Toxins 2013, 5, 1597-1628; doi:10.3390/toxins5091597 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Article Canine Cyanotoxin Poisonings in the United States (1920s–2012): Review of Suspected and Confirmed Cases from Three Data Sources Lorraine C. Backer 1,*, Jan H. Landsberg 2, Melissa Miller 3,4, Kevin Keel 4 and Tegwin K. Taylor 3 1 National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, MS F-60, Chamblee, GA 30341, USA 2 Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 Eighth Avenue SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA; E-Mail:
[email protected] 3 Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, Department of Fish and Wildlife, Office of Spill Prevention and Response, 1451 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA; E-Mails:
[email protected] (M.M.);
[email protected] (T.K.T.) 4 School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; E-Mail:
[email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
[email protected]; Tel.: +1-770-488-3426; Fax: +1-770-488-3450. Received: 27 August 2013; in revised form: 12 September 2013 / Accepted: 13 September 2013 / Published: 24 September 2013 Abstract: Cyanobacteria (also called blue-green algae) are ubiquitous in aquatic environments. Some species produce potent toxins that can sicken or kill people, domestic animals, and wildlife. Dogs are particularly vulnerable to cyanotoxin poisoning because of their tendency to swim in and drink contaminated water during algal blooms or to ingestalgal mats.