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Lenne Et Al Jesp 2019.Pdf Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 81 (2019) 76–84 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Experimental Social Psychology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jesp Parenting styles moderate how parent and adolescent beliefs shape each T other's eating and physical activity: Dyadic evidence from a cross-sectional, ☆ U.S. National Survey ⁎ Richie L. Lenne ,1, Keven Joyal-Desmarais1, Rachael E. Jones, Chloe O. Huelsnitz, Mary E. Panos, Lisa A. Auster-Gussman, William F. Johnson, Alexander J. Rothman, Jeffry A. Simpson University of Minnesota, United States of America ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Psychological theories of health behavior focus on intrapersonal influences on behavior. Greater attention to Parenting styles interpersonal effects and the relational contexts that regulate them has the potential to improve theory, and offer Theory of Planned Behavior innovative strategies for intervention. This research takes a dyadic approach to understanding how parent and Parent-adolescent relationships adolescent beliefs influence each other's health behaviors, and how the relationship context of parent-adolescent Health behavior dyads moderates these effects. Using the Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating study (FLASHE), we Dyadic models of health behavior analyze responses from 1717 parent-adolescent dyads from across the U.S., and explore a dyadic extension to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). We evaluate how parenting styles that characterize each parent-adolescent dyad moderate the degree to which parents' and adolescents' own attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control are associated with the other person's behaviors across four domains: fruit and vegetable consumption, junk food and sugary drinks consumption, engagement in physical activity, and engagement in screen time sedentary behaviors. We find that the association between parents' attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control and their adolescent's eating behavior tends to be stronger when parents have an authoritative parenting style. However, we also find that the association between adolescents' attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control and their parent's eating behavior tends to be stronger when parents have an authoritative parenting style. These findings show the importance of context in evaluating interpersonal influence, and hold implications for health-relevant interventions. 1. Introduction prevailing psychological theories of health behavior remain grounded in the intrapersonal perspective that dominated when they were first Despite the fact that relationships are part and parcel of social developed, and provide limited insights regarding how another person's psychology, researchers have traditionally focused on specifying the beliefs influence an individual's behavior, or how an individual's beliefs intrapersonal processes that govern the behavior of individuals influence another person's behavior. The goal of the current research is (Berscheid, 1999). However, people are inherently situated in a net- to demonstrate the value of adopting an interpersonal, dyadic approach work of relationships that influence their thoughts, feelings, and be- to understanding health behaviors in a specific dyadic context – parent- havior. One important context for interpersonal influence is physical child relationships – using one of the most oft-tested theories of health health, in which there is an emerging consensus that interpersonal dy- behavior - the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1985, 1991). namics are important determinants of health outcomes (e.g., Holt- Consistent with this view, most public health priorities (e.g., poor Lunstad, Robles, & Sbarra, 2017) and health behaviors (Guidetti, nutrition, physical inactivity, teen pregnancy, and HIV) involve beha- Cavazza, & Graziani, 2014; Pietromonaco & Collins, 2017). Yet, the viors that occur predominantly in the context of personal relationships ☆ All authors contributed to the development of research questions and interpretation of findings. KJ and RLL organized and prepared these data for analysis with assistance from RJ, COH, MP, LAA, and WJ. RLL and KJ conducted the analysis. RLL and KJ wrote the initial version of the manuscript with support from AJR and JAS; RJ, COH, MP, LAA, and WJ provided substantive feedback on the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. This research was supported by a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) of Canada doctoral fellowship to KJD. Data for this research come from the FLASHE Study, which was funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) under contract number HHSN261201200039I issued to Westat, Inc. ⁎ Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 E River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55454, United States of America. E-mail address: [email protected] (R.L. Lenne). 1 The first two authors contributed equally to the preparation of this manuscript. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2018.06.003 Received 1 December 2017; Received in revised form 21 April 2018; Accepted 8 June 2018 Available online 21 July 2018 0022-1031/ © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. R.L. Lenne et al. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 81 (2019) 76–84 (CDC, 2017). More often than not, we eat, play, and have sex in ways shown to affect the ability of adolescents with Type I Diabetes to con- that help us be with, relate to, and/or engage with other people (Leary, trol their glycemic levels (Anderson et al., 2009) and marital relation- Tchividjian, & Kraxberger, 1994). Although there is a long-standing ships that are characterized by greater responsiveness or satisfaction literature on the provision and receipt of social support and its effect on afford better long-term health outcomes (Holt-Lunstad, Birmingham, & behavioral and health outcomes (Cohen & Wills, 1985; House, Landis, & Jones, 2008; Robles, Slatcher, Trombello, & McGinn, 2014). Ad- Umberson, 1988; Uchino, 2009), the models underlying this work offer ditionally, in earlier work with romantic couples, we found that re- limited guidance regarding how and when the thoughts and feelings of lationship quality moderates the interpersonal effects of certain TPB close others (e.g., parents, spouses, best friends) shape a person's be- constructs (Howland et al., 2016). Specifically, the subjective norms havior (Huelsnitz, Rothman, & Simpson, 2018; Karney et al., 2010). In held by one's romantic partner were more likely to predict one's own the absence of theoretical guidance, investigators are limited in their intentions to exercise when the relationship was higher in quality. The ability to leverage one of the most powerful contexts in which people present study builds upon these findings by exploring how character- strive to be healthy—their close relationships. istics of the parent-child relationship regulate when the beliefs held by Addressing the goals of this special issue, we propose that psycho- parents and their adolescent children are most likely to be associated logical theories of health behavior would benefit from attending to and with one another's eating and physical activity behaviors. systematically examining the influence of close others and, in parti- cular, the relational contexts that regulate their effect on people's health 1.2. Parent-adolescent relationships and health behaviors behaviors. Researchers clearly acknowledge Gordon Allport's (1968) emphasis on the “imagined or implied presence of others” in influen- Parent-adolescent relationships are a particularly important and cing behavior and health through, for example, the assessment of per- rich context in which to examine interpersonal determinants of health ceived social norms (Ajzen, 1991). With the emergence of dyadic behaviors. Parents often act as role models for health-promoting be- modeling techniques (e.g., Kenny, Kashy, & Cook, 2006), it is now haviors (Morrongiello, Corbett, & Bellissimo, 2008) and frequently try possible to account for the real presence of others, by assessing how key to control their children's health-relevant behaviors (Birch & Fisher, characteristics of close others influence people's behavior and deli- 1998; Casey & Rozin, 1989). Health is often discussed in families neating the conditions under which these factors predict health-re- (Bylund & Duck, 2004), and parents and children typically have many levant intentions and behaviors most powerfully. In the current re- opportunities to influence each other's health behaviors by virtue of search, we adopt a dyadic approach to the measurement and modeling living in the same household (Patrick & Nicklas, 2005). Adolescence of health behaviors (see also Howland et al., 2016; Huelsnitz et al., also marks a developmental stage in which children begin to seek more 2018; Joyal-Desmarais et al., 2018) to examine the conditions under independence from parental influence, make their own choices, and which parents and their adolescent children tend to affect one another's attempt to have greater influence on decisions in the family (Palan & eating and physical activity behaviors. Wilkes, 1997). Thus, both parents and children may be motivated to influence each other during this stage of life. 1.1. A dyadic approach to health behavior modeling Developmental scholars have long recognized that parenting char- acteristics—such as the degree to which parents are responsive, de- Traditional psychological theories of health behavior focus almost manding, and autonomy-granting toward their
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