DOCSLIB.ORG

Kaho'olawe Island, Hawai'i

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Kaho'olawe Island, Hawai'i Kaho‘olawe Island, Hawai‘i Photo: Andrew Wright Photo: KIRC PROJECT MISSION In partnership with the Kaho‘olawe Island Reserve Commission (KIRC), further the restoration of Kaho‘olawe Island by evaluating the feasibility of removing invasive rodents and feral cats to provide predator-free habitat for indigenous flora and fauna. PROJECT VISION The Kaho‘olawe ecosystem is alive with robust populations of native plants and animals, including the support of traditional Hawaiian practices, and provides a refuge for Hawaiian species threatened by climate change. This is achieved through the Hawaiian concept of Pilina `Āina (Renewing Connections): Honoring the natural environment and revitalizing cultural relationships through Kanaloa Kaho‘olawe. THE PROBLEM Invasive rats, cats, and mice prey on native seabird eggs, chicks, and adults, WHY IS KAHO‘OLAWE consume native plant seeds and seedlings, and disrupt traditional Hawaiian ISLAND IMPORTANT? practices. • POTENTIAL HABITAT FOR THE SOLUTION AT LEAST 12 SPECIES LISTED Removal of invasive species will allow for the recovery of Kaho‘olawe’s ecosystem. UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT COMMITTED TO A HEALTHY ISLAND As an administrative agency of the State of HI’s DLNR, the KIRC and Island • IMPORTANT SITE FOR Conservation will partner with other governmental agencies, cultural groups, and TRADITIONAL HAWAIIAN PRACTICES local conservation organizations to evaluate the social, economic, and technical feasibility of removing invasive species from Kaho‘olawe Island. • AN UNDEVELOPED, Kaho‘olawe Island, Hawai‘i is the smallest of the HIGH ELEVATION ISLAND, eight main Hawaiian Islands at 28,800 acres (11, MAKING IT IDEAL FOR 520 hectares). Located near Maui, Kaho‘olawe SEVERAL HAWAIIAN SPECIES is the largest unpopulated and wholly THREATENED BY PROJECTED protected island in the archipelago, offering an SEA LEVEL RISE unprecedented opportunity to protect Hawaiian species and culture. KAHO‘OLAWE ISLAND RESTORATION PROJECT Kaho‘olawe Island historically supported many of Hawai‘i’s native plants and animals, as well as a thriving cultural role—especially in ocean navigation. However, invasive species present on the island have destroyed native plant and animal populations and disrupted cultural practices. IC is working with the Kaho‘olawe Island Reserve Commission (KIRC)* to advance the restoration of Kaho‘olawe Island by removing invasive rodents and feral cats. This will allow for the protection of the native habitat and return of at least 12 species listed under the Endangered Species Act, including the Hawaiian Petrel and Newell’s Shearwater. Seabirds have deep roots in Hawaiian culture—they provided navigation cues to early Polynesian settlers and led fisherman to schools of fish on the high seas. Restoring Kaho‘olawe Island will help realize the KIRC vision where native Hawaiian species can thrive and cultural practices flourish with Hawai‘i’s future generations. AN INVESTMENT IN THE FUTURE OF HAWAIIAN SPECIES 1. EXISTING THREATS Although no longer used by the Navy, the island habitat has been degraded by years of use as a Navy bombing range as well as the impacts of invasive species, including invasive cats, rodents and ungulates (sheep, goats, and cattle). Ungulates were removed in the 1990s; eliminating the impacts of invasive cats and rodents will allow for rapid, natural recovery of the island ecosystem and native species. 2. A LONELY PLANT Kanaloa kahoolawensis (pictured) is the single member of an endemic Hawaiian plant genus found only on Kaho‘olawe. Kanaloa was discovered in 1992, and the single remaining species grows on the cliffs of Ale`ale Pu`uloae, a sea stack off the south coast of Kaho‘olawe. Removal of invasive mice and rats (seed predators) and restoration of Kaho‘olawe’s plant community are critical steps towards saving this species that is edging towards extinction. Photo: James Bruch 3. TAKING ACTION The KIRC is currently implementing a very active and diverse restoration program including restoration of native, land-based habitats and watersheds. They are applying key strategies that address erosion control, plant and animal restoration, and enhancement of island’s natural water systems. The removal of invasive cats, rats, and mice are one part of the overall program to restore the natural ecosystem, and is critical to the overall success of the program. 4. CLIMATE CHANGE Kaho‘olawe represents an important opportunity to provide climate change adaptation for threatened species. Fossil records provide evidence that the Critically Endangered Laysan Duck once inhabited Kaho‘olawe Island; however, today the duck is restricted to the low elevation islands of Laysan and Midway in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands, and at risk from projected sea level rise. Once Kaho‘olawe is free of invasive predators, the Laysan Duck, and other threatened species, can be translocated to this Photo: Jimmy Breeden/ high elevation island. USGS *The mission of the Kaho‘olawe Island Reserve Commission is to implement the vision for Kaho‘olawe Island in which the kino (body) of Kaho‘olawe is restored and na poe o Hawai‘i (the people of Hawai‘i) care for the land..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effectiveness of Social Stimuli in Attracting Laysan Albatross to New Potential Nesting Sites
    EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL STIMULI IN ATTRACTING LAYSAN ALBATROSS TO NEW POTENTIAL NESTING SITES RICHARD H. PODOLSKY • Universityof Michigan,School of Natural Resources,Ann Arbor,Michigan 48109 USA Al•sTRACT.--Seabirdcolonies usually grow as first-time breeders join existing groups. I testedthe hypothesisthat the presenceof conspecifics,specifically the sight and sound of establishedbreeders, was the stimulus responsiblefor first-time breeders to join existing colonies.The attractivepower of conspecificswas testedby presentingto conspecificsmodels of LaysanAlbatross (Diomedea immutabilis) in severalbehavior postures, with accompanying recordings of vocalizations. I found that Laysan Albatross landed more frequently in areas where both albatrossmodels and vocalizationswere present than in areaswith only visual stimuli or no vocal stimuli. Landing albatrossand those on the ground were found nearer to the artificial social stimuli than would be expectedfrom a random distribution. Three- dimensionalmodels were more attractivethan two-dimensionalmodels, and paired models were more attractive than single models for both three-dimensionaland two-dimensional models.Three-dimensional models in a sky-pointingposture were the mostattractive overall, whereas models in head-forward posture were the most attractive two-dimensional models. Albatrossexhibited courtshipbehavior closerto the modelsthan would be expectedfrom a random distribution. The implicationsof attraction to endangeredbird managementand restorationare discussed.Received 3 April 1989,accepted
    [Show full text]
  • MILLERBIRD Acrocephalus Familiaris Native Resident, Endemic, Endangered A.F
    MILLERBIRD Acrocephalus familiaris native resident, endemic, endangered A.f. familiaris (Laysan) Laysan subspecies extinct A.f. kingi (Nihoa) The Millerbird is an endemic resident in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (AOU 1998), having likely colonized the archipelago from Asia or other Pacific Island groups (Bryan 1940; Berger 1972, 1981; E 31:47). Acrocephalus warblers have widely colonized the Pacific Basin (Pratt et al. 1987, Wiles 2005, Cibois et al. 2011), and Millerbird has been found to be genetically distant from other Pacific congeners (AOU 1983, Fleischer et al. 2007), being the first to diverge from other taxa within a Polynesian clade (Cibois et al. 2011). Cassin (1858) followed by Dole (1869, 1879) reported an Acrocephalus warbler (as "Tatare otaiensis") in the marshes of Kaua'i and Hawai'i, which caused Rothschild (1900) and Bryan (1901a) to consider it a possibility on these islands, but Cassin was apparently referring to Acrocephalus caffer which is not found in Hawaii (see Tahiti Reed Warbler). No subfossil evidence exists for the occurrence of Acrocephalus in the Southeastern Hawaiian Islands (Olson and Ziegler 1995), which is curious given the genus' widespread distribution within the Pacific Basin (Bryan 1940). Two subspecies of Millerbird have been found, on Laysan and Nihoa, which are distinct and could be treated as different species (Wetmore 1924, Munro 1944, Olson and Ziegler 1995, Olson 1996b, Fleischer et al. 2007) but most regard them as subspecies (see Synonymies). See Banko (1979) for locations of 104 specimens of Millerbird, and Morin et al. (1997) for a summary of the natural history and biology of the species.
    [Show full text]
  • Albatross Or Mōlī (Phoebastria Immutabilis) Black-Footed Albatross Or Ka’Upu (Phoebastria Nigripes) Short-Tailed Albatross (Phoebastria Albatrus)
    Hawaiian Bird Conservation Action Plan Focal Species: Laysan Albatross or Mōlī (Phoebastria immutabilis) Black-footed Albatross or Ka’upu (Phoebastria nigripes) Short-tailed Albatross (Phoebastria albatrus) Synopsis: These three North Pacific albatrosses are demographically similar, share vast oceanic ranges, and face similar threats. Laysan and Black-footed Albatrosses nest primarily in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, while the Short-tailed Albatross nests mainly on islands near Japan but forages extensively in U.S. waters. The Short-tailed Albatross was once thought to be extinct but its population has been growing steadily since it was rediscovered in 1951 and now numbers over 3,000 birds. The Laysan is the most numerous albatross species in the world with a population over 1.5 million, but its trend has been hard to determine because of fluctuations in number of breeding pairs. The Black-footed Albatross is one-tenth as numerous as the Laysan and its trend also has been difficult to determine. Fisheries bycatch caused unsustainable mortality of adults in all three species but has been greatly reduced in the past 10-20 years. Climate change and sea level rise are perhaps the greatest long-term threat to Laysan and Black-footed Albatrosses because their largest colonies are on low-lying atolls. Protecting and creating colonies on higher islands and managing non-native predators and human conflicts may become keys to their survival. Laysan, Black-footed, and Short-tailed Albatrosses (left to right), Midway. Photos Eric VanderWerf Status
    [Show full text]
  • THE HAWAIIAN-EMPEROR VOLCANIC CHAIN Part I Geologic Evolution
    VOLCANISM IN HAWAII Chapter 1 - .-............,. THE HAWAIIAN-EMPEROR VOLCANIC CHAIN Part I Geologic Evolution By David A. Clague and G. Brent Dalrymple ABSTRACT chain, the near-fixity of the hot spot, the chemistry and timing of The Hawaiian-Emperor volcanic chain stretches nearly the eruptions from individual volcanoes, and the detailed geom­ 6,000 km across the North Pacific Ocean and consists of at least etry of volcanism. None of the geophysical hypotheses pro­ t 07 individual volcanoes with a total volume of about 1 million posed to date are fully satisfactory. However, the existence of km3• The chain is age progressive with still-active volcanoes at the Hawaiian ewell suggests that hot spots are indeed hot. In the southeast end and 80-75-Ma volcanoes at the northwest addition, both geophysical and geochemical hypotheses suggest end. The bend between the Hawaiian and .Emperor Chains that primitive undegassed mantle material ascends beneath reflects a major change in Pacific plate motion at 43.1 ± 1.4 Ma Hawaii. Petrologic models suggest that this primitive material and probably was caused by collision of the Indian subcontinent reacts with the ocean lithosphere to produce the compositional into Eurasia and the resulting reorganization of oceanic spread­ range of Hawaiian lava. ing centers and initiation of subduction zones in the western Pacific. The volcanoes of the chain were erupted onto the floor of the Pacific Ocean without regard for the age or preexisting INTRODUCTION structure of the ocean crust. Hawaiian volcanoes erupt lava of distinct chemical com­ The Hawaiian Islands; the seamounts, hanks, and islands of positions during four major stages in their evolution and the Hawaiian Ridge; and the chain of Emperor Seamounts form an growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on the Birds Peculiar to Laysan Island, Hawaiian Group
    3S4 V'lS,•ER,Birds of La),san Island. FL AukOct. NOTES ON THE BIRDS PECULIAR TO LAYSAN ISLAND, HAWAIIAN GROUP. 1 BY WALTER K. FISHER. •ølates x_,r_,r-x WE DOnot naturally associateland birds with tiny coral atolls in tropicalseas. It is thereforea strangefact that sucha diminu- tive island as Laysan, and one so remote from continentalshores, should harbor no less than five peculiar species: the Laysan Finch (]klespiza cantans) and Honey-eater (I-Iima•ione freethi), both • drepanidid' birds, the Miller Bird (.4crocefihalusfamiliaris), the LaysanRail (?orzanulapalmeri),and lastly the LaysanTeal (•tnas laysanensis).I usethe term ' land birds' loosely,in con- tradistinctionto sea-fowl,multitudes of which breed here through- out the year. The presenceof these speciesis all the more remarkablebecause none appear on neighboringislands, more or less distant, someof which are very similar to Laysan in structure and flora. Reachingout towardJapan from the main Hawaiian group is a long chainof volcanicrocks, atolls,sand-bars• and sunkenreefs, all insignificantin size and widely separated. The last islet is fully two thousandmiles from Honolulu and about half-way to Yokohama. Beginningat the east,the more importantmembers of this chain are: Bird Island and Necker (tall volcanicrocks), French Frigate Shoals, Gardner Rock, Laysan, Lisiansky, Mid- way, Cure, and Motell. Laysanis eighthundred miles northwest- by-westfrom Honolulu,and is perhapsbest knownas beingthe home of countless albatrosses. We sightedthe island early one morning in May, lying low on the horizon,with a great cloud of sea-birdshovering over it. On all sides the air was lively with terns, albatrosses,and boobies, •These notes were made during a visit of the Fish Commissionsteamer ' Albatross' to Laysan, May 17 to 23, 19o2, and are abridged from a more extendedreport on the avifauna of the i•land• to appearin the Bulletin of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Divergence Among Populations of the Hawaiian Duck, Laysan Duck, and Mallard
    The Auk 110(1):49-56, 1993 GENETIC DIVERGENCE AMONG POPULATIONS OF THE HAWAIIAN DUCK, LAYSAN DUCK, AND MALLARD ROBERT A. BROWNE,• CURTICE R. GRIFFIN, 2 PAUL R. CHANG, 2 MARK HUBLEY, • AND AMY E. MARTIN s •Departmentof Biology,Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina27109, USA; and 2Departmentof Forestryand Wildlife Management, University of Massachusetts,Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA ABSTRACr.--Allozymicvariation at 20 gene loci was estimatedfor populationsof the Laysan Duck (Anaslaysanensis) and the Hawaiian Duck (A. wyvilliana)from the Hawaiianarchipelago, as well as for Mallard populations(A. platyrhynchos)from Hawaii and North America. The Laysan Duck and Hawaiian Duck are endemic, have experiencedsevere bottlenecks,and are listed as endangered species.Alternative alleles are fixed at six loci for Mallards versus Hawaiian anatids (Hawaiian and Laysan ducks). In contrast,every allelic variant found in the Laysan Duck was present in the Hawaiian Duck (but not vice versa), suggestingthe formeris an offshootof the latter.The geneticdistance (Nei's D) betweenLaysan and Hawaiian ducks is lessthan 0.01, while that between both Hawaiian and Laysan ducks and Mallards is greater than 0.45. The allozymic evidence also suggeststhat there has been extensive hy- bridization between Mallards and Hawaiian Ducks on Oahu, with the near disappearanceof Hawaiian Duck alleles.However, there is only slight evidenceof Mallard genic introgression into the Hawaiian Duck population on Kauai. Finally, the allozymic data suggestthat the Hawaiian Duck is a distinctspecies from the Mallard, but that little geneticdivergence has occurredbetween Hawaiian and Laysanducks. Received 25 July 1991,accepted 8 March 1992. THERESULTS of evolutionary processeson oce- and maintenance of populations of Hawaiian anic islands are evident in the Hawaiian avi- Ducks on Oahu and Hawaii relied on progeny fauna, which exhibits striking examples of from relatively few captive-reared birds.
    [Show full text]
  • Northwestern Hawaiian Islands/Kure Atoll Assessment and Monitoring Program
    Northwestern Hawaiian Islands/Kure Atoll Assessment and Monitoring Program Final Report March 2002 Grant Number NA070A0457 William j. Walsh1, Ryan Okano2, Robert Nishimoto1, Brent Carman1. 1 Division of Aquatic Resources 1151 Punchbowl Street Rm. 330 Honolulu, HI 96813 2 Botany Department University of Hawai`i Mānoa Honolulu, HI 96822 2 INTRODUCTION The Northwest Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) consist of 9,124 km2 of land and approximately 13,000 km2 of coral reef habitat. They comprise 70% of all coral reef areas under U.S. jurisdiction. This isolated archipelago of small islands, atolls, reefs and banks represent a unique and largely pristine coral reef ecosystem. The islands support millions of nesting seabirds and are breeding grounds for the critically endangered Hawaiian monk seal and threatened green sea turtle. The reefs include a wide range of habitats and support a diverse assemblage of indigenous and endemic reef species, many of which have yet to be described. Kure Atoll, located at the northwestern end of the NWHI chain (approximately 28º 25’ N latitude and 178º 20’ W longitude) is the northernmost atoll in the world. The atoll is located 91 km northwest of Midway Islands and nearly 1,958 km northwest of Honolulu. It is a nearly circular atoll with a diameter of 10 km (6mi). The outer reef is continuous Figure 1. IKONOS satellite image of Kure Atoll 3 and almost encircles the atoll’s lagoon except for passages to the southwest (Fig. 1). An emergent rock ledge consisting primarily of coralline algae and algally bound and encrusted coral is present along some sections of the reef crest.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Effects of Sea Level Rise on the Terrestrial Habitats of Endangered and Endemic Megafauna in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
    Vol. 2: 21–30, 2006 ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Printed December 2006 Previously ESR 4: 1–10, 2006 Endang Species Res Published online May 24, 2006 Potential effects of sea level rise on the terrestrial habitats of endangered and endemic megafauna in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Jason D. Baker1, 2,*, Charles L. Littnan1, David W. Johnston3 1Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2570 Dole Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA 2University of Aberdeen, School of Biological Sciences, Lighthouse Field Station, George Street, Cromarty, Ross-shire IV11 8YJ, UK 3Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA ABSTRACT: Climate models predict that global average sea level may rise considerably this century, potentially affecting species that rely on coastal habitat. The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) have high conservation value due to their concentration of endemic, endangered and threatened spe- cies, and large numbers of nesting seabirds. Most of these islands are low-lying and therefore poten- tially vulnerable to increases in global average sea level. We explored the potential for habitat loss in the NWHI by creating topographic models of several islands and evaluating the potential effects of sea level rise by 2100 under a range of basic passive flooding scenarios. Projected terrestrial habitat loss varied greatly among the islands examined: 3 to 65% under a median scenario (48 cm rise), and 5 to 75% under the maximum scenario (88 cm rise). Spring tides would probably periodically inun- date all land below 89 cm (median scenario) and 129 cm (maximum scenario) in elevation. Sea level is expected to continue increasing after 2100, which would have greater impact on atolls such as French Frigate Shoals and Pearl and Hermes Reef, where virtually all land is less than 2 m above sea level.
    [Show full text]
  • Laysan Duck (Anas Laysanensis)
    Hawaiian Bird Conservation Action Plan Focal Species: Laysan Duck (Anas laysanensis) Synopsis: The Laysan Duck is a small, primarily nocturnal and terrestrial duck that is restricted to the small islands of Laysan and Midway. It formerly was more widespread on the larger Hawaiian Islands. The Midway population was created by translocations from Laysan in 2004 and 2005. Rising sea level, increasing storm surge, and lower precipitation associated with global climate change are expected to have serious impacts on the low-lying islands where this species occurs. Occasional outbreaks of avian botulism can cause high mortality. The primary conservation actions are preventing predators and other alien species from becoming established on these remote islands, managing habitat to provide adequate foraging and nesting sites, and establishing populations on additional islands by translocation. Male Laysan Duck, Midway. Photo Eric VanderWerf Created wetland, Midway. Photo Eric VanderWerf Geographic region: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Group: Water birds Federal Status: Endangered State status: Endangered IUCN status: Critically Endangered Conservation score, rank: 17/20, At-risk Watch List 2007 Score: Red Laysan Ducks feeding on brine flies around the hypersaline Climate Change Vulnerability: High lake on Laysan. Photo Cameron Rutt Population Size and Trend: On Laysan, the most recent (2010) population estimate was 434±72 birds (Reynolds et al. 2011), but estimates have fluctuated from 322-688 over the last several decades (USFWS 2004). The population trend on Laysan is thought to be stable, but it has been difficult to determine due to the fluctuations. On Midway, 42 birds were translocated in two cohorts from Laysan in 2004 and 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Laysan and Black-Footed Albatross Nesting Pairs at All Known Breeding Sites (Data from USFWS Unpublished Data Except As Noted Below)
    A Conservation Action Plan for Black-footed Albatross (Phoebastria nigripes) and Laysan Albatross (P. immutabilis) Photograph by Marc D. Romano, USFWS Version 1.0 Contributors This Conservation Action Plan was compiled by Maura B. Naughton, Marc D. Romano and Tara S. Zimmerman, but it could not have been accomplished without the guidance, support, and input of the workshop participants and additional contributors that assisted with the development and review of this plan. Contributors included Joe Arceneaux, Greg Balogh, Jeremy Bisson, Louise Blight, John Burger, John Cusick, Kim Dietrich, Ann Edwards, Lyle Enriquez, Myra Finkelstein, Shannon Fitzgerald, Elizabeth Flint, Holly Freifeld, Eric Gilman, Tom Goode, Aaron Hebshi, Burr Heneman, Bill Henry, Michelle Hester, Jenny Hoskins, David Hyrenbach, Bill Kendall, Irene Kinan-Kelly, John Klavitter, Kathy Kuletz, Rebecca Lewison, James Ludwig, Ed Melvin, Ken Morgan, Mark Ono, Jayme Patrick, Kim Rivera, Scott Shaffer, Paul Sievert, David Smith, Jo Smith, Rob Suryan, Yonat Swimmer, Cynthia Vanderlip, Lewis VanFossen, Christine Volinski, Bill Wilson, Lee Ann Woodward, Lindsay Young, Stephanie Zador, Brenda Zaun, Michele Zwartjes. This version also benefited from the review and comments of Shelia Conant, John Croxall, Jaap Eijzenga, Falk Huettman, Mark Seamans, Ben Sullivan, and Jennifer Wheeler. Michelle Kappes and Scott Shaffer graciously provided access to unpublished data. Recommended Citation Naughton, M. B, M. D. Romano, T. S. Zimmerman. 2007. A Conservation Action Plan for Black-footed
    [Show full text]
  • Native Plants of Midway Atoll NWR U.S
    Native Plants of Midway Atoll NWR U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report by John Klavitter, Honolulu, HI, December 22, 2006. In the past, at least 37 native plant species have occurred at Midway. Currently, 20 native species (6 endemic, 1 species of concern) occur on the Refuge and at least 15 (9 endemic) have been extirpated and 2 (both endemic) are thought to be extinct. Lepterus repens (ind) Psuedognaphalium sandwicensium Lepterus (nwm), Wagner et al. 1999 ‘Ena’ena (end, nwm) One endemic palm from Molokai is also present, but not included in Midway’s native plant species count. The total number of species (native and non-native) recorded from Midway is 354 with a total of 264 being present during the last major botanical survey between April and June 1999 (Starr and Martz 1999). The Refuge hopes to reintroduce Achyranthes atollensis (end) appropriate extirpated plants back to Lepidium bidentatum var. o-wahihiense (end) Note: A. splendens shown above Midway within the next 2 years and 'Anaunau (nw) (rei from Laysan 2005) (E, nw, ext), Wagner et al. 1999 proposes using seeds to avoid accidental alien species introductions. (end = endemic to Hawaii, ind = indigenous to Hawaii, nw = found in Northwestern Hawaiian Islands only, nwm = found in the Northwestern and Main Hawaiian Islands, E = endangered, T = threatened, C = species of concern, ext = extinct, exr = extirpated at Midway, rei = extirpated at Midway but reintroduced, red = Mariscus javanicus (ind) ‘Ahu’ahu, Eragrostis variabilis (end) Bunch Grass, rediscovered at Midway). Wagner et al. 1999 (nwm) Kawelu, Emoloa Lovegrass (nwm) Eragrostis paupera (ind) Dwarf Bunch Grass (nwm) Cenchrus agrimonioides var.
    [Show full text]
  • Ess 403 Lab 1- Hot Spots
    ESS 403 LAB 1- HOT SPOTS OBJECTIVES: If the seafloor were stationary over the deep mantle, an active volcano would just sit Investigate the ‘Hot Spot” hypothesis above the hot spot and erupt for as long as by determining rates of motion and heat in the deep mantle could maintain the pole(s) of rotation that match volcano plume. But if the seafloor moves over the mantle plume, an active volcano could and seamount age-location data for remain over the magma source only for Hawaii and other Pacific ocean island about a million years. As the plate moved, chains the old volcano would pass beyond the plume and become dormant. A new volcano would sprout periodically through the plate BACKGROUND: above the hot spot, fed by plume magmas. Then the next volcano would emerge, and so THE CURIOUS CASE OF THE on. Eventually a chain of volcanoes would HAWAIIAN ISLANDS form, lined up in order of increasing age away from the hot spot. During the nineteenth century, American geologist James Dwight Dana (1813-1895) The Hawaiian Islands connect with a observed that the age of extinct volcanoes in chain of seamounts to the northwest. These the Hawaiian Island chain increases as one are underwater mountains formed from gets farther away from the active volcanoes dormant seafloor volcanoes that have sunk on the "big island". The age increases from below the sea surface by a combination of the contemporary, active underwater erosion and isostasy. By taking the ratio of volcano Loihi (southeast of the big island of distance (from an extinct volcano to the Hawaii) to nearly 60 million years at the active volcanoes on the big island of Suiko Seamount 1300 km distant.
    [Show full text]