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Title Directors of Urban Change in Asia --On Tokyo: a Speculator And Directors of Urban Change in Asia --On Tokyo: A Speculator Title and Builders' paradise-- Author(s) FUNO, Shuji traverse --新建築学研究 : kyoto university architectural Citation journal (2004), 5: 21-34 Issue Date 2004-06-30 URL https://doi.org/10.14989/traverse_5_21 Right © 2004 Traverse Editorial Committee Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University アジアにおける都市変化のディレクター Directors Directors of Urban Change in Asia 投機家と建設業者の楽園：東京 On Tokyo: A Speculator and Builders'paradise 布野修司 Shu 」i FUNO ライデン大学で「アジアにおける都市変化のディレクター」と題された国際ワークショッ プ (International workshop Mega-urbanization in Asia and Europe: Directors of urban change in a comparative comparative perspective: Leiden, 12-14 December 2002) が開かれたのは、 2002 年の暮れであった。 インドネシア研究を通じての長年の知己、人類学講座 P. ナス教授の招請で、参加することになった。 アジアの大都市として、どうしても東京についてのレポートが欲しいという。結局 'Never E叫 ing Tokyo projects: Catstrophe? Or Rebirth? Towards the age of community design' と題する論文を書 いて、シドロモドロの発表で冷や汗をかいた。その後、ライデン大学の UAS (国際アジア研究研究 所）の機関誌 IIAS News 誌 tter に、そのシンポジウムの特集を組むというので、求められて Tokyo: The Declining Capital'(" HAS NEWSLET 『ER," Leiden University, 31 July, 2003.) という単文を書い た。そうしているうちに、本にするから書き直せという (London : Routledge の予定）。以上の草 稿をもとに新たな原稿を提出したが、その原稿も厳しく批評され大幅な書き直しをさらに要求され た。以下は、再度全面的に手を入れ直した原稿である。採用されるかどうかは不明である。ネイテ ィブ・チェックは、横尾先生の紹介で布野研究室の研究生をしていたことのある、現在、櫃文彦事 務所（横総合計画研究所）に勤めるミシェル・ヴァン・アカー氏にお願いした。なお、図は紙数の 関係でかなり省いた。 Introduction Introduction From its origin as a small castle town 1 ぬ斜出函恥,, 幻硝5 until until the end of the Edo Era (1603-1868), urbanization urbanization in Tokyo (formerly know as Edo) Edo) seems to have followed an orthogenetic process. process. The Tokugawa Shogunate closed Japan Japan to foreign countries with the exception of of the port of Deshima at Nagasa 訓opened to only only the Dutch) from 1641 to 18532. Japan continued continued to stay at the periphery of European World Economy, though the silver from Iwami Cinzan (silver mine) exported through Deshima did make a small contribution. Japan 和臨函噂畑ex;I accepted accepted no immigrants from outside during I ・8"0"" 蒻細戸年疇釦疇図 this this so-called sakoku (seclusion) era. It is, therefore, a unique example of urbanization within the formation formation of the Modern World System. In In the mid-seventeenth century, Tokyo's population reached one million - matching London and Paris → although its huge urban village form did not resemble its European counterparts. Japanese society society gradually opened to the world since 1853. Imperial rule was restored in 1868, and Edo was renamed Tokyo, meaning Eastern Kyoto (Capital), as the new capital of Japan in 1869. Tokyo today is is a mega city3. The city has transformed from a huge village to a global capital center over the the 21 21 past past 150 years. Edo4 Edo4 was established as the Shogun's capital, even though Kyoto (where the Emperor resided) remained remained the formal capital of Japan. The Tokugawa Baku 「u Shogunate controlled all of Japan, including including Kyoto. It is obvious that the directors of Edo were the Shoguns, who introduced control systems systems for both land and people in the early Edo period. Political authority in Japan was divided amongst amongst a centralized and bureaucratized military regime and some 250 bureaucratized feudal domains domains called Han. Daimyos, the governors of the Han, were obliged to visit Edo with levies for the Shogun Shogun once a year (5ankin kotai system). They were classified according to their degree of loyalty, and and were given land and goods based on the Shogun's evaluation of their accomplishments. All All building lots5 were arranged hierarchically around the Edo castle in the centre. Edo's spiral pattern pattern of moats and roads, as if the centric power of 5, 加 1gun absorbed the power of people, is very unique. unique. Da 加 U/OS more faithful to the Shogun received larger reside 叫 al sites nearer to Edo castle. Edo Edo was a highly controlled city where residential quarters among classes (Hudai Daimyos (insiders), Tozama Daimyos (outsiders), hatamotolgokenin(antrustion/inmate), chounin(townspeople)) were strictly strictly segregated according to hierarchy of Edo society (Si Nau Kou Shau (samurai (knight)- farmers-craftsman-merchant) farmers-craftsman-merchant) system). Following Following the Meiji Restoration, the Emperor moved from Kyoto to Tokyo, which at last became the the capital of Japan both nominally and actually. The Emperors, however, did not become the directors directors of Tokyo. The New Meiji Government took the initiative in restructuring Edo as a modern capital capital comparable to European capitals such as London and Paris. The central government invited and and hired foreign engineers to create the new face of the city before reaching the same level of industrialization industrialization in western countries. The modernization of Tokyo in a Western image was the prime prime objective. 5 紅彰践 塵麗直叩（和如砂0 叫） 's Aro! '"''瑣 The directors of Tokyo were the Meiji Governors, who were advised by western architects and urban urban planners and promoted modern city planning. From the Meiji Restoration onward, Japan continued continued to import concepts and systems of urban planning from the west, including Baron G.E.Haussemann's grand projects of Paris in late 19th century; the Nazi national land planning during during the Second World War; the Greater London Plan after the Second World War; and the German B (Bebaungs)-Plan of the early 1980's. 22 Also Also important for Tokyo were the disasters -wars and earthquakes - that changed the city dramatically. dramatically. The'scrap and build'process was a real driving force of Tokyo's transformation. The directors of urban change, especially after the 1960's, were speculators and builders. Twice destroyed destroyed in the twentieth century (by earthquake in 1923 and aerial bombardment in 1945), Tokyo emerged as a speculator and builders'paradise, a true global city, in the 1980's. Today. Tokyo is comprised of over 12 million inhabitants and one-fourth of the Japanese population lives in in the greater metropolitan area6. The mega-city seems to be awaiting another cataslrophe unless measures measures to change its over-centralization are taken. Notwithsta 叫 ing all the changes, there is one invariant area, which Roland Barthes (1915-80) 7 called'void'or'vacant', called'void'or'vacant', in the center of Tokyo. That is the Emperor's palace complex, where Edo castle was once located. It is remarkable that this mega-city has been able to preserve a large large natural precinct in its center for over 400 years Dreams of Occidentalists: Towards a Western-style Capital Due to the drastic change of social system by M 叫 iRestoration, Tokyo's population dropped from from one million to about 600, 000. One of the most urgent tasks of Meiji New Government was to remodel Edo into a modern capital. In 1869, 1869, Japan's first railway was opened and the the first steam locomotive started running in 1872 between from Shinbashi to Yokohama. In 1885, 1885, a cabinet system of government was adopted and Japan established a modern nation-state political political system, drafting the Constitution of the Japanese Empire in 1889. Two projects are symbolic of modern urban planning8 in Tokyo. One is the Ginza renga gai (Ginza (Ginza Brick Quarter) project(l872-1877), and the other is the HI 加ya Kancho Shu びu Keikaku (Governmental (Governmental Offices Concentration project) (1886-1887) at Kasumigaseki . The Ginza district, where many merchants and craftmans had gathered in the Edo period, was becoming a new center of Western civilization because of its location near Tsukiji (a p 『otected settlement settlement for foreigners) to the east and Shinbashi (connected to Yokohama's international port) to to the south. The Ginza renga gai project was launched to refashion the entire Ginza district in red brick brick after the great fire of 18 7 2. Brick was adopted not only for fire protection, but also to create a showpiece with a European flavor. The directors of this project were Shigenobu Ohkuma9(1838-l 922), the Minister of Finance, and Kaoru Kaoru Inoue10(1835-1915), the Deputy Minister. Together with many other bureaucrats, they lived in in the Ginza area and were key proponents of Western civilization. English architect Thomas James Waters11 Waters11 with his brother Albert Waters were invited to prepare plans for the area. Construction took took nearly a decade and the project was completed in 1877. 2,855 buildings were built, one third of of which were two-story brick buildings with colonnade and balconies. The streets were lined with maples, maples, willows and gaslights, creating the first commercial street with a European atomosphere in in Japan. Georgian style streetscape were transferred to the Far East and suddenly emerged in the the central part of Tokyo in this manner. The project, however, was not welcomed by residents. Newspapers Newspapers at that time criticised the project as unsuitable for Japanese climate and claimed that this this planning would encourage beriberi outbreaks. Almost all trees withered and died. The brick structures structures were soon abandoned because of frequent earthquakes in Japan. 23 Most of the Daimyo land plots in the vicinity of the new Imperial Palace (Edo castle) were claimed by agencies various of new government as sites for offices. The project to build Central Business District District for government offices was launched after the Cabinet System was adopted in 1885. The Director who proposed the project was again Kaoru Inoue, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and and an enthusiastic occidentalist. First, he designated an English architect Josiah Condor12, the father father of modern Japanese architecture and designer of the Rokumeikan (an elaborate hotel and a symbol of Western Civilization in 1883) to make plans for new office blocks, which were never implemented. implemented. Later, Herman Ende (a professor of the Bau-akademie and a technical adivisor of of O.E.L.F. von Bismarck, the first Prime Minister of Deutsches Reich and Willhelm Bockman13 from from Germany) were invited to plan and design this Central District of Tokyo.
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