Alabama-Born Notables, P. 8 When the Bible Reads Us, P. 7
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Jo Ann Gibson Robinson, the Montgomery Bus Boycott and The
National Humanities Center Resource Toolbox The Making of African American Identity: Vol. III, 1917-1968 Black Belt Press The ONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT M and the WOMEN WHO STARTED IT __________________________ The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson __________________________ Mrs. Jo Ann Gibson Robinson Black women in Montgomery, Alabama, unlocked a remarkable spirit in their city in late 1955. Sick of segregated public transportation, these women decided to wield their financial power against the city bus system and, led by Jo Ann Gibson Robinson (1912-1992), convinced Montgomery's African Americans to stop using public transportation. Robinson was born in Georgia and attended the segregated schools of Macon. After graduating from Fort Valley State College, she taught school in Macon and eventually went on to earn an M.A. in English at Atlanta University. In 1949 she took a faculty position at Alabama State College in Mont- gomery. There she joined the Women's Political Council. When a Montgomery bus driver insulted her, she vowed to end racial seating on the city's buses. Using her position as president of the Council, she mounted a boycott. She remained active in the civil rights movement in Montgomery until she left that city in 1960. Her story illustrates how the desire on the part of individuals to resist oppression — once *it is organized, led, and aimed at a specific goal — can be transformed into a mass movement. Mrs. T. M. Glass Ch. 2: The Boycott Begins n Friday morning, December 2, 1955, a goodly number of Mont- gomery’s black clergymen happened to be meeting at the Hilliard O Chapel A. -
Martin Luther King Jr.'S Mission and Its Meaning for America and the World
To the Mountaintop Martin Luther King Jr.’s Mission and Its Meaning for America and the World New Revised and Expanded Edition, 2018 Stewart Burns Cover and Photo Design Deborah Lee Schneer © 2018 by Stewart Burns CreateSpace, Charleston, South Carolina ISBN-13: 978-1985794450 ISBN-10: 1985794454 All Bob Fitch photos courtesy of Bob Fitch Photography Archive, Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, reproduced with permission Dedication For my dear friend Dorothy F. Cotton (1930-2018), charismatic singer, courageous leader of citizenship education and nonviolent direct action For Reverend Dr. James H. Cone (1936-2018), giant of American theology, architect of Black Liberation Theology, hero and mentor To the memory of the seventeen high school students and staff slain in the Valentine Day massacre, February 2018, in Parkland, Florida, and to their families and friends. And to the memory of all other schoolchildren murdered by American social violence. Also by Stewart Burns Social Movements of the 1960s: Searching for Democracy A People’s Charter: The Pursuit of Rights in America (coauthor) Papers of Martin Luther King Jr., vol 3: Birth of a New Age (lead editor) Daybreak of Freedom: Montgomery Bus Boycott (editor) To the Mountaintop: Martin Luther King Jr.’s Mission to Save America (1955-1968) American Messiah (screenplay) Cosmic Companionship: Spirit Stories by Martin Luther King Jr. (editor) We Will Stand Here Till We Die Contents Moving Forward 9 Book I: Mighty Stream (1955-1959) 15 Book II: Middle Passage (1960-1966) 174 Photo Gallery: MLK and SCLC 1966-1968 376 Book III: Crossing to Jerusalem (1967-1968) 391 Afterword 559 Notes 565 Index 618 Acknowledgments 639 About the Author 642 Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel, the preeminent Jewish theologian, introduced Martin Luther King Jr. -
Parks, Rosa (4 Feb
Parks, Rosa (4 Feb. 1913-24 Oct. 2005), civil rights activist, was born Rosa McCauley in Tuskegee, Alabama, the daughter of James McCauley, a carpenter and stonemason, and Leona Edwards, a schoolteacher. Leona McCauley was a widely respected woman in her community. James McCauley was a native of Abbeville, Alabama. Two years after Rosa's birth, Leona McCauley separated from her husband and returned to her hometown of Pine Level, Alabama. Rosa would see her father just once more before she reached adulthood. From her mother, Rosa learned the value of self-respect, self-love, and honorable behavior toward others. Religion was also at the center of Rosa's world. Soon after her baptism at age two, Rosa became a lifelong member of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. She found much comfort and perspective in biblical study and prayer. Young Rosa received her early education in a rural schoolhouse in Pine Level. Later, at the strong urging of her mother, she attended Montgomery Industrial School for Girls and subsequently completed the tenth and eleventh grades at Alabama State Teachers' College for Negroes. At the end of 1932 nineteen-year-old Rosa married the self-educated Raymond Parks. With his encouragement, Rosa finally earned her high school diploma. An avid reader, Raymond Parks exposed Rosa to civil rights activism as early as 1931, when he began organizing a legal defense fund for the Scottsboro boys, nine young African American males accused of raping two white women on a freight train. Rosa Parks attended some of these meetings with her husband. Parks worked a number of jobs. -
A Chronology of the Civil Ríg,Hts Movement in the Deep South, 1955-68
A Chronology of the Civil Ríg,hts Movement in the Deep South, 1955-68 THE MONTGOMERY December l, 1955-Mrs. Rosa L. Parks is BUS BOYCOTT arrested for violating the bus-segregation ordinance in Montgomery, Alabama. December 5, 1955-The Montgomery Bus Boycott begins, and Rev. Martin.Luther King, Jr., 26, is elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association. December 21, lgsG-Montgomery's buses are integrated, and the Montgomery Im- provement Association calls off its boy- cott after 381 days. January l0-l l, 1957-The Southern Chris- tian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is founded, with Dr. King as president. THE STUDENT February l, 1960-Four black students sit SIT-INS in at the Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, N.C., starting a wavg of stu- dent protest that sweeps the Deep South. April 15, 1960-The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) is found- ed at Shaw University in Raleigh, N.C. October l9¿7, 1960-Dr. King is jailed during a sit-in at Rich's Department Store in Atlanta and subsequently transferred to a maximum security prison' Democratic presidential nominee John F. Kennedy telephones Mrs. King to express his con- cern dogs, fire hoses, and mass arrests that fill the jails. THE FREEDOM May 4,1961-The Freedom Riders, led by RIDES James Farmer of the Congress of Racial May 10, 1963-Dr. King and Rev. Fred L. Equality (CORE), leave Washington, Shuttlesworth announce that Birming- D.C., by bus. ham's white leaders have agreed to a de- segregation plan. That night King's motel May 14,196l-A white mob burns a Free- is bombed, and blacks riot until dawn. -
Women in the Modern Civil Rights Movement
Women in the Modern Civil Rights Movement Introduction Research Questions Who comes to mind when considering the Modern Civil Rights Movement (MCRM) during 1954 - 1965? Is it one of the big three personalities: Martin Luther to Consider King Jr., Malcolm X, or Rosa Parks? Or perhaps it is John Lewis, Stokely Who were some of the women Carmichael, James Baldwin, Thurgood Marshall, Ralph Abernathy, or Medgar leaders of the Modern Civil Evers. What about the names of Septima Poinsette Clark, Ella Baker, Diane Rights Movement in your local town, city or state? Nash, Daisy Bates, Fannie Lou Hamer, Ruby Bridges, or Claudette Colvin? What makes the two groups different? Why might the first group be more familiar than What were the expected gender the latter? A brief look at one of the most visible events during the MCRM, the roles in 1950s - 1960s America? March on Washington, can help shed light on this question. Did these roles vary in different racial and ethnic communities? How would these gender roles On August 28, 1963, over 250,000 men, women, and children of various classes, effect the MCRM? ethnicities, backgrounds, and religions beliefs journeyed to Washington D.C. to march for civil rights. The goals of the March included a push for a Who were the "Big Six" of the comprehensive civil rights bill, ending segregation in public schools, protecting MCRM? What were their voting rights, and protecting employment discrimination. The March produced one individual views toward women of the most iconic speeches of the MCRM, Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a in the movement? Dream" speech, and helped paved the way for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and How were the ideas of gender the Voting Rights Act of 1965. -
Aspects of the Civil Rights Movement, 1946-1968: Lawyers, Law, and Legal and Social Change (CRM)
Aspects of The Civil Rights Movement, 1946-1968: Lawyers, Law, and Legal and Social Change (CRM) Syllabus Spring 2012 (N867 32187) Professor Florence Wagman Roisman Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law Office Hours: Tuesdays and Wednesday – 11:00 a.m.- 12:00 p.m. Room 385 Roy Wilkins of the NAACP “reminded King that he owed his early fame to the NAACP lawsuit that had settled the Montgomery bus boycott, and he still taunted King for being young, naïve, and ineffectual, saying that King’s methods had not integrated a single classroom in Albany or Birmingham. ‘In fact, Martin, if you have desegregated anything by your efforts, kindly enlighten me.’ ‘Well,’ King replied, ‘I guess about the only thing I’ve desegregated so far is a few human hearts.’ King smiled too, and Wilkins nodded in a tribute to the nimble, Socratic reply. ‘Yes, I’m sure you have done that, and that’s important. So, keep on doing it. I’m sure it will help the cause in the long run.’” Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954-1963 (Simon and Schuster 1988), p. 849. Welcome to this course in the Civil Rights Movement (CRM). I adore this course, as has almost every student who’s taken it when I’ve taught it before. I have four goals for the course: to increase and make more sophisticated our understanding of what actually happened during the CRM, to consider the various roles played by lawyers and the law in promoting (and hindering) significant social change, to see what lessons the era of the CRM suggests for apparently similar problems we face today, and to promote consideration of ways in which each of us can contribute to humane social change. -
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FOR WEEK ENDING APRIL 28, 1984 56 Billtxxlirdlc HK11:111) .,,ii.,..,i.yrit1984Billboard Publications 1,N.. hr' or thispub cationmay be reproduced stored in d ,- ?neva'systemor transmitted. in any form or by ai, meanselectronicmechanical, photocopying, record- ing orotherwisewithout the prior written permission of thepub) shat O. - ,ti Y2,,5 ,,5 TITLE-Artist ..,:..,.. TITLE-Artist100.,,t, .,-..,..;: .,... TITLE-Artist I- n it I Produceri Writer, Label & Number i Distributing Label) i-i 5 17 i Producer) Writer, Label & Number (Distributing Label) - fe .O'-' (Producer) Writer, Label & Number (Distributing Label) 1 111 AGAINST ALL ODDS (TAKE A 100K Al' WEEKS HOLDING OUT FOR A HERO -Bonnie Tyler AT 9 1 34 3410 882 DANCE HALL DAYS -wane Chung ME NOW) -o,,.r (Jim Steinman) 1. Steinman. D. Pitchford; Columbia 38-04370 67 2 (Chris Hughes. Ross Cullum). Hues. Geffen 7.29310(Warner Bros.) !,! o , Ait i: it,- .i.. .. ' 8.I' 3537 8 BORDERLINE -Madonna 3 10 HELLO -Lionel Richre (Reggie Lucas, John "Jellybean- Benitez), R. Lucas; Sire 7-29354(Warner 6 8 68 4 RELAX -f rankle Goes To Hollywood O (Lionel Richre, James Anthony Carmichael) L. Riche. Motown 1722 Bros) (Trevor Horn), Gill, Johnson, O'Toole: Island 7.99805(Atco) 3 2 14 FOOTLOOSE -Kenny Loggins 11111 (38)462 THE REFLEX -Duran Duran (69)852 WHISPER TO A SCREAM (BIRDS FLY)-locle Works (Kenny Loggins. Lee DeCarlo), KLoggins, D. Pitchford; Columbia (AlexSadkin, Ian Little, Duran Duran), Duran Duran; Capitol 5345 (Hugh Jones), McNabb, Arista 1-9155 38-04310 (37)4510 WHITE HORSE -Laid Back BELIEVE IN ME -Dan Fogelberg ( 4 )4 12 HOLD ME NOW -Thompson Twins (Laid Back, Seven Dwarfs) T. -
Vivian Malone Jones, Luchadora Por Los Derechos Civiles En La Educación Pública
NECROLÓGICAS Vivian Malone Jones, luchadora por los derechos civiles en la educación pública BARBARA CELIS. EL PAÍS - Gente - 16-10-2005. El Pais. Vivian Marlone Jones. Vivian Malone Jones, la primera mujer de raza negra que se matriculó en la Universidad de Alabama en 1963, en plena lucha por los derechos civiles y que consiguió graduarse dos años más tarde, pese a los múltiples episodios racistas a los que tuvo que enfrentarse, falleció el pasado jueves en Atlanta a los 63 años, víctima de un infarto. Su nombre saltó a los periódicos el 12 de junio de 1963 cuando ella y James Hood, otro estudiante de raza negra, llegaron a la puerta de aquella universidad escoltados por la Guardia Nacional y se encontraron frente al gobernador de Alabama, George C. Wallace, quien en su discurso inaugural había hecho del segregacionismo su caballo de batalla. "Segregación ahora, mañana y para siempre", había proclamado Wallace. Durante su campaña había prometido bloquear físicamente la entrada de estudiantes negros en las escuelas y universidades públicas para blancos, que, tras una sentencia del Supremo, se veían obligadas desde 1956 a aceptar a estudiantes de todas las razas. Sin embargo, lo que en aquel momento pareció una confrontación real, resultó ser, según se supo años más tarde, una escena orquestada entre el presidente John Fitzgerald Kennedy y la oficina del gobernador para evitar que la llegada de los estudiantes provocara derramamientos de sangre. Wallace prometió dejar clara su opinión, ser breve y se comprometió a dejarles entrar una vez que llegara la Guardia Nacional. Y así fue. -
Congressional Record—House H9259
October 26, 2005 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H9259 was the first African American to grad- theme between what they do and what did not debate anyone. She was a very uate. It so happens the incredible irony Rosa Parks did. It is believing that mild-mannered person. She never of history that she died last week at there is a higher cause that can sustain sought the limelight. She never, ever the young age of 63. you, just as our soldiers believe when issued a press release. She never sought I remember going on campus at the they get up every morning and face the awards or commendations. Yet she re- University of Alabama just last week bunkers and the missiles and the gre- ceived more than most people do in to speak at a memorial service for her nades, they believe that there is a this world that we live in. and to see students, black and white, higher cause that can sustain them. So So that was this one aspect of her, people from the power structure of did Rosa Parks. When she sat on that but there was another. There was in- Tuscaloosa, people from all over Tusca- bus, she believed that there was some- side her forged a set of principles of loosa gathering together to honor her thing beyond her mortal existence, and which two were very prominent in sacrifice. I am reminded, Mr. Speaker, that moved her. terms of my analysis here this evening. of a cover of Newsweek Magazine in The last thing I say today is that our One, she was a very religious woman. -
Music Copyright in Theory and Practice: an Improved Approach for Determining Substantial Similarity
Duquesne Law Review Volume 31 Number 2 Article 4 1993 Music Copyright in Theory and Practice: An Improved Approach for Determining Substantial Similarity Stephanie J. Jones Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/dlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Stephanie J. Jones, Music Copyright in Theory and Practice: An Improved Approach for Determining Substantial Similarity, 31 Duq. L. Rev. 277 (1993). Available at: https://dsc.duq.edu/dlr/vol31/iss2/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Duquesne Law Review by an authorized editor of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. Music Copyright in Theory and Practice: An Improved Approach for Determining Substantial Similarity Stephanie J. Jones* INTRODUCTION Of the three elements necessary to prove copyright infringe- ment-copyright ownership, access, and substantial similar- ityl-the last is not only the most important component, but also the most difficult to define and apply. Copyright ownership is a statutory formality easily satisfied prior to the institution of litiga- tion.2 Access is a straightforward proof question that can be dis- posed of by a showing of striking similarity.' However, no copy- right action can succeed without a showing of substantial similarity, making the concept the theoretical and practical corner- stone of copyright litigation. Unfortunately, substantial similarity is impossible to define, and nearly as onerous to apply. The substantial similarity standard is particularly difficult to de- fine and implement in the litigation of music copyright actions. Despite numerous attempts, the federal courts have failed to for- mulate a fully utilitarian framework for determining musical sub- stantial similarity. -
Satisfaction Rolling Stones 1965 3 American Pie Don Mclean 1972 4
AS VOTED AT OLDIESBOARD.COM 10/30/17 THROUGH 12/4/17 CONGRATULATIONS TO “HEY JUDE”, THE #1 SELECTION FOR THE 19 TH TIME IN 20 YEARS! Ti tle Artist Year 1 Hey Jude Beatles 1968 2 (I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction Rolling Stones 1965 3 American Pie Don McLean 1972 4 Light My Fire Doors 1967 5 In The Still Of The Nite Five Satins 1956 6 I Want To Hold Your Hand Beatles 1964 7 MacArthur Park Richard Harris 1968 8 Rag Doll Four Seasons 1964 9 God Only Knows Beach Boys 1966 10 Ain't No Mount ain High Enough Diana Ross 1970 11 Bridge Over Troubled Water Simon and Garfunkel 1970 12 Because Dave Clark Five 1964 13 Good Vibrations Beach Boys 1966 14 Cherish Association 1966 15 She Loves You Beatles 1964 16 Hotel California Eagles 1977 17 St airway To Heaven Led Zeppelin 1971 18 Born To Run Bruce Springsteen 1975 19 My Girl Temptations 1965 20 Let It Be Beatles 1970 21 Be My Baby Ronettes 1963 22 Downtown Petula Clark 1965 23 Since I Don't Have You Skyliners 1959 24 To Sir With Love Lul u 1967 25 Brandy (You're A Fine Girl) Looking Glass 1972 26 Suspicious Minds Elvis Presley 1969 27 You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin' Righteous Brothers 1965 28 You Really Got Me Kinks 19 64 29 Wichita Lineman Glen Campbell 1968 30 The Rain The Park & Ot her Things Cowsills 1967 31 A Hard Day's Night Beatles 1964 32 A Day In The Life Beatles 1967 33 Rock Around The Clock Bill Haley & His Comets 1955 34 Imagine John Lennon 1971 35 I Only Have Eyes For You Flamingos 1959 36 Waterloo Sunset Kinks 1967 37 Bohemian Rhapsody Queen 76 -92 38 Sugar Sugar Archies 1969 39 What's -
The Top 7000+ Pop Songs of All-Time 1900-2017
The Top 7000+ Pop Songs of All-Time 1900-2017 Researched, compiled, and calculated by Lance Mangham Contents • Sources • The Top 100 of All-Time • The Top 100 of Each Year (2017-1956) • The Top 50 of 1955 • The Top 40 of 1954 • The Top 20 of Each Year (1953-1930) • The Top 10 of Each Year (1929-1900) SOURCES FOR YEARLY RANKINGS iHeart Radio Top 50 2018 AT 40 (Vince revision) 1989-1970 Billboard AC 2018 Record World/Music Vendor Billboard Adult Pop Songs 2018 (Barry Kowal) 1981-1955 AT 40 (Barry Kowal) 2018-2009 WABC 1981-1961 Hits 1 2018-2017 Randy Price (Billboard/Cashbox) 1979-1970 Billboard Pop Songs 2018-2008 Ranking the 70s 1979-1970 Billboard Radio Songs 2018-2006 Record World 1979-1970 Mediabase Hot AC 2018-2006 Billboard Top 40 (Barry Kowal) 1969-1955 Mediabase AC 2018-2006 Ranking the 60s 1969-1960 Pop Radio Top 20 HAC 2018-2005 Great American Songbook 1969-1968, Mediabase Top 40 2018-2000 1961-1940 American Top 40 2018-1998 The Elvis Era 1963-1956 Rock On The Net 2018-1980 Gilbert & Theroux 1963-1956 Pop Radio Top 20 2018-1941 Hit Parade 1955-1954 Mediabase Powerplay 2017-2016 Billboard Disc Jockey 1953-1950, Apple Top Selling Songs 2017-2016 1948-1947 Mediabase Big Picture 2017-2015 Billboard Jukebox 1953-1949 Radio & Records (Barry Kowal) 2008-1974 Billboard Sales 1953-1946 TSort 2008-1900 Cashbox (Barry Kowal) 1953-1945 Radio & Records CHR/T40/Pop 2007-2001, Hit Parade (Barry Kowal) 1953-1935 1995-1974 Billboard Disc Jockey (BK) 1949, Radio & Records Hot AC 2005-1996 1946-1945 Radio & Records AC 2005-1996 Billboard Jukebox