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The Handling, Hazards, and Maintenance of Heavy Liquids Ir"' the Geologic Laboratory

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The Handling, Hazards, and Maintenance of Heavy Liquids Ir The Handling, Hazards, and Maintenance of Heavy Liquids ir"' The Geologic Laboratory By Phoebe L. Hauff and Joseph Airey GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 827 1980 United States Department of the Interior CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary Geological Survey H. William Menard, Director Free on application to the Branch of Distribution, U.S. Geological Survey, 604 South Pickett Street, Alexandria, VA 22304 CONTENTS Page Abstract • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 Acknowledgments • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 Section I: Properties, hazards, exposure symptoms, and treatment • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 Bromoform • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 Methylene iodide.................................................. 5 Acetone • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6 Tetrabromoethane. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 8 Clerici solution • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9 Section n: Storage, handling, and spills • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10 Bromoform....................................................... 10 Methylene iodide • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 12 Acetone • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 12 Tetrabromoethane. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 12 Clerici solution • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 13 Section m: Reclamation of solvents and heavy liquids....................... 15 Reclamation of diluted solutions • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15 Water cascade method........................................ 15 Refluxing-distillation-condensation method • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15 Flash-evaporation method..................................... 16 Modifications to the standard unit • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 16 Recovery and stabilization of heavy liquids • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • 17 Bromoform • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • 17 Methylene iodide • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 19 Tetrabromoethane. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • 19 Clerici compounds. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • 19 Fuller's earth reclamation method • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 19 Selected references • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 19 Appendix A. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22 Properties of some less common dilutants • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22 Benzene • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22 Carbon tetrachloride • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22 Dimethyl sulfoxide • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22 Isoamylacetate • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22 N, N-dimethylformamide •••••••••••••••••••••••••• '• • • • • • • • • • • • 23 Orthodichlorobenzene. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23 Triethylorthophosphate • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23 Appendix B............................................................ 24 Procedure for use of the flash evaporator system • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 24 m n.LUSTRA110NS Page Figures 1-6. Photographs showing: 1. How an acetone fire can occur in the laboratory. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6 Z. Protective clothing recommended for heavy liquid work • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10 3. A type of wire mesh basket used to collect saturated heavy liquid papers • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10 4. Recommended storage bottles for pure heavy liquids and wash • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 0 5. Spill station • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 6. Acetone storage safety can...................... 13 7. Diagram of water cascade method for heavy-liquid recovery • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15 8-10. Photographs showing: 8. Water cascade apparatus.......................... 16 9. Refluxing-distillation-condensation apparatus • • • • • • . • 17 10. Flash evaporator apparatus • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • 18 TABLE Page Table 1. Solubilities of acetone and heavy liquids in water ••.•••••••••••••• 15 IV The Handling, Hazards, and Maintenance of Heavy Liquids in the Geologic Laboratory By Phoebe L. Hauff and Joseph Airey ABSTRACT scientists and medical personnel working in the geologic and chemical disciplines. Any trade names In geologic laboratories the organic heavy liquids and trademarks in this paper are used for descriptive bromoform, methylene iodide, tetrabromoethane, and purposes only and do not constitute endo~sement by clerici compounds have been used for years in mineral the U.S. Geological Survey. separation processes. Because the volume of use of The physical properties of each chemical will be these compounds is low, insufficient data is available listed as well as toxicity data. The irdirect and on their toxic properties. This report is an attempt to obvious hazards of exposure to heavy liquids will also summarize the known data from published and industry be discussed along with first aid treatments. sources. The physical properties, hazards of handling, Procedures for handling and storage, with emphasis on proper storage facilities, and adequate protective safety of the worker, are itemized. A section on the Clothing are discussed for each compound as well as various methods used to reclaim and stab;lize heavy for their common and less-common solvents. Toxicity liquids and their solvents has also been included with data for these materials is listed along with exposure an appendix containing data on some of the more symptoms and suggested first aid treatments. Safety exotic solvents potentially used as heavy liquid for the worker is emphasized. Three reclamation dilutants. methods which recover the solvent used as a dilutant The authors have extensively resear~hed these and purify the heavy liquid are discussed and substances. However, any additional data or illustrated. These include: the water cascade, references from readers of this report wodd be most refluxing-distillation-condensation, and flash appreciated. evaporation methods. Various techniques for restoration and stabilization of these heavy liquids are ACKNOWLEDGMENTS also included. The authors wish to thank the following people INTRODUCTION from the heavy liquids industry for their information and suggestions which contributed significa'ltly to this The heavy liquids bromoform (CHBr3), methylene paper: iodide (CH2I2), tetrabromoethane (CHBr2)2,- and Dr. M. W. Anders, Department of Pharmacol­ clerici compounds are organic chemicals of primary ogy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, importance in the mineral separation processes Minnesota 55455. followed in many geologic laboratories. For years Richard Doll, E. B. Knight Co., Toms River, geologists and their technicians have used and abused New Jersey 08753. these highly toxic substances. Perhaps this misuse can James Svoboda, Columbia Organic Chemicals, be attributed to a lack of organized and properly P.O. Box 9096, Columbia, South Carolina distributed information relative to the exact hazards 29290. of these materials. It is the intention of this report to Jerry Swimmer, National Biochemical Co., Gee­ consolidate data on heavy liquids from literature liquids Division, 3127 West Lake Street, sources and from personal communications with Chicago, lllinois 60612. 1 SECTION 1: PROPERTIES, HAZARDS, EXPOSURE SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENT BROMOFORM (tribromomethane)-Properties, hazards, exposure symptoms, and treatment Chemistry: CHBr3 Physical properties: Description: Colorless liquid or hexagonal crystals. Odor similar to chloroform (when chloroform is used as preservative). Molecular weight: 252.77 Melting point: 6°-7°C Boiling point: 149.5°C Density: 2.89 at 20°C Density varies due to preservative added. Pure bromoform is w1stable and would decompose in several weeks. Preservatives are added to inhibit this decomposition. Ethanol and chloroform are commonly used. They are added in quantities of 1-2 percent which lowers
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