Using Public Surveillance Systems for Crime Control and Prevention
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GUIDEBOOK SEPTEMBER 2011 Using Public Surveillance Systems for Crime Control and Prevention: A Practical Guide for Law Enforcement and Their Municipal Partners Nancy G. La Vigne Samantha S. Lowry Allison M. Dwyer Joshua A. Markman GUIDEBOOK SEPTEMBER 2011 Using Public Surveillance Systems for Crime Control and Prevention: A Practical Guide for Law Enforcement and Their Municipal Partners Nancy G. La Vigne Samantha S. Lowry Allison M. Dwyer Joshua A. Markman This project was supported by Cooperative Agreement # 2007-CK-WX-K006 awarded by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice, with supplemental funds provided by the Target Corporation. The opinions contained herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice or the Urban Institute, its trustees, or funders. References to specific agencies, companies, products, or services should not be considered an endorsement of the product by the author(s) or the U.S. Department of Justice. Rather, the references are illustrations to supplement discussion of the issues. The Internet references cited in this publication were valid as of the date of this publication. Given that URLs and websites are in constant flux, neither the author nor the COPS Office can vouch for their current validity. © 2011 by The Urban Institute. All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-1-935676-35-5 e071112382 145 N Street, N.E. Washington, DC 20530 (800) 421-6770 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/ 2100 M Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20037 (202) 833-7200 http://www.urban.org Contents Table of Contents Director’s Letter . i Acknowledgments . iii Introduction . v Purpose of this Guidebook. vii Defining Public Surveillance . ix Chapter 1. What are the “Top 10” takeaway lessons for public surveillance? . 1 Chapter 2. What type of planning is needed before implementing a public surveillance system? . 9 Chapter 3. What policies and procedures should be considered prior to implementation? . 15 Chapter 4. Which camera system is the best for public spaces?. 19 Chapter 5. What technology might integrate well with a public surveillance system? . 25 Chapter 6. Where should the cameras be located?. 31 Chapter 7. Do the cameras need to be actively monitored? . 37 Chapter 8. How is video footage used in investigations? . 43 Chapter 9. How can video footage be used in trials? . 49 Chapter 10. Conclusion . 53 Appendix A. References . 55 Appendix B. Additional Resources. 57 Using Public Surveillance Systems for Crime Control and Prevention The Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (the COPS Office) is the component of the U.S. Department of Justice responsible for advancing the practice of community policing by the nation’s state, local, and tribal law enforcement agen- cies through information and grant resources. The community policing philosophy promotes organizational strategies that support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime. In its simplest form, community policing is about building relationships and solving problems. The COPS Office awards grants to state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies to hire and train community policing professionals, acquire and deploy cutting-edge crime-fighting technologies, and develop and test innovative policing strategies. The COPS Office funding also provides training and technical assistance to community members and local government leaders and all levels of law enforcement. Since 1994, the COPS Office has invested more than $16 billion to add community policing officers to the nation’s streets, enhance crime fighting technology, support crime prevention initiatives, and provide training and technical assistance to help advance community policing. More than 500,000 law enforcement personnel, com- munity members, and government leaders have been trained through COPS Office- funded training organizations. The COPS Office has produced more than 1,000 information products—and distributed more than 2 million publications—including Problem Oriented Polic- ing Guides, Grant Owners Manuals, fact sheets, best practices, and curricula. And in 2010, the COPS Office participated in 45 law enforcement and public-safety conferences in 25 states in order to maximize the exposure and distribution of these knowledge products. More than 500 of those products, along with other products covering a wide area of community policing topics—from school and campus safety to gang violence—are currently available, at no cost, through its online Resource Information Center at www.cops.usdoj.gov. More than 2 million copies have been downloaded in FY2010 alone. The easy to navigate and up to date website is also the grant application portal, providing access to online application forms. Director’s Letter Dear Colleagues, Today’s technology-driven world is constantly changing, requiring the public safety community to quickly evolve, and endeavor to be ahead of the game. Public surveil- lance systems—once referred to as closed-circuit televisions—which have previously been utilized only by private businesses, are now expanding to encompass both private and public sector agencies, giving law enforcement agencies a new tool in their public safety toolbox. In partnership with the Urban Institute, I am pleased to present Using Public Surveil- lance Systems for Crime Control and Prevention: A Practical Guide for Law Enforce- ment and Their Municipal Partners—a guidebook based on an in-depth look into public surveillance systems. This guidebook summarizes lessons learned from an in-depth data collection effort in regards to the use and benefits of public surveillance systems, as well as providing answers to implementing or expanding your own system. The companion technical report, Evaluating the Use of Public Surveillance Cameras for Crime Control and Pre- vention, provides an extensive qualitative study of three urban cities, Chicago, Illinois, Baltimore, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. These case studies illustrate the pros and cons of utilizing this technology while highlighting the most prominent lessons learned from each of these jurisdictions. I hope you will find this publication helpful in your local efforts, and we encourage you to share your experiences—both positive and negative—with our office and other law enforcement practitioners. Sincerely, Bernard K. Melekian, Director Office of Community Oriented Policing Servicesx U.S. Department of Justice | i | Acknowledgments Acknowledgments We would like to thank the law enforcement agencies and criminal justice system personnel for providing us with their experiences, advice, and candid thoughts about public surveil- lance in public places. More specifically, we greatly appreciate the significant contributions from the Metropolitan Police Department, the District of Columbia State’s Attorney’s Office, the District of Columbia Office of General Counsel, HMS Technologies, Raymond Wickline, Captain Eldridge, and Assistant Chief Burke; the Chicago Police Department, Chicago’s Office of Emergency Management and Communications, the Cook County State’s Attorney’s Office, Chicago’s Department of Transportation, Chicago’s Aldermen, RMS Technology Solutions, Jim Argiropoulos, Commander Jonathan Lewin, Sergeant Gregory Hoffman, Sergeant Gina Dwyer, Rachel Johnston and Megan Alderden; and the Baltimore Police Department, the Of- fice of the Mayor, the Mayor’s Office of Information Technology, the Baltimore City State’s Attorney’s Office, the Baltimore District Court, the Downtown Partnership of Baltimore, Deputy Commissioner Deborah Owens, Lieutenant Matthew Johnson, Sheryl Goldstein, and Stefan Waters. We greatly appreciate all the support and advice each department has given us throughout this study. We would also like to thank colleagues of ours from the Urban Institute who assisted with expert advice and editing, Dr. Terence Dunworth and Pamela Lachman. Special thanks go to Keith Atterberry who served as an intern during this project and assisted with data collection. We are particularly appreciative of the input and assistance offered by Chief Tom Nestel, con- sultant to the Urban Institute on this project. We also thank Sharon Bradford Franklin, Senior Counsel at The Constitution Project, for her thoughtful comments on an earlier draft of this guidebook. This project would not have been possible without the generous funding from the U.S. Depart- ment of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (the COPS Office) and the Target Corporation as well as suggestions from Deborah Spence, Mora Fiedler, and Nazmia Alqadi of the COPS Office. | iii | Introduction Introduction Municipalities across the country are in a constant search for effective public safety interven- tions that will curb crime and improve the livability and economic well-being of their com- munities. This is particularly true among law enforcement agencies that embrace a community policing philosophy, which has become a key component of policing efforts in most mid- and large-sized law enforcement agencies across the United States.1 While many believe that the adoption of community policing has led to more efficient and effective policing strategies,2, 3 law enforcement agencies continue to grapple with limited resources and are therefore inter- ested in employing new, cost-effective tools