, 381, pp.46-64. 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2018.12.010. insu-01968102 HAL Id: insu-01968102 https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01968102 Submitted on 2 Jan 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Accepted Manuscript Using volcaniclastic rocks to constrain sedimentation ages: To what extent are volcanism and sedimentation synchronous? Camille Rossignol, Erwan Hallot, Sylvie Bourquin, Marc Poujol, Marc Jolivet, Pierre Pellenard, Céline Ducassou, Thierry Nalpas, Gloria Heilbronn, Jianxin Yu, Marie-Pierre -
Eoarchean Crustal Evolution of the Jack Hills Zircon Source and Loss of Hadean Crust
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 146 (2014) 27–42 www.elsevier.com/locate/gca Eoarchean crustal evolution of the Jack Hills zircon source and loss of Hadean crust Elizabeth A. Bell ⇑, T. Mark Harrison, Issaku E. Kohl, Edward D. Young Dept. of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, UCLA, United States Received 10 March 2014; accepted in revised form 18 September 2014; available online 30 September 2014 Abstract Given the global dearth of Hadean (>4 Ga) rocks, 4.4–4.0 Ga detrital zircons from Jack Hills, Narryer Gneiss Complex (Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia) constitute our best archive of early terrestrial materials. Previous Lu–Hf investigations of these zircons suggested that felsic (low Lu/Hf) crust formation began by 4.4 to 4.5 Ga and continued for several hundred million years with evidence of the least radiogenic Hf component persisting until at least 4 Ga. However, evidence for the involvement of Hadean materials in later crustal evolution is sparse, and even in the detrital Jack Hills zircon population, the most unradiogenic, ancient isotopic signals have not been definitively identified in the younger (<3.9 Ga) rock and zircon record. Here we show Lu–Hf data from <4 Ga Jack Hills detrital zircons that document a significant and previously unknown transition in Yilgarn Craton crustal evolution between 3.9 and 3.7 Ga. The zircon source region evolved largely by internal reworking through the period 4.0–3.8 Ga, and the most ancient and unradiogenic components of the crust are mostly missing from the record after 4 Ga. -
Origins of Life in the Universe Zackary Johnson
11/4/2007 Origins of Life in the Universe Zackary Johnson OCN201 Fall 2007 [email protected] Zackary Johnson http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/zij/education.html Uniiiversity of Hawaii Department of Oceanography Class Schedule Nov‐2Originsof Life and the Universe Nov‐5 Classification of Life Nov‐7 Primary Production Nov‐9Consumers Nov‐14 Evolution: Processes (Steward) Nov‐16 Evolution: Adaptation() (Steward) Nov‐19 Marine Microbiology Nov‐21 Benthic Communities Nov‐26 Whale Falls (Smith) Nov‐28 The Marine Food Web Nov‐30 Community Ecology Dec‐3 Fisheries Dec‐5Global Ecology Dec‐12 Final Major Concepts TIMETABLE Big Bang! • Life started early, but not at the beginning, of Earth’s Milky Way (and other galaxies formed) history • Abiogenesis is the leading hypothesis to explain the beginning of life on Earth • There are many competing theories as to how this happened • Some of the details have been worked out, but most Formation of Earth have not • Abiogenesis almost certainly occurred in the ocean 20‐15 15‐94.5Today Billions of Years Before Present 1 11/4/2007 Building Blocks TIMETABLE Big Bang! • Universe is mostly hydrogen (H) and helium (He); for Milky Way (and other galaxies formed) example –the sun is 70% H, 28% He and 2% all else! Abundance) e • Most elements of interest to biology (C, N, P, O, etc.) were (Relativ 10 produced via nuclear fusion Formation of Earth Log at very high temperature reactions in large stars after Big Bang 20‐13 13‐94.7Today Atomic Number Billions of Years Before Present ORIGIN OF LIFE ON EARTH Abiogenesis: 3 stages Divine Creation 1.