Assessment date 25 August 2016

Ipomoea quamoclit ALL ZONES Answer Score

1.01 Is the highly domesticated? n 0 1.02 Has the species become naturalised where grown? 1.03 Does the species have weedy races? 2.01 Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) 2 North Zone: suited to Zones 8, 9 Central Zone: suited to Zones 9, 10 South Zone: suited to Zone 10 2.02 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) 2 2.03 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y 1 2.04 Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation y North Zone: mean annual precipitation 50-70 inches Central Zone: mean annual precipitation 40-60 inches South Zone: mean annual precipitation 40-60 inches 1 2.05 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y 3.01 Naturalized beyond native range y 2 3.02 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y 2 3.03 Weed of agriculture y 4 3.04 Environmental weed y 4 3.05 Congeneric weed y 2 4.01 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 0 4.02 Allelopathic n 0 4.03 Parasitic n 0 4.04 Unpalatable to grazing unk -1 4.05 Toxic to animals unk 0 4.06 Host for recognised pests and pathogens n 0 4.07 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y 1 4.08 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n 0 4.09 Is a shade tolerant at some stage of its life cycle n 0 4.10 Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils). North & unk Central Zones: infertile soils; South Zone: shallow limerock or Histisols. 0 4.11 Climbing or smothering growth habit y 1 4.12 Forms dense thickets n 0 5.01 Aquatic n 0 5.02 Grass n 0 5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 0 5.04 Geophyte y 1 6.01 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat n 0 6.02 Produces viable seed y 1 6.03 Hybridizes naturally unk -1 6.04 Self-compatible or apomictic y 1 6.05 Requires specialist pollinators n 0 6.06 Reproduction by vegetative propagation unk -1 6.07 Minimum generative time (years) 1 1 7.01 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally ( growing in heavily trafficked unk areas) -1 7.02 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 1 7.03 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n -1 7.04 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal n -1 7.05 Propagules water dispersed unk -1 7.06 Propagules bird dispersed unk -1 7.07 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n -1 7.08 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) unk -1 8.01 Prolific seed production n -1 8.02 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) unk -1 8.03 Well controlled by herbicides y -1 8.04 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation n -1 8.05 ? Total Score 9 Implemented Pacific Second Screening no Risk Assessment Results High section satisfy # questions answered minimum? A 11 yes B 8 yes C 16 yes total 35 yes Reference Source data

1.01 cultivated, but no evidence of selection for reduced weediness 1.02 1.03 2.01 No computer analysis was performed. 1. Global hardiness zone: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 ; equivalent to USDA Hardiness zones: USDA Zone 8a: to -12.2 °C (10 °F) USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4 °C (15°F) USDA 1. PERAL NAPPFAST Global Plant Hardiness Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F) USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) USDA (http://www.nappfast.org/Plant_hardiness/NAPPFAST%20Global Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) %20zones/10- USDA Zone 11a: to USDA Zone (40 °F) USDA Zone 11b: to (45 °F) year%20climate/PLANT_HARDINESS_10YR%20lgnd.tif). 2. USDA, USDA Zone 12a: to (50 °F) USDA Zone 12b: to (55 °F). . 2. Native ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources to Northern America Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Southern Mexico: Mexico - Campeche, - Chiapas, - Guerrero, - Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Jalisco, - Michoacan, - Nayarit, - Oaxaca, - Quintana Roo, - http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?409896 (7- Tabasco, - Veracruz, - Yucatan 12-2016). Southern America Caribbean: Dominican Republic; Haiti Mesoamerica: Belize; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama 2.02 1. Köppen-Geiger climate map (http://www.hydrol-earth-syst- 2.03 1. Distribution in the native/cultivated range occurs in Am, Af, As, sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf). 2. GBIF Aw, Cfa, Cwb http://www.gbif.org/species/2928562 (7-12-2016) 1. Climate Charts. World Climate Maps. http://www.climate- 2.04 1. Native to areas with rainfall from 19 to 97 inches annually charts.com/World-Climate-Maps.html#rain (8-19-2015) 2.05 1. NatureServe. 2015. NatureServe Explorer: An online 1. quamoclit is a tropical species established encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, predominantly in the southeastern US, where it is most common Arlington, Virginia. Available http://explorer.natureserve.org. on the coastal plain in the deep south. 2. Believed to be native of (Accessed: July 12, 2016 ). 2. Encyclopedia of Life the New World tropics; cultivated as an ornamental and now http://eol.org/pages/580946/details (7-13-2016) naturalised throughout most of tropical Asia. 3.01 1. Missouri Botanical Garden 1. Cypress has naturalized in many areas of the U. S., http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderD particularly in the deep South 2. Cupid's (Ipomoea etails.aspx?kempercode=b912 (7-12-2016) 2. Queensland quamoclit) is widely naturalised in northern and eastern Government http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/ipomoea Australia. 3. Believed to be native of the New World tropics; _quamoclit.htm (7-12-2016) 3. Encyclopedia of Life cultivated as an ornamental and now naturalised throughout http://eol.org/pages/580946/details (7-13-2016) most of tropical Asia. 3.02 1. NatureServe. 2015. NatureServe Explorer: An online 1. It is a popular ornamental species that has established by encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, escaping from gardens. This species is found in open disturbed Arlington, Virginia. Available http://explorer.natureserve.org. habitats, including waste places, gardens, roadsides, fencerows, (Accessed: July 12, 2016 ). 2. Smith, A. C. 1991. Flora Vitiensis fields, old fields, pastures, railroads, and streambanks. 2. Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only): Volume 5. frequently abundant as a weed in cultivated areas and along National Tropical Botanical Garden. Lauai, HI. 3. Encyclopedia of streets from near sea level to about 200 m. 3. Listed as a noxious Life http://eol.org/pages/580946/details (7-13-2016) weed in the United States and Canada 3.03 1. Morningglory species were the third most troublesome weeds in Georgia corn. Respondents in the current survey did not 1. THEODORE M. WEBSTER and GREGORY E. MACDONALD consistently separate the morningglory species; therefore, this (2001) A Survey of Weeds in Various Crops in Georgia. Weed conglomerate class was created. The morningglory complex Technology: October 2001, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 771-790. 2. included Ipomoea species {pitted morningglory (Ipomoea Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants http://keys.trin.org.au/key- lacunosa L.), entireleaf morningglory ( var. server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004- 060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Ipomoea_quamoclit.htm (7-14- integriuscula Gray), tall morningglory [ (L.) 2016) 3. Michele A. Barker, Lafayette Thompson, Jr., & F. Michael Roth.], and cypressvine morningglory (Ipomoea quamoclit L.)} Godley. (1984). Control of Annual Morningglories (Ipomoea spp.) and smallflower morningglory [Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) in Soybeans (Glycine max). Weed Science, 32(6), 813-818. Griseb.]. 2. Grows as a weed on agricultural land but also found in monsoon forest. 3. [Evidence of control in soybeans]

3.04 1. Cupid's flower (Ipomoea quamoclit) is an environmental weed in the Northern Territory, Western Australia and Queensland. It 1. Queensland Government is also regarded as a "sleeper weed" or potential environmental http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/ipomoea weed in northern New South Wales. This garden escape is _quamoclit.htm (7-12-2016) primarily a problem species in the northern parts of the country, where it invades bushland and competes with native vine species. 3.05 1. is a serious weed in Australia and the 1. Holm, LeRoy G. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Phillipines. is a serious weed , Malabar, FL: Krieger Pub., 1991. Print. 2/3/4. USDA Plants Mozambique and Thailand. 2. Ipmoea aquatica is a Noxious weed Database (http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=IPAQ accessed 7/25/2016) in the US. 3. I. triloba noxious weed in FL, Plant pest in south Carolina. 4. Ipmoea listed as noxious weeds in AZ, AK 1. Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/pages/580946/details (7-13- 4.01 no evidence of these characteristics 2016) 4.02 no evidence 1. Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/pages/580946/details (7-13- 4.03 no evidence of these characteristics 2016) 4.04 no evidence 4.05 no evidence 4.06 1. Missouri Botanical Garden http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderD 1. No serious or disease problems. etails.aspx?kempercode=b912 (7-12-2016) 1. Dave's Garden http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/93/#b (7- 4.07 1. All parts of plant are poisonous if ingested 12-2016) 4.08 no evidence 4.09 1. Missouri Botanical Garden http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderD etails.aspx?kempercode=b912 (7-12-2016) 2. Dave's Garden http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/93/#b (7-12-2016) 3. 1. Sun: Full sun 2. Full Sun 3. apparently intolerant of shade NatureServe. 2015. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://explorer.natureserve.org. (Accessed: July 12, 2016 ). 4.10 lack of evidence 4.11 1. Texas A&M AgriLife Extension http://aggie- horticulture.tamu.edu/newsletters/hortupdate/2010/sep/humvine.h 1. Unmanaged, this vine will grow in and over anything that is in tml (7-12-2016) 2. PIER its way. 2. Slender climber http://www.hear.org/pier/species/ipomoea_quamoclit.htm (7-12- 2016) 4.12 no evidence 5.01 Family: 5.02 Family: Convolvulaceae 5.03 Family: Convolvulaceae 1. The organization of anomalous secondary growth in taproots of 5.04 1. Lowell, C., & Lucansky, T. (1990). Vegetative Anatomy and I. quamoclit is limited to the foraminate pattern, although Morphology of Ipomoea quamoclit (Convolvulaceae). Bulletin of anomalous growth patterns of roots and tubers of certain species the Torrey Botanical Club, 117(3), 232-246. 2. Llamas, K.A. 2003. of Ipomoea also have been reported as furrowed or dispersed 2. Tropical Flowering Plants. A Guide to Identification and A lovely and lacy harmless weed with tuberous roots. Self- Cultivation. Timber Press. Portland, OR. seeding. Tubers must be removed to control. 6.01 no evidence 6.02 1. Missouri Botanical Garden http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderD etails.aspx?kempercode=b912 (7-12-2016) 2. PIER 1. It is easily grown from seed. 2. Propagation: Seed 3. http://www.hear.org/pier/species/ipomoea_quamoclit.htm (7-12- Propagated by seed 2016) 3. Dave's Garden http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/93/#b (7-12-2016) 6.03 no evidence 6.04 1. Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. 1. Cypress vine is highly self-compatible and produces abundant Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. seed even without cross-pollination. 1. In Mexico the are visited by ; in other 6.05 areas a variety of nectar-feeding birds try to obtain nectar, but since there is no landing platform they are rarely successful in carrying out pollination. This is no impediment to fruit set, however, since cypress vine is highly self-compatible and produces abundant seed even without cross-pollination. [although adapted to specialist pollinators, they are not REQUIRED for seed set] 1. Abstract: The flora biology of the weeds and I. quamoclit was compared at the Fazenda Santa Elisa and the Fazenda Santa Genebra, in the region of Campinas, Sao Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Both species present odourless, tubular flowers, exposed outside of the foliage, whose sexual elements are placed relatively far from the nectar source. I hederifolia is predominantly ornithophilous, being visited and pollinated by six species of hummingbirds: Amazilia lactea, A. 1. Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. versicolor, Calliphlox amethystina, Chlorostilbon aureoventris, Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. 2. Machado, I.C.S. and Eupetomena, macroura and Phaethornis pretrei. All these birds M. Sazima. 1987. A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN FLORAL showed similar visiting behavior. A. lactea was responsible for BIOLOGY OF TWO WEED SPECIES IPOMOEA-HEDERIFOLIA about 70% of the visits, thus being the most important pollinator. AND IPOMOEA-QUAMOCLIT CONVOLVULACEAE. Revista Some butterfly species, although also observed visiting the Brasileira de Biologia 47(3): 425-436. flowers, were considered occasional pollinators. Bumblebees (Xylocopa sp.) robbed the nectar, I. quamoclit, in spite of showing flora characteristics similar to the preceeding species, is mainly psicophilous, being visited by several butterfly species. Among these, Phoebis sennae, P. philea and P. argante were found to be the most frequent, being responsible for 80% of the visits. These species, according to their visiting behavior, were considered facultative mutualists, sometimes pollinating this Ipomoea. The butterflies Celaenorrhinus similis and were occasional pollinators of I. quamoclit. Additional butterfly species showed nectar robbing behavior. The hummingbirds, Chlorstilbon aureoventris and Amazilia versicolor, were also observed visiting and pollinating the flowers of I. quamoclit. A few bee species, mostly nectar and pollen robbers, were also seen on the flowers. The breeding system of both Ipomoea species is similar, 6.06 no evidence 6.07 1. Texas A&M AgriLife Extension http://aggie- horticulture.tamu.edu/newsletters/hortupdate/2010/sep/humvine.h 1.It's a quick grower and can produce blooms in as little as 45 tml (7-12-2016) 2. (1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/I/ipom_qua.cfm days. 2. can flower in less than 30 days. [Accessed 06 July 2016] 1. frequently abundant as a weed in cultivated areas and along 7.01 1. PIER http://www.hear.org/pier/species/ipomoea_quamoclit.htm streets 2. It is a popular ornamental species that has established (7-12-2016) 2. NatureServe. 2015. NatureServe Explorer: An by escaping from gardens. This species is found in open online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. disturbed habitats, including waste places, gardens, roadsides, NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available fencerows, fields, old fields, pastures, railroads, and http://explorer.natureserve.org. (Accessed: July 12, 2016 ). streambanks. 1. NatureServe. 2015. NatureServe Explorer: An online 7.02 1. This species is often planted as an ornamental for its large encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, displays of brilliant scarlet flowers that attract hummingbirds. It is Arlington, Virginia. Available http://explorer.natureserve.org. widely available over the internet 2. Originally from tropical (Accessed: July 12, 2016 ). 2. PIER America but now widely cultivated and naturalized throughout http://www.hear.org/pier/species/ipomoea_quamoclit.htm (7-12- tropical areas 2016 7.03 no evidence 7.04 1. Capsule ovoid to conical, with a thin pericarp, lepidote outside, 1. Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/pages/580946/details (7-13- 8-10 mm long; seeds 4 per fruit, cuneiform, 7-8 mm long, dark 2016) brown to black, with tufts of irregularly scattered hairs. [unlikely due to characteristics of fruit seed 7.05 no evidence 7.06 no evidence 7.07 1. Capsule ovoid to conical, with a thin pericarp, lepidote outside, 1. Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/pages/580946/details (7-13- 8-10 mm long; seeds 4 per fruit, cuneiform, 7-8 mm long, dark 2016) brown to black, with tufts of irregularly scattered hairs. [no evidence of means of attachment)] 7.08 no evidence of consumption 1. Capsule ovoid to conical, with a thin pericarp, lepidote outside, 8.01 1. Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2005. and Climbing Plants of 8-10 mm long; seeds 4 per fruit, cuneiform, 7-8 mm long, dark Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United brown to black, with tufts of irregularly scattered hairs. [relatively States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483. large seeds and few per fruit] 8.02 no information on seed banks or seed longevity, but the plant does feature taproots and tubers 8.03 1. NatureServe. 2015. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Most attempts to control this species have been in an agricultural Arlington, Virginia. Available http://explorer.natureserve.org. setting, where the species has been found to be susceptible to (Accessed: July 12, 2016 ). 2. Timossi, P.C., & Durigan, J.C.. some, but not all, herbicide 2. Diclosulam and its mixture with (2006). Manejo de convolvuláceas em dois cultivares de soja glyphosate provided good control of the convolvulaceae species: semeada diretamente sob palha residual de cana crua. Planta Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea quamoclit and Merremia cissoides. Daninha, 24(1), 91-98. 8.04 no evidence 8.05 no evidence