Bergen-Belsen Death Camp
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The Ultimate Sacrifice
THE ULTIMATE SACRIFICE The Jersey islanders who died in German prisons and concentration camps during the Occupation 1940 - 1945 Paul Sanders © Paul Sanders 2004 COVER IMAGE 'In the Camp' (1940), by Felix Nussbaum. Nussbaum was born in Osnabrueck, Germany, in 1904, and studied in Hamburg, Berlin and Rome. He settled in Belgium in 1935. After the German invasion of May 1940, he was arrested and sent to the camps of Saint Cyprien and Gurs ('The camps of shame'), in southern France. Nussbaum escaped and then went into hiding in Brussels. He was denounced in 1944 and transported to Auschwitz where he perished, on August 2, 1944. 2 Completely revised and updated second edition 2004 First published in Jersey in 1998 by Jersey Heritage Trust Copyright © 2004 Paul Sanders All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Paul Sanders has asserted his moral right to be identified as the author of this work. ISBN 0 9538858 4 Typeset and layout, Jersey Heritage Trust Printed in Great Britain by Biddles Limited Jersey Heritage Trust Jersey Museum The Weighbridge St Helier Jersey JE2 3NF Tel 01534-633300 Fax 01534-633301 3 DEDICATION To Joe Mière Without whose decades of persistent groundwork the story of the twenty two Jersey prisoners would have remained untold To Peter Hassall Jersey’s ‘Night and Fog’ survivor who shared with the author the -
Belsen, Dachau, 1945: Newspapers and the First Draft of History
Belsen, Dachau, 1945: Newspapers and the First Draft of History by Sarah Coates BA (Hons.) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Deakin University March 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the opportunities Deakin University has provided me over the past eight years; not least the opportunity to undertake my Ph.D. Travel grants were especially integral to my research and assistance through a scholarship was also greatly appreciated. The Deakin University administrative staff and specifically the Higher Degree by Research staff provided essential support during my candidacy. I also wish to acknowledge the Library staff, especially Marion Churkovich and Lorraine Driscoll and the interlibrary loans department, and sincerely thank Dr Murray Noonan for copy-editing this thesis. The collections accessed as part of an International Justice Research fellowship undertaken in 2014 at the Thomas J Dodd Centre made a positive contribution to my archival research. I would like to thank Lisa Laplante, interim director of the Dodd Research Center, for overseeing my stay at the University of Connecticut and Graham Stinnett, Curator of Human Rights Collections, for help in accessing the Dodd Papers. I also would like to acknowledge the staff at the Bergen-Belsen Gedenkstätte and Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial who assisted me during research visits. My heartfelt gratitude is offered to those who helped me in various ways during overseas travel. Rick Gretsch welcomed me on my first day in New York and put a first-time traveller at ease. Patty Foley’s hospitality and warmth made my stay in Connecticut so very memorable. -
Auschwitz Concentration Camp 1 Auschwitz Concentration Camp
Auschwitz concentration camp 1 Auschwitz concentration camp Auschwitz German Nazi concentration and extermination camp (1940–1945) The main entrance to Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp Location of Auschwitz in contemporary Poland Coordinates [1] [1] 50°02′09″N 19°10′42″E Coordinates: 50°02′09″N 19°10′42″E Other names Birkenau Location Auschwitz, Nazi Germany Operated by the Nazi Schutzstaffel (SS), the Soviet NKVD (after World War II) Original use Army barracks Operational May 1940 – January 1945 Inmates mainly Jews, Poles, Roma, Soviet soldiers Killed 1.1 million (estimated) Liberated by Soviet Union, January 27, 1945 Notable inmates Viktor Frankl, Maximilian Kolbe, Primo Levi, Witold Pilecki, Edith Stein, Simone Veil, Rudolf Vrba, Elie Wiesel Notable books If This Is a Man, Night, Man's Search for Meaning [2] Website Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum Auschwitz concentration camp (German: Konzentrationslager Auschwitz [ˈaʊʃvɪts] ( listen)) was a network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II. It consisted of Auschwitz I (the base camp); Auschwitz II–Birkenau (the extermination camp); Auschwitz III–Monowitz (a labor camp to staff an IG Farben factory), and 45 satellite camps. Auschwitz I was first constructed to hold Polish political prisoners, who began to arrive in May 1940. The first extermination of prisoners took place in September 1941, and Auschwitz II–Birkenau went on to become a major site of the Nazi "Final Solution to the Jewish question". From early 1942 until late 1944, transport trains delivered Jews to the camp's gas chambers from all over German-occupied Europe, where they were killed with the pesticide Auschwitz concentration camp 2 Zyklon B. -
Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Coordinates: 52°45′28″N 9°54′28″E
Create account Log in Article Talk Read View source View history Bergen-Belsen concentration camp From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coordinates: 52°45′28″N 9°54′28″E This article is about the Nazi concentration camp. For the Displaced Persons camp, see Bergen-Belsen displaced persons camp. For the Navigation nearby village of Belsen, see Belsen (Bergen). Main page "Belsen" redirects here. For other uses, see Belsen (disambiguation). Contents Featured content Not to be confused with Bełżec extermination camp. Current events Bergen-Belsen (or Belsen) was a Nazi concentration camp in what is today Lower Saxony in Bergen-Belsen Random article northwestern Germany, southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle. Originally established as a Concentration camp Donate to Wikipedia prisoner of war camp,[1] in 1943 parts of it became a concentration camp. Originally this was an "exchange camp", where Jewish hostages were held with the intention of exchanging them for [2] Interaction German prisoners of war held overseas. Eventually, the camp was expanded to accommodate Jews from other concentration camps. Help Later still the name was applied to the displaced persons camp established nearby, but it is most About Wikipedia commonly associated with the concentration camp. From 1941 to 1945 almost 20,000 Russian Community portal prisoners of war and a further 50,000 inmates died there,[3] with up to 35,000 of them dying of Recent changes typhus in the first few months of 1945, shortly before and after the liberation.[4] Contact Wikipedia The camp was liberated on April 15, 1945 by the British 11th Armoured Division.[5] They discovered around 53,000 prisoners inside, most of them half-starved and seriously ill,[4] and another 13,000 Memorial stone at the entrance to the historical Toolbox camp area corpses lying around the camp unburied.[5] The horrors of the camp, documented on film and in What links here pictures, made the name "Belsen" emblematic of Nazi crimes in general for public opinion in Related changes Western countries in the immediate post-1945 period. -
Female Camp Guards During and After the Holocaust Lauren
ABSTRACT Navigating the Multi-layered Identities of the Aufseherinnen: Female Camp Guards During and After the Holocaust Lauren Elizabeth Wheeler Thesis Chairperson: David W. Hendon, Ph.D. The profiles, training, and roles of Aufseherinnen portray women acting out a femininity which both contradicted and fulfilled Nazi ideals of womanhood. Additionally, they account for the two layers of reality—both ought and is—so common to the Nazi system. The individual narratives of former victims develop the picture of an Aufseherin more fully by depicting the overall “object-identity” of the female camp staff—that is, their identity as experienced by the inmates—and the overall role of femaleness in the Lager. Interestingly, narratives usually portray their guards as humans (is) instead of monsters (ought). This human status was, however, contradicted by the understanding of the female defendants throughout the war crimes trials. Trial transcripts and media coverage of the Belsen Trial reveal a lack of understanding of the role of women in the camp system, as well as a general influence of gender stereotyping on the incongruent verdicts and sentencing of female defendants. The identities of the Aufseherinnen were therefore experienced as strikingly different from those of male perpetrators. Navigating the Multi-layered Identities of the Aufseherinnen: Female Camp Guards During and After the Holocaust by Lauren Elizabeth Wheeler, B.A. A Thesis Approved by the Department of History Jeffrey S. Hamilton, Ph.D., Chairperson Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Baylor University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Approved by the Thesis Committee David W. -
Holocaust and Justice Contributing to Its Materialization
This volume is dedicated to the memory of Sirnon Wiesenthal, a major driving force preserving the awareness of the need for the prosecution ofWorld War II war criminals in the world's mind, and actually Holocaust and Justice contributing to its materialization. Representation and Historiography of the Holocaust in Post-War.,., Trials Edited by David Bankier and Dan Michman '' Jerusalem 2010 \ ~ Yad Vashem Sirnon Wiesenthai (1908-2005) Berghahn Books Jerusalem NEW YORK • OXFORD '·' Copyright© 20 l 0 by Yad Vashem, Jerusalem Published in association with Berghahn Books The responsibility for the views expressed in this publication rests solely with the authors. Contents All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced in any form or any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Yad Vashem The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Introduction . 7 This publication and the conference on which it is based The Nurernberg Trialsand Their Long-Range Impact were made possible through the generous support of the Gertner Center for International Holocaust Conferences The Didactic Trial: Fittering History and Memory into the endowed by the late Danek D. and Jadzia B. Gertner Courtroom . 11 and The Gutwirth Family Fund Lawrence Douglas Prosecuting the Past in the Postwar Decade: Political Strategy and National Myth-Making . 23 Language Editor: Heather Rockman Donald Bloxham Typesetting: Judith Sternberg Printing: Printiv, Jerusalem The Holocaust, Nurernberg and the Birth of Modem International Law . 45 Michael J. Bazyler The Role ofthe Genocide ofEuropean Jewry in the Preparations for the Nurernberg Trials . -
Auschwitz - Grosswerther - Gunskirchen a Nine Months' Odyssey Through Eight Nazi Concentration Camps
Auschwitz - Grosswerther - Gunskirchen A Nine Months' Odyssey Through Eight Nazi Concentration Camps Joachim Neander On Thursday, March 15, 1945, a freight train stopped on the northwestern outskirts of Nordhausen, a medium-sized industrial town in northern Thuringia, in central Germany. Two hundred and ninety-four Jewish women in shabby civilian clothes stumbled out of the wagons, hungry, thirsty, and exhausted from a three-day journey without any provisions. SS guards from the nearby 1 Mittelbau concentration camp welcomed them in the usual way — with vicious dogs, yelling, beatings, and insults. The women were marched to Dora, the main camp at Mittelbau, where they were registered and given new prisoner numbers. Immediately afterward, 290 of them were marched again, about 6 kilometers southward, to the village of Grosswerther. There the SS had requisitioned the dance halls of two neighboring village inns situated in the village center in order to set up a new concentration camp — Aussenkommando Grosswerther, a sub-camp of Mittelbau. The women were divided into two groups of roughly equal size, and each took up quarters in one of the dance halls. Of the 294 women, 248 were from Hungary and had been arrested in the course of the mass deportations during the spring and summer of 1944; forty- four were from Poland; one came from France; and one from the Soviet Union. Most of the women were between twenty and twenty-five years old, 2 and many of them had worked in textile manufacturing before their arrest. 1 For a comprehensive history of Camp Mittelbau, see the author’s Ph.D. -
Final Thesis.Pdf
Canterbury Christ Church University’s repository of research outputs http://create.canterbury.ac.uk Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. Stracey, H. (2017) ‘Enfer des femmes’: Britain and the Ravensbrück-Hamburg Trials. M.A. thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University. Contact: [email protected] ‘Enfer Des Femmes’: Britain and The Ravensbrück-Hamburg Trials By Heather Stracey Canterbury Christ Church University Thesis submitted For Masters by Research September 2017 1 Table of Contents: Abstract page 4 Acknowledgements 7 Abbreviations 8 Prologue: Impressions of Ravensbrück 10 Introduction: Ravensbrück and War Crimes in Historical Perspective 14 Chapter 1: When ‘Conceptions of Justice Do Not Always Tally With Our Own’: 24 Human Rights and Bipolar Politics Prior to the First Ravensbrück-Hamburg Trials Chapter 2: The Seven Ravensbrück-Hamburg Trials 36 i. The First Ravensbrück-Hamburg Trial ii. The Second Ravensbrück-Hamburg Trial iii. The ‘Uckermark Trial’ iv. The ‘Doctors and Nurses Case’ v. The Fifth Ravensbrück-Hamburg Trial vi. The Sixth Ravensbrück-Hamburg Trial vii. -
Violent Frauen: Manhood and Womanhood on Trial for Nazi Atrocities at Bergen- Belsen, 1945
Violent Frauen: Manhood and Womanhood on Trial For Nazi Atrocities at Bergen- Belsen, 1945 By Megan Lynn Stimits September, 2015 Director of Thesis: Karin Zipf Major Department: History Chaos ensued after the Second World War. Investigations of Nazi atrocities took center stage throughout Europe. Britain, France, the United States, and Russia. Each held their own war crimes tribunals in their zone of occupation. From these trials knowledge of the inner workings of the Nazi agenda as well as the day-to-day occurrences at concentration and extermination camps has been exposed. Over the years, examining history through the lens of gender has become a topic of interest. Looking back at trial records from the Second World War, historians have found that German women camp guards, also known as Aufseherinnen, participated in Nazi atrocities as Schutzstaffel (SS). At the time of the trials, prosecutors from Britain, France, and the United States had difficulty comprehending that women could commit crimes of violence extending to torture. Judge Advocate C. L. Stirling, Esq., lead prosecutor Colonel T. M. Backhouse, and the defense lawyers each had a different view of German women perpetrators. Each of their views along with their arguments on the idea of women and motherhood are examined in the trial. Although British courts brought equal indictments against German women perpetrators, the judges did not hold the women accountable for their crimes. British ideas of coverture and manliness shielded the British prosecutors from believing that women were capable of murder. Men were supposed to have characteristics of civility through strength and self-discipline. -
Roč. 10/Č. 2–3 2018 Roč
2018 roč. 10/č. 2–3 2018 roč. 10/č. 2–3roč. 10/č. Fakulty filozofické Západočeské univerzity v Plzni i i i “Acta-2018-2-3” — 2019/2/19 — 10:06 — page 53 — #53 i Erich Fried’s Prose in Changes of our Times (in Honour of his 30th Jubilee of Death 1988–2018) Dušan Tellinger ∗ Abstract: The overall purpose of the researched study is to describe the confrontation between two basic translational principles in E. Fried’s prose and translational activities – naturalizing versus foreignizing (according to L. Venuti’s concept of the translation strategy named domestication in which a ST style is adopted in a TT, elaborated in contemporary Translation Studies). The further objective of the paper is to describe not only the issues for possible future translations of E. Fried’s prose (above all his crucial novel A Soldier and a Girl) into Slovak and Czech language, but also problems with the sense and the style of this author’s works in translations. The goal of this paper is to research not only the topics of antifascist and modernistic literature but also the topic of time and space (the historical setting in which the prose was produced – the addresses, circumstances, etc.) in E. Fried’s literary heritage and above all the history and the way of development of his crucial novel. Without that sense E. Fried’s famous novel and numerous tales cannot be translated into Slovak and Czech adequately and faithfully. The basic design of the study was built as follows: E. Fried’s prose in a broader context of the WWII exile literature; the modernistic novel of E. -
Pierrepoint: the Last Hangman
Pierrepoint: The Last Hangman http://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2006/04/27/pierrepoint_lasthangman_feature.shtml This film portrays the life and times of Albert Pierrepoint - Britain's most prolific hangman. From 1932 until he resigned in 1956 he executed some 608 people. Following World War II, the British occupation authorities conducted a series of trials under British military law of concentration camp staff, and from the initial Belsen Trial, death sentences were handed down in November 1945 to those guards who committed crimes while working at the Bergen-Belsen and Auschwitz concentration camps. It was agreed that Pierrepoint would conduct the executions and, so he flew to Germany in December 1945 to execute those sentenced to hanging in the Belsen Trial. Amongst those that he hanged in Germany were Josef Kramer, Fritz Klein, and Irma Grese. Josef Kramer, in May 1944, was put in charge of the gas chambers at the Auschwitz-Birkenau compound. He was to hold that position until December 1944, when he was transferred out to become the Commandant of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. Although it had no gas chambers, Kramer's rule was so harsh that he became known as the 'Beast of Belsen'. At his trial, Kramer testified, "I had no feelings in carrying out these things because I had received an order." Fritz Klein was a German physician at Auschwitz and then at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. He infamously carried out medical experiments on prisoners similar to that of Josef Mengele. Klein famously stated at his trial, "My Hippocratic oath tells me to cut a gangrenous appendix out of the human body. -
The United States and the Concentration Camp Trials at Dachau, 1945-1947 Greta Louise Lawrence Peterhouse This Dissertation Is S
The United States and the Concentration Camp Trials at Dachau, 1945-1947 Greta Louise Lawrence Peterhouse This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2016 i Declaration of Originality This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the relevant Degree Committee. iii Summary of Dissertation: The United States and the Concentration Camp Trials, 1945-1947 After much debate during the war years over how best to respond to Nazi criminality, the United States embarked on an ambitious postwar trial programme in occupied Germany, which consisted of three distinct trial sets: the International Military Trial at Nuremburg, the Nuremberg Military Tribunals, and military trials held at the former concentration camp at Dachau. Within the Dachau military tribunal programme, were the concentration camp trials in which personnel from the Dachau, Mauthausen, Buchenwald, Flossenbürg, and Dora-Mittelbau concentration camps were arraigned.