Melting in the Earth's Deep Interior
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Low Temperature Soldering Using Sn-Bi Alloys
LOW TEMPERATURE SOLDERING USING SN-BI ALLOYS Morgana Ribas, Ph.D., Anil Kumar, Divya Kosuri, Raghu R. Rangaraju, Pritha Choudhury, Ph.D., Suresh Telu, Ph.D., Siuli Sarkar, Ph.D. Alpha Assembly Solutions, Alpha Assembly Solutions India R&D Centre Bangalore, KA, India [email protected] ABSTRACT package substrate and PCB [2-4]. This represents a severe Low temperature solder alloys are preferred for the limitation on using the latest generation of ultra-thin assembly of temperature-sensitive components and microprocessors. Use of low temperature solders can substrates. The alloys in this category are required to reflow significantly reduce such warpage, but available Sn-Bi between 170 and 200oC soldering temperatures. Lower solders do not match Sn-Ag-Cu drop shock performance [5- soldering temperatures result in lower thermal stresses and 6]. Besides these pressing technical requirements, finding a defects, such as warping during assembly, and permit use of low temperature solder alloy that can replace alloys such as lower cost substrates. Sn-Bi alloys have lower melting Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu solder can result in considerable hard dollar temperatures, but some of its performance drawbacks can be savings from reduced energy cost and noteworthy reduction seen as deterrent for its use in electronics devices. Here we in carbon emissions [7]. show that non-eutectic Sn-Bi alloys can be used to improve these properties and further align them with the electronics In previous works [8-11] we have showed how the use of industry specific needs. The physical properties and drop micro-additives in eutectic Sn-Bi alloys results in significant shock performance of various alloys are evaluated, and their improvement of its thermo-mechanical properties. -
The Basics of Soldering
TECH SOLUTION: SOLDER The Basics of Soldering SUmmARY BY Chris Nash, INDIUM CORPORATION IN In this article, I will present a basic overview of soldering for those Soldering uses a filler metal and, in who are new to the world of most cases, an appropriate flux. The soldering and for those who could filler metals are typically alloys (al- though there are some pure metal sol- use a refresher. I will discuss the ders) that have liquidus temperatures below 350°C. Elemental metals com- definition of soldering, the basics monly alloyed in the filler metals or of metallurgy, how to choose the solders are tin, lead, antimony, bis- muth, indium, gold, silver, cadmium, proper alloy, the purpose of a zinc, and copper. By far, the most flux, soldering temperatures, and common solders are based on tin. Fluxes often contain rosin, acids (or- typical heating sources for soldering ganic or mineral), and/or halides, de- operations. pending on the desired flux strength. These ingredients reduce the oxides on the solder and mating pieces. hroughout history, as society has evolved, so has the need for bond- Basic Solder Metallurgy ing metals to metals. Whether the As heat is gradually applied to sol- need for bonding metals is mechani- der, the temperature rises until the Tcal, electrical, or thermal, it can be accom- alloy’s solidus point is reached. The plished by using solder. solidus point is the highest temper- ature at which an alloy is completely Metallurgical Bonding Processes solid. At temperatures just above Attachment of one metal to another can solidus, the solder is a mixture of be accomplished in three ways: welding, liquid and solid phases (analogous brazing, and soldering. -
Robust High-Temperature Heat Exchangers (Topic 2A Gen 3 CSP Project; DE-EE0008369)
Robust High-Temperature Heat Exchangers (Topic 2A Gen 3 CSP Project; DE-EE0008369) Illustrations of: (left) porous WC preform plates, (middle) dense-wall ZrC/W plates with horizontal channels and vertical vias. (Right) Backscattered electron image of the dense microstructure of a ZrC/W cermet. Team: Ken H. Sandhage1 (PI), Kevin P. Trumble1 (Co-PI), Asegun Henry2 (Co-PI), Aaron Wildberger3 (Co-PI) 1School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 3Vacuum Process Engineering, Inc., Sacramento, CA Concentrated Solar Power Tower “Concentrating Solar Power Gen3 Demonstration Roadmap,” M. Mehos, C. Turchi, J. Vidal, M. Wagner, Z. Ma, C. Ho, W. Kolb, C. Andraka, A. Kruizenga, Technical Report NREL/TP-5500-67464, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2017 Concentrated Solar Power Tower Heat Exchanger “Concentrating Solar Power Gen3 Demonstration Roadmap,” M. Mehos, C. Turchi, J. Vidal, M. Wagner, Z. Ma, C. Ho, W. Kolb, C. Andraka, A. Kruizenga, Technical Report NREL/TP-5500-67464, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2017 State of the Art: Metal Alloy Printed Circuit HEXs Current Technology: • Printed Circuit HEXs: patterned etching of metallic alloy plates, then diffusion bonding • Metal alloy mechanical properties degrade significantly above 600oC D. Southall, S.J. Dewson, Proc. ICAPP '10, San Diego, CA, 2010; R. Le Pierres, et al., Proc. SCO2 Power Cycle Symposium 2011, Boulder, CO, 2011; D. Southall, et al., Proc. ICAPP '08, Anaheim, -
MICROALLOYED Sn-Cu Pb-FREE SOLDER for HIGH TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS
As originally published in the SMTA Proceedings. MICROALLOYED Sn-Cu Pb-FREE SOLDER FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS Keith Howell1, Keith Sweatman1, Motonori Miyaoka1, Takatoshi Nishimura1, Xuan Quy Tran2, Stuart McDonald2, and Kazuhiro Nogita2 1 Nihon Superior Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan 2 The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia [email protected] require any of the materials or substances listed in Annex II (of the Directive) ABSTRACT • is scientifically or technical impracticable While the search continues for replacements for the • the reliability of the substitutes is not ensured highmelting-point, high-Pb solders on which the • the total negative environmental, health and electronics industry has depended for joints that maintain consumer safety impacts caused by substitution are their integrity at high operating temperatures, an likely to outweigh the total environmental, health investigation has been made into the feasibility of using a and safety benefits thereof.” hypereutectic Sn-7Cu in this application. While its solidus temperature remains at 227°C the microstructure, which A recast of the Directive issued in June 2011 includes the has been substantially modified by stabilization and grain statement that for such exemptions “the maximum validity refining of the primary Cu6Sn5 by microalloying additions period which may be renewed shall… be 5 years from 21 July of Ni and Al, makes it possible for this alloy to maintain its 2011”. The inference from this statement is that there is an integrity and adequate strength even after long term expectation that alternatives to the use of solders with a lead exposure to temperatures up to 150°C. In this paper the content of 85% or more will be found before 21st July 2016. -
Characterization of Solidus-Liquidus Range and Semi-Solid Processing of Advanced Steels and Aluminum Alloy
Characterization of solidus-liquidus range and semi-solid processing of advanced steels and aluminum alloy Łukasz Rogal Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland e-mail: [email protected] 1. Introduction Semi-Solid Metal processing (SSM) of steel is a method of producing near-net shape products [1]. This technology utilizes the thixotropic flow of metal suspension [2]. Metal alloys are suitable for thixoforming if they have globular microstructure in a wide solidus-liquidus range [3]. The thixo-route is a two-step process, which involves the preparation of a feedstock material of thixotropic characteristics and reheating the feedstock material to semisolid temperature to produce the SSM slurry, subsequently used for component shaping [4]. The goal of the applied thixoforming technology is to improve the properties of elements manufactured in one-step operation, ensuring their high structure integrity, superior to casting and similar to that of wrought parts. Nowadays, rheoforming and thixoforming of Al-based and Mg-based alloys are commonly applied in the industry [3-6]. In the case of high melting alloys, such as steels, this technology is in the implementation stage [4]. Several kinds of steels e.g. 100C6, X210CrW12, M2, C38, C45, 304 stainless steels have been investigated for the application for SSM processing [4-9, 11-13]. A globular microstructure is mainly obtained by Strain Induced and Melting Activation (SIMA), Recrystallization and Partial Melting (RAP) and the modification of chemical composition by grain refiners methods [4, 10-12]. 2. Thixoforming procedure The thixo-casts were produced using a specially build prototype device. -
Geochemical Behaviour of Trace Elements During Fractional
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2015) 87(4): 1959-1979 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520130385 www.scielo.br/aabc Geochemical behaviour of trace elements during fractional crystallization and crustal assimilation of the felsic alkaline magmas of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil AKIHISA Motoki1*, SUSANNA E. SICHEL2, THAIS Vargas1, DEAN P. MELO3 and KENJI F. Motoki2 1Departamento de Mineralogia e Petrologia Ígnea, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Sala A-4023, Maracanã, 20550-990 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil 2Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Av. General Milton Cardoso, s/n, 4° Andar, Gragoatá, 24210-340 Niterói, RJ, Brasil 3PETROBRAS, CENPES, Av. Horácio Macedo, 950, Cidade Universitária, 21941-915 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil Manuscript received on September 24, 2013; accepted for publication on June 10, 2015 ABSTRACT This paper presents geochemical behaviour of trace elements of the felsic alkaline rocks of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with special attention of fractional crystallization and continental crust assimilation. Fractionation of leucite and K-feldspar increases Rb/K and decreases K2O/(K2O+Na2O). Primitive nepheline syenite magmas have low Zr/TiO2, Sr, and Ba. On the Nb/Y vs. Zr/TiO2 diagram, these rocks are projected on the field of alkaline basalt, basanite, and nephelinite, instead of phonolite. Well-fractionated peralkaline nepheline syenite has high Zr/TiO2 but there are no zircon. The diagrams of silica saturation index (SSI) distinguish the trends originated form fractional crystallization and crustal assimilation. -
Chapter 10: Mantle Melting and the Generation of Basaltic Magma 2 Principal Types of Basalt in the Ocean Basins Tholeiitic Basalt and Alkaline Basalt
Chapter 10: Mantle Melting and the Generation of Basaltic Magma 2 principal types of basalt in the ocean basins Tholeiitic Basalt and Alkaline Basalt Table 10.1 Common petrographic differences between tholeiitic and alkaline basalts Tholeiitic Basalt Alkaline Basalt Usually fine-grained, intergranular Usually fairly coarse, intergranular to ophitic Groundmass No olivine Olivine common Clinopyroxene = augite (plus possibly pigeonite) Titaniferous augite (reddish) Orthopyroxene (hypersthene) common, may rim ol. Orthopyroxene absent No alkali feldspar Interstitial alkali feldspar or feldspathoid may occur Interstitial glass and/or quartz common Interstitial glass rare, and quartz absent Olivine rare, unzoned, and may be partially resorbed Olivine common and zoned Phenocrysts or show reaction rims of orthopyroxene Orthopyroxene uncommon Orthopyroxene absent Early plagioclase common Plagioclase less common, and later in sequence Clinopyroxene is pale brown augite Clinopyroxene is titaniferous augite, reddish rims after Hughes (1982) and McBirney (1993). Each is chemically distinct Evolve via FX as separate series along different paths Tholeiites are generated at mid-ocean ridges Also generated at oceanic islands, subduction zones Alkaline basalts generated at ocean islands Also at subduction zones Sources of mantle material Ophiolites Slabs of oceanic crust and upper mantle Thrust at subduction zones onto edge of continent Dredge samples from oceanic crust Nodules and xenoliths in some basalts Kimberlite xenoliths Diamond-bearing pipes blasted up from the mantle carrying numerous xenoliths from depth Lherzolite is probably fertile unaltered mantle Dunite and harzburgite are refractory residuum after basalt has been extracted by partial melting 15 Tholeiitic basalt 10 5 Figure 10-1 Brown and Mussett, A. E. (1993), The Inaccessible Earth: An Integrated View of Its Lherzolite Structure and Composition. -
Partial Melting - Simple Process, Huge Global Impact How Partial Melting, Coupled with Plate Tectonics, Has Changed the Chemistry of Our Planet
Earthlearningidea - http://www.earthlearningidea.com/ Partial melting - simple process, huge global impact How partial melting, coupled with plate tectonics, has changed the chemistry of our planet Demonstrating partial melting Explaining the planetary effects of partial melting Prepare two small beakers as described in the Each time that partial melting takes place during different resources section below. stages of the plate tectonic cycle, materials with different chemical and physical makeup are formed. Pre- prepared The starting point for these processes is the mantle, beakers where the most abundant elements are oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron in that order. However the Earth’s crust contains much more silicon and oxygen and much less magnesium and iron than the mantle, and is formed through these stages: Photo: C. King. Stage 1: the mantle partially melts beneath oceanic ridges; the melt formed is richer in oxygen/silicon (and poorer in iron/magnesium) than the original mantle rock. This rises and then cools to form new oceanic crust and Show the pupils the beaker containing the mixture of ocean ridge volcanoes, as plates move apart. gravel and chopped candlewax before heating; ask what will happen if the beaker is heated until the wax Stage 2: the oceanic crust subducted beneath melts. Most will realise that the gravel will sink to the oceanic plates partially melts; the melt is still richer in bottom to form a mixed gravel/wax layer, whilst pure oxygen/silicon (and poorer in iron/ magnesium) than the wax will flow to the top to form another layer. Then original oceanic crust rock. -
Phase Diagrams
Module-07 Phase Diagrams Contents 1) Equilibrium phase diagrams, Particle strengthening by precipitation and precipitation reactions 2) Kinetics of nucleation and growth 3) The iron-carbon system, phase transformations 4) Transformation rate effects and TTT diagrams, Microstructure and property changes in iron- carbon system Mixtures – Solutions – Phases Almost all materials have more than one phase in them. Thus engineering materials attain their special properties. Macroscopic basic unit of a material is called component. It refers to a independent chemical species. The components of a system may be elements, ions or compounds. A phase can be defined as a homogeneous portion of a system that has uniform physical and chemical characteristics i.e. it is a physically distinct from other phases, chemically homogeneous and mechanically separable portion of a system. A component can exist in many phases. E.g.: Water exists as ice, liquid water, and water vapor. Carbon exists as graphite and diamond. Mixtures – Solutions – Phases (contd…) When two phases are present in a system, it is not necessary that there be a difference in both physical and chemical properties; a disparity in one or the other set of properties is sufficient. A solution (liquid or solid) is phase with more than one component; a mixture is a material with more than one phase. Solute (minor component of two in a solution) does not change the structural pattern of the solvent, and the composition of any solution can be varied. In mixtures, there are different phases, each with its own atomic arrangement. It is possible to have a mixture of two different solutions! Gibbs phase rule In a system under a set of conditions, number of phases (P) exist can be related to the number of components (C) and degrees of freedom (F) by Gibbs phase rule. -
Petrogenesis of Slab-Derived Trondhjemite-Tonalite-Dacite/ Adakite Magmas M
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 87, 205-215, 1996 Petrogenesis of slab-derived trondhjemite-tonalite-dacite/ adakite magmas M. S. Drummond, M. J. Defant and P. K. Kepezhinskas ABSTRACT: The prospect of partial melting of the subducted oceanic crust to produce arc magmatism has been debated for over 30 years. Debate has centred on the physical conditions of slab melting and the lack of a definitive, unambiguous geochemical signature and petrogenetic process. Experimental partial melting data for basalt over a wide range of pressures (1-32 kbar) and temperatures (700-1150=C) have shown that melt compositions are primarily trondhjemite- tonalite-dacite (TTD). High-Al (> 15% A12O3 at the 70% SiO2 level) TTD melts are produced by high-pressure 015 kbar) partial melting of basalt, leaving a restite assemblage of garnet + clinopyroxe'ne ± hornblende. A specific Cenozoic high-Al TTD (adakite) contains lower Y, Yb and Sc and higher Sr, Sr/Y, La'/Yb and.Zr/Sm relative to other TTD types and is interpreted to represent a slab melt under garnet amphibolite to eclogite conditions. High-Al TTD with an adakite-like geochemical character is prevalent in the Archean as the result of a higher geotherm that facilitated slab melting. Cenozoic adakite localities are commonly associated with the subduction of young (<25Ma), hot oceanic crust, which may provide a slab geotherm (*9-10=C km"1) conducive for slab dehydration melting. Viable alternative or supporting tectonic effects that may enhance slab melting include highly oblique convergence and resultant high shear stresses and incipient subduction into a pristine hot mantle wedge. -
Section 1 Introduction to Alloy Phase Diagrams
Copyright © 1992 ASM International® ASM Handbook, Volume 3: Alloy Phase Diagrams All rights reserved. Hugh Baker, editor, p 1.1-1.29 www.asminternational.org Section 1 Introduction to Alloy Phase Diagrams Hugh Baker, Editor ALLOY PHASE DIAGRAMS are useful to exhaust system). Phase diagrams also are con- terms "phase" and "phase field" is seldom made, metallurgists, materials engineers, and materials sulted when attacking service problems such as and all materials having the same phase name are scientists in four major areas: (1) development of pitting and intergranular corrosion, hydrogen referred to as the same phase. new alloys for specific applications, (2) fabrica- damage, and hot corrosion. Equilibrium. There are three types of equili- tion of these alloys into useful configurations, (3) In a majority of the more widely used commer- bria: stable, metastable, and unstable. These three design and control of heat treatment procedures cial alloys, the allowable composition range en- conditions are illustrated in a mechanical sense in for specific alloys that will produce the required compasses only a small portion of the relevant Fig. l. Stable equilibrium exists when the object mechanical, physical, and chemical properties, phase diagram. The nonequilibrium conditions is in its lowest energy condition; metastable equi- and (4) solving problems that arise with specific that are usually encountered inpractice, however, librium exists when additional energy must be alloys in their performance in commercial appli- necessitate the knowledge of a much greater por- introduced before the object can reach true stabil- cations, thus improving product predictability. In tion of the diagram. Therefore, a thorough under- ity; unstable equilibrium exists when no addi- all these areas, the use of phase diagrams allows standing of alloy phase diagrams in general and tional energy is needed before reaching meta- research, development, and production to be done their practical use will prove to be of great help stability or stability. -
End of Chapter Question Answers Chapter 4 Review Questions 1
End of Chapter Question Answers Chapter 4 Review Questions 1. Describe the three processes that are responsible for the formation of magma. Answer: Magmas form from melting within the Earth. There are three types of melting: decompression melting, where magmas form when hot rock from deep in the mantle rises to shallower depths without undergoing cooling (the decrease in pressure facilitates the melting process); flux melting, where melting occurs due to the addition of volatiles such as CO2 and H2O; and heat transfer melting, where melting results from the transfer of heat from a hotter material to a cooler one. 2. Why are there so many different compositions of magma? Does partial melting produce magma with the same composition as the magma source from which it was derived? Answer: Magmas are formed from many different chemical constituents. Partial melting of rock yields magma that is more felsic (silicic) than the magma source because a higher proportion of chemicals needed to form felsic minerals diffuse into the melt at lower temperatures. Magma may incorporate chemicals dissolved from the solid rock through which it rises or from blocks of rock that fall into the magma. This process is called assimilation. Finally, fractional crystallization can modify magma composition as minerals crystallize out of a melt during the cooling process, causing the residual liquid to become progressively more felsic. 3. Why does magma rise from depth to the surface of the Earth? Answer: Magma rises toward the surface of the Earth because it is less dense than solid rock and buoyant relative to its surroundings.