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General Relativity Conflict and Rivalries General Relativity Conflict and Rivalries General Relativity Conflict and Rivalries: Einstein's Polemics with Physicists By Galina Weinstein General Relativity Conflict and Rivalries: Einstein's Polemics with Physicists By Galina Weinstein This book first published 2015 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2015 by Galina Weinstein All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-8362-X ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-8362-7 “When I accompanied him [Einstein] home the first day we met, he told me something that I heard from him many times later: ‘In Princeton they regard me as an old fool.’ (‘Hier in Princeton betrachten sie mich als einen alten Trottel’.) […] Before he was thirty-five, Einstein had made the four great discoveries of his life. In order of increasing importance they are: the theory of Brownian motion; the theory of the photoelectric effect; the special theory of relativity; the general theory of relativity. Very few people in the history of science have done half as much. […] For years he looked for a theory which would embrace gravitational, electromagnetic, and quantum phenomena. […] Einstein pursued it relentlessly through ideas which he changed repeatedly and down avenues that led nowhere. The very distinguished professors in Princeton did not understand that Einstein’s mistakes were more important than their correct results. Einstein, during my stay in Princeton, was regarded by most of the professors there more like a historic relic than as an active scientist”. Leopold Infeld, “As I see It”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 1965, 9. CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................................ ix Chapter One ................................................................................................. 2 From Zurich to Berlin 1. Einstein and Heinrich Zangger .......................................................... 2 2. From Zurich to Prague ....................................................................... 3 3. Back to Zurich ................................................................................... 9 4. From Zurich to Berlin ...................................................................... 12 Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 28 General Relativity between 1912 and 1916 1. The Equivalence Principle .............................................................. 28 2. Einstein's 1912 Polemic with Max Abraham: Static Gravitational Field.......................................................................... 37 3. Einstein's 1912 Polemic with Gunnar Nordström: Static Gravitational Field.......................................................................... 47 4. Einstein's 1912-1913 Collaboration with Marcel Grossmann: Zurich Notebook to Entwurf Theory .............................................. 50 5. Einstein's 1913-1914 Polemic with Nordström: Scalar Theory versus Tensor Theory ..................................................................... 84 6. Einstein's Polemic with Gustav Mie: Matter and Gravitation ...... 101 7. 1914 Collaboration with Grossmann and Final Entwurf Theory ............................................................................ 105 8. Einstein's Polemic with Tullio Levi-Civita on the Entwurf Theory ............................................................................ 117 9. Einstein's 1915 Competition with David Hilbert and General Relativity ...................................................................................... 131 10. Einstein Answers Paul Ehrenfest's Queries: 1916 General Relativity ............................................................... 172 11. The Third Prediction of General Relativity: Gravitational RedShift .................................................................. 182 12. Erich Kretschmann's Critiques of Einstein's Point Coincidence Argument ................................................................. 192 13. Einstein and Mach's Ideas ............................................................ 206 14. Einstein's Reaction to Karl Schwarzschild's Solution .................. 211 viii Contents 15. The Fourth Classic Test of General Relativity: Light Delay ........ 239 Chapter Three .......................................................................................... 242 General Relativity after 1916 1. Einstein's 1916 Polemic with Willem de Sitter, Levi-Civita and Nordström on Gravitational Waves ....................................... 242 2. Einstein's Polemic with de Sitter: Matter World and Empty World ......................................................................... 267 3. Bending of Light and Gravitational Lens: Einstein and Arthur Stanley Eddington ...................................................... 285 4. Einstein's Interaction with Hermann Weyl and the Cosmological Constant ................................................................ 306 5. Einstein's 1920 Matter World, Mach's Ether and the Dark Matter ...................................................................... 322 6. Einstein's 1920 Polemic with Eddington on de Sitter's World ..... 327 7. Einstein's Reaction to the Aleksandr Friedmann Solution ........... 331 8. Einstein's Reaction to the Georges Lemaître Solution ................. 334 9. Edwin Hubble's Experimental Results ......................................... 337 10. The Lemaître-Eddington Model ................................................... 341 11. Einstein and the Matter World: the Steady State Solution ........... 350 12. Einstein's Collaboration with de Sitter ......................................... 354 13. Einstein's Reaction to Lemaître's Big Bang Model ...................... 359 14. Einstein's Interaction with George Gamow: Cosmological Constant is the Biggest Blunder ............................ 366 15. Einstein, Gödel and Backward Time Travel ................................ 373 References ............................................................................................... 382 Index ........................................................................................................ 405 PREFACE We can pose many thought-provoking questions in regards to Einstein's achievements: Was the theory of general relativity the invention of Albert Einstein, who would close himself off in an office with his violin, pipe and a pile of papers? Or, was it a culmination of Einstein's multilateral interactions with other scientists? And, to what extent did Einstein's loyal friend from school, Marcel Grossmann, contribute to the mathematics of the general theory of relativity? Other questions focus on the general topic of how scientists debate and, in the process, modify their ideas. Was the theory of general relativity a physical-conceptual theory containing innovations in a synthesis developed from his interactions with friends and colleagues? Was the theory of general relativity a product of debates and conflicts between Einstein and other scientists? In this book I present an approach that focuses on the work of an individual scientist, Albert Einstein, and his interaction with and response to many eminent and non-eminent scientists. According to this approach, the ongoing discussions between Einstein and other scientists have all contributed to the edifice of general relativity and relativistic cosmology. Mara Beller argues that, the scientists, with whom Einstein implicitly or explicitly interacted, form a complicated web of collaboration (Beller 1999). I have analysed the works of those scientists who were, in any way, connected to the development of the general theory of relativity and relativistic cosmology, focusing on their implicit and explicit responses to Einstein's work. This analysis has uncovered latent undercurrents, which could not have been exposed by means of tracking the intellectual pathway of Einstein to his general theory of relativity. The new interconnections and meanings disclosed have revealed the central figures who influenced Einstein during his development of the general theory of relativity and in the construction of the edifice of relativistic cosmology; this includes the themes, outlooks, suppositions and contributions of these scientists as opposed to Einstein's Weltanschauung (worldview). x Preface Furthermore, current history presupposes that all the efforts invested by physicists like Max Abraham, Gunnar Nordström, Gustav Mie and David Hilbert, which presented differing outlooks and discussions revolving around the theory of gravitation, were relegated to the background. Thus, those works that did not embrace Einstein's overall conceptual concerns (these primarily included the heuristic equivalence principle and "Mach's ideas") were rejected, and authors focused on Einstein's prodigious scientific achievements. I emphasise the limits of the simplistic hero worship narrative, and the associated problems tracing Einstein's intellectual pathway to the general theory of relativity. I demonstrate in this book that one should not discard Einstein's response to the works
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