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Seminář Japonských Studií Bakalářská Diplomová Práce Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Seminář japonských studií Bakalářská diplomová práce 2020 Michaela Chupíková Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Seminář japonských studií Japanistika Michaela Chupíková Legislativní změny v Japonsku související s právy homosexuálů po roce 2000 Bakalářská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Zuzana Rozwałka 2020 Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů. Souhlasím s tím, aby práce byla archivována a zpřístupněna ke studijním účelům. ..................................................... Michaela Chupíková Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala vedoucí své práce, Mgr. Zuzaně Rozwałce, za její cenné připomínky, trpělivost a čas, který mi věnovala při konzultacích. Obsah Poznámka k formální úpravě práce ......................................................................................................... 6 Úvod ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 1. Úvod do problematiky života japonských homosexuálů ................................................................. 9 2. Legislativa upravující práva japonských homosexuálů před 21. stoletím ..................................... 11 3. Současná legislativa týkající se uznávání stejnopohlavních svazků a partnerského soužití .......... 15 3.1 Ústava Japonska .......................................................................................................................... 15 3.1.1 24. článek ústavy .................................................................................................................. 16 3.1.2 14. článek ústavy .................................................................................................................. 17 3.2 Stejnopohlavní manželství v Japonsku ........................................................................................ 18 3.3 Adopce ........................................................................................................................................ 22 4. Partnerské certifikáty ..................................................................................................................... 26 5. Směrnice Ministerstva školství z roku 2015.................................................................................. 29 6. Olympijské hry 2020 ..................................................................................................................... 33 7. Osobnosti zasazující se o změny ve prospěch japonských homosexuálů ...................................... 36 Závěr ...................................................................................................................................................... 38 Seznam použité literatury ...................................................................................................................... 40 Resumé .................................................................................................................................................. 46 Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 47 Přílohy ................................................................................................................................................... 48 Poznámka k formální úpravě práce V celé práci je použita česká transkripce japonštiny, a to v souladu se zásadami, které uvádějí Ivona Barešová a Monika Dytrtová. 1 Japonská jména uvádím v pořadí jméno příjmení, tedy v opačném pořadí, než je v Japonsku zvykem. Skloňováno je pouze příjmení, nikoliv jméno. Názvy měst, oblastí, historických období a jména osobností v kurzívě neuvádím. U prvního výskytu japonských výrazů je v závorce rovněž uveden jejich původní zápis ve znacích. Dále jsou pak uváděny v přepsané formě kurzívou s výjimkou vlastních jmen, ta jsou zapsána normálním písmem. Bibliografické údaje se řídí citační normou ČSN ISO 690. V práci se často objevují anglické výrazy a anglicismy, týkající se ve velké většině genderových otázek a oblasti sexuality. Mezi tyto výrazy patří například coming out, gender, transgender, cross- dressing a další. Jedná se o zaužívané termíny, které ponechávám v jejich původním znění. V příloze číslo 1 japonské termíny v kurzívě neuvádím. Použité zkratky: OH olympijské hry LOH letní olympijské hry HRW Human Rights Watch MEXT Ministerstvo školství, kultury, sportu, vědy a technologie SOGI sexuální orientace a genderová identita OCCUR japonské sdružení pro lesbické a homosexuální hnutí ILGA Mezinárodní lesbická a gay asociace 1 BAREŠOVÁ, Ivona a Monika DYTRTOVÁ. Problematika české transkripce japonštiny a pravidla jejího užívání. 1. vyd. Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, 2014, 94 s. ISBN 978-80-244-4017-0. 6 Úvod Pojem LGBT+, tedy souhrnný název označující skupinu leseb, gayů, bisexuálů, transsexuálů a dalších genderových identit, jehož varianty se neustále proměňují (z toho důvodu je na konci zkratky připojeno znamínko „plus“ naznačující zařazení dalších genderových identit),2 se dostává čím dál tím více do podvědomí dnešní moderní společnosti. Postavy LGBT+ se častěji objevují v celosvětové kinematografii a ani vlády jednotlivých států nejsou už tak váhavé mluvit o tomto tématu. Lidé začínají prohlubovat svůj zájem o tématiku sexuálních menšin a genderových identit. V některých zemích světa můžeme pozorovat inovace v legislativě upravující práva homosexuálů. Například jsou uznávána homosexuální manželství či si stejnopohlavní páry mohou osvojit dítě. Osoby LGBT+ tak nabývají nejen větších práv, ale také svobodnějšího života. Stále se však setkáváme se zeměmi, které homosexualitu považují za nepřirozenou či za projev nemoci. V České republice je od roku 2006 uznáváno pouze registrované partnerství 3 a dítě si u nás stejnopohlavní pár osvojit zatím nemůže. Snahu o změnu však nacházíme. Několikrát se v Poslanecké sněmovně projednával návrh o osvojení dítěte stejnopohlavními partnery. Na podporu menšiny LGBT+ se u nás také podepisují petice požadující legální uznání homosexuálních svazků. Velkou roli při tom hraje například organizace zvaná Jsme fér či Logos Česká republika a každoročně se v Praze koná pochod homosexuálů, anglicky gay parade, na podporu osob LGBT+. Tato práce se však zaměřuje na současnou právní situaci japonských homosexuálů. K zúžení tématu pouze na homosexuální otázku jsem přistoupila z toho důvodu, že by se o otázce japonských transgender osob a jiných genderových identit dala vypracovat samostatná akademická práce, a že je tato oblast lépe prostudovaná. V mém výzkumu jsem si kladla za cíl vymezit, jaké legislativní změny v souvislosti s právy homosexuálních jedinců v Japonsku nastaly během 21. století, a jaké podmínky aktuálně v Japonsku panují pro život a práva těchto obyvatel. K větší míře právních úprav života japonských homosexuálů dochází až během 21. století, proto se v práci soustředím na tuto specifickou dobu. Téma mi je blízké již od prvního ročníku univerzitních studií, a poněvadž v České republice neexistuje mnoho osob, které by se této problematice věnovaly, rozhodla jsem se jí zaobírat. Je to dle mého názoru velmi aktuální téma a dosud neprobádaná oblast, která si zaslouží pozornost a zkoumání. Ke zjištění legislativních změn uskutečněných ve prospěch japonských homosexuálů jsem během svého výzkumu zaměřila pozornost na události, které vedly k zákonodárným změnám a na osobnosti, které tyto změny zapříčinily, nebo k nim přispěly. Práce je strukturována prvně dle popisu problematiky života současných japonských homosexuálů, dále objasňuje právní situaci během 20. století. Ve třetí kapitole jsou nastíněny překážky, kterým 2 Genderová identita označuje v užším významu vnitřní pocit jedince, kým se sám cítí být, jakou hraje sociální roli a jaký má "rod", neboli gender. 3 Úředně ověřený svazek dvou osob stejného pohlaví, které v registrovaném partnerství nedisponují rovnocennými právy a povinnostmi jako osoby žijící v manželství. 7 současní japonští homosexuálové čelí a spojitost japonské legislativy s právy homosexuálů. Dále způsob, jakým mohou japonské stejnopohlavní páry získat alespoň nějaká práva, a nakonec inovaci v oblasti náhradního rodičovství pro tyto jedince. V následujících kapitolách se práce věnuje současné době a třem konkrétním vyhláškám, které vstoupily v 21. století v platnost, tedy samotnému výzkumu. Jedná se o systém partnerských certifikátů, o směrnici japonského Ministerstva školství, kultury, sportu, vědy a technologie z roku 2015 a v poslední řadě o vyhlášku z roku 2018 týkající se letních olympijských her konaných v Tokiu v roce 2021. Avšak zde nelze hovořit o úrovni legislativní jako takové, nýbrž o úrovni vyhlášek, které se týkají pouze jednotlivých územních celků Japonska či konání určitých společenských a sportovních akcí. I tak však hrají velkou roli ve zlepšení práv homosexuálních Japonců a můžeme je považovat za jakýsi prvotní krok na cestě k dosažení právní ochrany a lepších podmínek těchto jedinců. Práce dále obsahuje úsek věnovaný současným japonským politickým osobnostem s menšinovou sexuální orientací, které mají takový vliv, že by jeho prostřednictvím mohli japonští homosexuálové v budoucnu dostát stejných práv jako občané heterosexuální. Vycházím primárně z anglických a japonských pramenů, neboť se v našem prostředí doposud nevyskytuje žádné množství odborných a vědeckých publikací (vyjma bakalářských diplomových prací), které by
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