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Fife Council Review of Onshore Wind Energy in Fife Strategic Cumulative Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.2.2 LandscapeCharacter 9 CONTENTS Page No 3.3 LandscapeDesignations 10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 3.3.1 NationalLandscapeDesignations 10 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 3.3.2 LocalLandscapeDesignations 10 1.1 BackgroundtoCumulativeLandscapeIssues 1 3.4 OtherDesignations 11 1.2 ConsultancyAppointments 1 3.4.1 GreenBelts 11 1.3 NationalandLocalPolicy 2 3.4.2 RegionalPark 11 1.4 LandscapeCapacityandCumulativeImpacts 2 3.4.3 HistoricandCulturalDesignations 11 1.5 LimitationsoftheStudy 2 3.4.4 NatureConservationDesignations 12 2.0 METHODOLOGY FOR CUMULATIVE LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL IMPACT AND CAPACITY ASSESSMENT 3 4.0 VISUAL BASELINE 13 2.1 PurposeofMethodology 3 4.1 VisualReceptors 13 2.2 StudyStages 3 4.2 VisibilityAnalysis 13 2.3 ScopeofAssessment 4 4.2.1 Settlements 13 2.3.1 AreaCovered 4 4.2.2 Routes 13 2.3.2 WindEnergyDevelopmentTypes 4 4.2.3 Viewpoints 14 2.4 LandscapeandVisualBaseline 4 4.2.4 AnalysisofVisibility 14 2.5 DeterminingLandscapeSensitivityandCapacity 4 5.0 WIND TURBINES IN THE STUDY AREA 15 2.6 DefiningLandscapeChangeandCumulativeCapacity 5 5.1 TurbineDistribution 15 2.6.1 CumulativeCapacity 5 5.1.1 OperatingandConsentedWindTurbines 15 2.6.2 DeterminingAcceptableLevelsofChange 6 5.1.2 WindfarmApplications 16 2.7 PresentationofAssessmentandFindings 6 5.1.3 Patternofdevelopment 16 2.8 PotentialOpportunitiesandConstraints 7 5.2 LandscapeCharacterofTurbineLocations 16 2.9 LimitationstoAssessment 7 5.3 FactorsAffectingLandscapeandVisualImpactsofWindTurbines 17 3.0 LANDSCAPE BASELINE 9 5.3.1 TurbineSize 17 3.1 StudyArea 9 5.3.2 WindEnergyDevelopmentScales 18 3.2 BaselineLandscapeCharacterAssessment 9 5.3.3 TurbineNumbersandLandscapeImpacts 19 3.2.1 LandscapeContext 9 5.4 TurbineLayout 19 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IronsideFarrar Contents 8024 / May 2013 Fife Council Review of Onshore Wind Energy in Fife Strategic Cumulative Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.5 WindfarmDistribution 19 TABLES 5.5.1 PatternofWindfarmDevelopment 19 2.1 Description of Levels of Cumulative Wind Turbine Development 5 3.1 Landscape Character Areas in Fife 10 5.5.2 SeparationDistancesbetweenTurbinesandWindfarms 20 5.1 Turbine Location and Heights in Relation to Landscape Character 16 5.5.3 DistributioninRelationtoLandscapeType 20 5.2 Wind Turbine Size Categories 17 6.0 ASSESSMENT OF LANDSCAPE CAPACITY AND CUMULATIVE IMPACTS 21 5.3 Wind Energy Development Size Categories 18 6.1 AssessmentPurposeandProcess 21 6.1 Summary of Landscape Capacity, Cumulative Effects and Guidance for Future Wind Energy Development 23 6.2 Guidance 21 6.2 Areas Where Cumulative Impact Limits Further Development 36 6.2.1 TurbineSize 21 6.2.2 TurbineGroupSize 22 FIGURES 6.2.3 SeparationbetweenTurbineGroups 22 2.1 Cumulative Impact and Landscape Capacity Methodology Flowchart 3.1 Study Area 6.2.4 OtherFactorswhichInfluenceGuidance 22 3.2 Topography 6.3 OverallAssessmentofCapacityandCumulativeDevelopment 32 3.3 Regional Landscape Character Areas 6.3.1 SummaryofLandscapeCharacter,SensitivityandCapacity 32 3.4 SNH Landscape Character Areas 6.3.2 ExistingandConsentedWindTurbines 32 3.5a Landscape Designations and Landscape Character Areas 3.5b Natural & Cultural Heritage Designations& Landscape Character Areas 6.3.3 ProposedWindTurbines 33 4.1 Transport Routes, Settlements and Viewpoints 6.4 CapacityforFurtherDevelopment 33 4.2 (a-e) Visibility from Settlements (in Appendix 2) 6.4.1 AreaswithHighestPotentialCapacity 33 4.3 (a-e) Visibility from Routes (in Appendix 2) 6.4.2 AreasWhereCumulativeImpactLimitsFurtherDevelopment 34 4.4 (a-e) Visibility from Viewpoints (in Appendix 2) 5.1 Existing, Consented & Proposed Wind Turbines in Fife 6.4.3 AreaswithNoCapacity 34 5.2 Existing, Consented & Proposed Wind Turbines in Study Area 6.4.4 UrbanAreasandSettlements 34 6.1 Landscape Capacity for Wind Energy 6.4.5 LimitedCapacitywithinOtherLandscapeAreas 34 6.2 Current Wind Turbine Landscape Typology: Operational and Consented Wind Turbines 6.5 GuidanceforSmallTurbines 34 6.3 Wind Turbine Landscape Typology: Proposed Limit to Development REFERENCES 38 6.4 Wind Turbine Development Constraints and Opportunities __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IronsideFarrar Contents 8024 / May 2013 Fife Council Review of Onshore Wind Energy in Fife Strategic Cumulative Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ APPENDICES Appendix 1: Local and Development Plan Policy Appendix 2: Cumulative Assessment Methodology Appendix 3: Changes to Landscape Character Units Appendix 4: Wind Turbines in Fife and Surrounding Area Appendix 5: Detailed Assessment of Landscape Sensitivity and Value for Fife Landscape Character Types __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IronsideFarrar Contents 8024 / May 2013 Fife Council Review of Onshore Wind Energy in Fife Strategic Cumulative Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IronsideFarrar Contents 8024 / May 2013 Fife Council Review of Onshore Wind Energy in Fife Strategic Cumulative Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Current Consented Wind Energy Development Objectives and Method Current operational and consented wind turbines in Fife comprise a total of 78 turbines This study has considered the capacity of the Fife landscape to accommodate onshore over 25m high (with 77 under this height). Many of these are medium size turbines wind energy development. The landscape capacity assessment is based on an grouped singly or in small clusters in lowland and upland fringe areas. assessment of landscape sensitivity and value of the different landscape character types and areas in Fife. This has involved a staged process: The main area of wind energy development is in the lowland areas surrounding the principal towns of Kirkcaldy, Glenrothes and Dunfermline, where developments Firstly identifying the inherent capacity of the Fife landscape to accommodate wind consented or in operation include four windfarms and paired or single larger scale turbine development; turbines. The largest of the windfarms is Little Raith, near Cowdenbeath with 9x125m Secondly assessing the degree of cumulative change that has resulted from the turbines at 25MW, which is a medium scale development by Scottish standards. operating and consented wind turbines in the study area; However consented turbines also include a single 179m high turbine at Methil harbour. Assessment of the cumulative effects of current operational and consented development Thirdly assessing the level of further cumulative development that could be indicates that there is some remaining capacity for further larger size turbine acceptably accommodated within areas of Fife. This includes, where appropriate, development in the lowland areas and some smaller scale turbines in some upland commentary on the likely acceptability of currently proposed wind turbines. fringe, lowland and coastal areas. Nevertheless some areas are at or approaching The study is based on the premise that, given current national policy for wind energy capacity. There are two areas where no further cumulative development should take development, there will be a future level of landscape change and effects on visual place if unacceptable levels of landscape change are to be avoided: amenity that requires careful management. In applying the assessment process, the the Mossmorran area between Cowdenbeath/ Lochgelly and the Cullaloe Hills study has addressed a number of concepts and issues that affect the perceived significance and acceptability of cumulative changes caused by multiple wind energy The area between Westfield Opencast Site and East Wemyss, including developments in the landscape. Strathore between Glenrothes and Kirkcaldy The Fife Landscape Current Wind Energy Proposals The landscape of Fife is highly varied,
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