The Evolving Landscape of `Next-Generation' Immune
European Journal of Cancer 117 (2019) 14e31 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.ejcancer.com Review The evolving landscape of ‘next-generation’ immune checkpoint inhibitors: A review Luca Mazzarella a, Bruno Achutti Duso a, Dario Trapani a,b, Carmen Belli a, Paolo D’Amico a,b, Emanuela Ferraro a,b, Giulia Viale a,b, Giuseppe Curigliano a,b,* a New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies Division, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy b University of Milano, Department of Hematology and Hemato-Oncology, Italy Received 17 March 2019; received in revised form 23 April 2019; accepted 26 April 2019 Available online 21 June 2019 KEYWORDS Abstract ‘First-generation’ immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting Cytotoxic T-Lympho- Next generation cyte Antigen 4 (CTLA4) and Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD(L)1) have undoubtedly revolu- immune-checkpoints; tionised the treatment of multiple cancers in the advanced setting. Targeting signalling LAG3; pathways other than core inhibitory modules may strongly impact the outcome of the antitu- TIGIT; mour immune response. Drugs targeting these pathways (‘next-generation’ immune modula- TIM3; tors, NGIMs) constitute a major frontier in translational research and have generated 4-1BB; unprecedented scientific and financial investment. Here, we systematically reviewed published IDO1; literature, abstracts from major cancer conferences and pharma pipelines to identify NGIMs GITR; that have reached clinical development. We identified 107 molecules targeting 16 pathways, Colony stimulating which we classified into 6 groups according to function (inhibitory vs stimulatory) and cell factor-1 (CSF-1) of predominant expression (lymphoid, non-lymphoid and natural killer).
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