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The Fall of the World Trade Center

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The Fall of the World Trade Center The Fall of the World Trade Center Interviewer: Baraka Kiingi Interviewee: James Butler Instructor: Ms. Freeman February 14, 2017 Table of Contents Interview Release Forms…………………………………………………………………… 2 Statement of Purpose………………………………………………………………………. 4 Biography…………………………………………………………………………………... 5 Historical Contextualization Paper………………………………………………………… 7 Interview Transcription…………………………………………………………………….. 17 Interview Analysis…………………………………………………………………………. 38 Works Consulted…………………………………………………………………………… 41 Interview Release Form Kiingi 4 Statement of Purpose The purpose of this Oral History interview is to understand what 9/11 was like from a first person perspective like that of James Butler, a Secret Service Support Technician. By writing a paper about 9/11 using multiple primary and secondary sources, people will comprehend and absorb information about the background of 9/11 as well as the events that took place on that tragic day through the first person perspective of James Butler. Kiingi 5 Biography of James Kenneth Butler James Kenneth Butler was born in 1956 in Charles County, Maryland where he attended La Plata High School. After he graduated from High School he moved to Washington D.C in 1978 when it was in a rebuilding stage. Washington D.C was in reconstruction after the riots of 1968, which were triggered by Martin Luther King Jr’s. assassination on April 4th 1968. James started working for The Secret Service as a Support Technician/Secret Service Driver. As a Support Technician, James makes sure that the Secret Service fleet of vehicles is operational and in good working order. He also drives many important people like heads of state, kings, prime ministers, and presidents while they are visiting the United States. The Secret Service protection Kiingi 6 detail helps with the United Nations General Assembly meeting, which is why James travels to New York every year. As part of his job covering the UN assembly, he organizes vehicles for foreign heads of state’s that are coming into the country, sets up rental cars, and gets equipment like radios that are needed for the detail. James Butler is a member of the Knights of Columbus, which is a charitable organization. James Butler is currently living in Washington D.C with his wife and two children. Kiingi 7 Historical Contextualization Paper The Tragic Terrorist attack on US Soil “In an instant, the Trade Center was a pile of crumpled metal. Fragments of buildings and pieces of wall lay everywhere. Fires burned in piles of trash and debris. Automobile gas tanks exploded every few minutes. The area was plunged into complete darkness, a soot-blackened, desolate horror where almost nothing moved.”1 This image illustrates the horror that occurred on September 11, 2001. On the morning of September 11, 2001, 19 hijackers found a way through airport security checkpoints at three airports on the east coast. They were able to get control of the planes by taking advantage of air crew and cockpits who were not ready for this situation. 2(History in an Hour) In order to avoid any suspicion that something was wrong, the terrorists “staggered their boarding times and seating, with an individual who had enough training to keep the plane in the air seated in first class.”3 There were four planes that were scheduled to terminate their targets, but only three were successful. The first plane was targeting the North Twin Tower, and at 8:46 AM the plane dove into the North Tower killing all 81 passengers and 1,402 people who were in the North Tower. At 9:03 AM the second plane crashed into the South Tower killing 56 passengers and 614 people inside the South Tower. The third plane was targeting the Pentagon, and at 9:37 AM the plane crashed into the mall side of the Pentagon, killing 58 passengers and 125 people associated with the military inside the Pentagon. Lastly, the 1 The Washington Post Staff, "Terror Hits Pentagon, World Trade Center," The Washington Post (Washington D.C), September 11, 2001. 2 "9/11 - a Summary," History in an Hour, September 11, 2013, section goes here, accessed November 21, 2016, http://www.historyinanhour.com/2011/09/11/911-summary/. 3 "9/11 - a Summary," History in an Hour, September 11, 2013, section goes here, accessed November 21, 2016, http://www.historyinanhour.com/2011/09/11/911-summary/. Kiingi 8 fourth plane was scheduled to reach its destination, which was not clear, but passengers on the plane at the time heard news about the other three plane crashes and made an effort to stop the terrorists who were in control of the plane from reaching its destination, so the terrorist finally gave up and rolled the plane flying into the ground near Shanksville, Pennsylvania killing everyone aboard the plane. 4 This event triggered fear of terrorism that the citizens of the United States still feel today. To recognize what gave the terrorists motivation and reason to execute this plan, there needs to be an understanding of who Osama bin Ladin and the Taliban were. Mohammed bin Laden, Osama bin Laden’s father, emigrated from his home in Yemen to Saudi Arabia in the early 1900s as a young brick layer with little money. Thirty years later Mohammed was the head of Saudi Arabia’s largest construction company. His 17th son Osama bin Laden was born on March 10, 1957. He graduated from a Saudi university in 1979 with a degree in civil engineering, but he was really interested and passionate about his Islamic studies class taught by his teacher Abdullah Azzam, who was a Palestinian leader of the Muslim Brotherhood Party. 5 In 1979 the Soviets decided to attack Afghanistan, in retaliation, “Azzam and bin Laden eagerly joined the Afghan mujahaddin’s (jihad) efforts to fight back.” 6 Through the battles Osama bin Laden fought, he stated that everything he did was because of his religion, and he believed that his God, Allah, would accept and justify the violence that he committed. “While the 4 "9/11 - a Summary," History in an Hour, September 11, 2013, section goes here, accessed November 21, 2016, http://www.historyinanhour.com/2011/09/11/911-summary/. 5 Mitch Frank, Understanding September 11: Answering Questions about the Attacks on America (New York: Viking, 2002), pg. #109-111. 6 Mitch Frank, Understanding September 11: Answering Questions about the Attacks on America (New York: Viking, 2002), pg. #110. Kiingi 9 United States and other governments were funding the mujahhadin and other groups, Arabs like bin Laden were working to bring money and supplies to all of them. To help obtain more money and resources, bin Laden and Azza founded Maktab al Khidmat (MAK), also called the Afghan bureau. The two men traveled all over the world, visiting mosques and calling on the young men to fight for their faith.” 7 Because of how faithful and respected bin Ladin was, the jihad, who were a group of extreme Islamists wanting to maintain their religion, recognized him as a holy warrior. After being seen as the holy warrior, bin Ladin told his supporters that he knew one day they would use that power against America. 8 After the Afghan war ended, bin Laden changed MAK into al Qaeda, which means “the base”. After this modification, bin Ladin really wanted to build a terrorist dynasty. Even though MAK was specifically fighting against the Soviets, “al Qaeda provided money, weapons, and a worldwide support network for Islamists.” 9 Bin Ladin was making a name for himself worldwide, grabbing the attention of Islamists who agreed with his beliefs. According to the 9/11 Commission Report, “The history, culture, and body of beliefs from which Bin Ladin shapes and spreads his message are largely unknown to many Americans. Seizing on symbols of Islam’s past greatness, he promises to restore pride to people who consider themselves the victims of successive foreign masters. He uses cultural and religious allusions to the holy Qur’an and some of its interpreters. He appeals to people disoriented by 7 Mitch Frank, Understanding September 11: Answering Questions about the Attacks on America (New York: Viking, 2002), pg. #111. 8 Mitch Frank, Understanding September 11: Answering Questions about the Attacks on America (New York: Viking, 2002), pg. #111. 9 Mitch Frank, Understanding September 11: Answering Questions about the Attacks on America (New York: Viking, 2002), pg. #111-112. Kiingi 10 cyclonic change as they confront modernity and globalization.” 10 The 9/11 Commission Report also stated that he “built an infrastructure and organization in Afghanistan that could attract, train, and use recruits against evermore ambitious targets. He rallied new zealots and new money with each demonstration of al Qaeda’s capability. He had forged a close alliance with the Taliban a regime providing sanctuary for al Qaeda.“ 11 “The Taliban were strict Islamist Afghans who formed a government made up of old mujaheddin from the Soviet war and young religious students. They ruled Afghanistan for six years, leading the country into further misery and allowing al Qaeda to operate training camps for thousands of terrorists. Osama Bin Ladin couldn’t have built al Qaeda without the Taliban, who allowed him to operate freely in Afghanistan.” The Taliban were in control of Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001. 12 The leader of the Taliban was Mohammad Omar. Even though there was no specific time period when the Taliban commenced, Omar and a group of men, who consider themselves “students of Islam”, followed Omar’s Islamic beliefs as they slowly took control of Kandahar province in 1994. At this point in time, Afghanistan was a country separated by warlords who controlled different parts of Afghanistan. Some warlords even kidnapped children 10 Thomas H. Kean, "The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Report)," The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Report), August 21, 2004, section goes here, accessed November 21, 2016, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-911REPORT/content-detail.html.
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