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Bioactivity of Purple Yam Tuber (Dioscorea Alata L.) on the Level of CD8+And CD8+CD462L+ T Cells and Histology of Liver in BALB/C Mice Model of Digestive Allergy

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Bioactivity of Purple Yam Tuber (Dioscorea Alata L.) on the Level of CD8+And CD8+CD462L+ T Cells and Histology of Liver in BALB/C Mice Model of Digestive Allergy Bioactivity of Purple Yam Tuber on BALB/c Mice Model of Digestive Allergy 27 (Christina and Rifa’i) Bioactivity of Purple Yam Tuber (Dioscorea alata L.) on the Level of CD8+and CD8+CD462L+ T cells and Histology of Liver in BALB/c Mice Model of Digestive Allergy Yuyun Ika Christina1 and Muhaimin Rifa’i2* 1Graduate Program of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia Abstract Purple yam tuber (Dioscorea alata L.) is a family of Dioscoreaceae containing diosgenin which is known as immunomodulatory agent. This study aimed to understand the quantitative changes of naïve and activated memory of T cells on mice model of digestive allergy after orally treated with ethanol extract of purple yam tuber. In this experiment, architecture of hepar histopathology is also observed. Ethanol extract of purple yam tuber with three doses of 0.167 g/kg bw (U1), 2.008 g/kg bw (U2), and 10.039 g/kg bw (U3) are applied. Data were analyzed using One- way ANOVA (p <0.05) and Tukey test using SPSS 16.0 for Windows. Ethanol extract of purple yam tuber triggers the immunocompetent activity of T cells in mice model of digestive allergy. The result showed that the number of memory type T cells in mice model of digestive allergy decreased in lower dose (0.167 g/kg bw (U1). However, the number of naïve T cells, CD8+CD62L+ in mice with digestive allergy after administration of purple yam tuber ethanol extract increased significantly in lower dose (0.167 g/kg bw (U1) compared with positive control (OVA). Dose variations of extract ethanol of purple yam tuber (0.167 g/kg bw) has a significantly effect to shift the T cell status from memory to naïve. Keywords: Digestive allergy, Dioscorea alata L., histopathology, immunomodulatory, subset T cells INTRODUCTION indicated that diosgenin in Dioscorea species Dioscorea species mostly produce tubers, have a biological effects including anti- which can be used for food or medicine inflammatory, antitumor, estrogenic, traditional. Tuber contain amounts of hypocholesterolemic, and immunomodulatory carbohydrates, may be the manufacture starch or activities [5]. According to Raju [4] research, ethanol (alcohol). One of the species found in saponin diosgenin suppresses cancer cell growth Indonesia is Dioscorea alata L. (purple yam, through multiple cell signaling events associated keribang, water yam) [1]. Utilization purple yam with proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, in Indonesia is still limited use as food and food inflammation and oncogenesis. Diosgenin coloring. decreased the elevated cholesterol in serum LDL The analysis showed the content in purple and HDL fractions in cholesterol-fed rats [4]. yam tuber consists of 89.73% water, 0.62% ash, Purple yam tuber has potential role as an anti acid insoluble ash 0.55%, 0.67% fiber content, allergenic agent is unknown. Allergy reactions starch 10.93%, fat 0.82%, and 1.36% protein [2]. occur when somebody is exposed to allergens D. alata also contains diosgenin [3]. Diosgenin, a that produce IgE antibodies (Immunoglobulin E) naturally-occurring steroid saponin is found and then exposed again by the same antigen. abundantly in yams (Dioscorea sp.) [4]. Saponin Allergens trigger the activation of mast cells that diosgenin is similar to cholesterol, progesterone bind to IgE on the network. IgE is an antibody and DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) [5]. Saponin that is often seen in the reaction against diosgenin is a precursor of various synthetic parasites, especially against parasitic worms that steroidal drugs that are extensively used in the are generally prevalent in underdeveloped pharmaceutical industry [4]. Recent studies has countries [8]. Allergy or hypersensitivity is too high sensitivity to antigens so that subsequent exposure to antigen will cause excessive immune Correspondence author: response. Under normal circumstances there is a Muhaimin Rifa’i balance between Th1 and Th2, but under no Email : [email protected] Address : Laboratory of Animal Physiology, University of circumstances will an increase in allergic Th2 and Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang, 65145 decreased Th1. J.Exp. Life Sci. Vol. 4 No. 2, 2014 ISSN. 2087-2852 E-ISSN. 2338-1655 Bioactivity of Purple Yam Tuber on BALB/c Mice Model of Digestive Allergy 28 (Christina and Rifa’i) Ethanol extract of purple tuber uwi very (N), OVA-sensitized and challenged (OVA), dose closely related to the digestive process in the 0.167 g/kg bw (U1), dose 2.008 g/kg bw (U2) and body. It is based on the statement Gamiswarna dose 10.039 g/kg bw. OVA were administered et al. [9] that in the pharmacokinetics of each daily into mice by oral gavage throughout the drug in the body undergoes the process of experiment. Each mouse was sensitized with 0.15 absorption, distribution, metabolism and ml of OVA in Al(OH)3 by intraperitoneal injection excretion. Similarly, the purple yam tuber will be on day 15 and later boosted on day 22 followed absorbed by the intestine, and is metabolized in by repeated challenge with 0.15 ml OVA in the liver. Liver is the first organ that is achieved aquadest, except for the mice in the N group. by drugs and other substances that are absorbed And the last injection on day 23 until 28 with through the intestinal portal vein, so it is OVA by oral injection. Ethanol extract of purple mentioned that the liver is the main place of drug yam tuber were administered on day 1-28 in metabolism and detoxification. The build up of group U1, U2 and U3. toxic substances in the liver parenchymal cells can injure hepatocytes and causes Flow cytometry Analysis histopathologic changes varied [10]. Flow cytometry analysis was to determine the It is not known the effect of compounds cell number of CD8+ and CD8+CD62L+. The contained in purple yam tubers (Dioscorea alata following purified antibodies were used for L.) to the digestive system, especially the liver. So extracellular staining is fluorescein it is necessary to investigate the effects of the isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated anti-mouse CD4 ethanol extract of purple yam tuber (Dioscorea and for intracelluler staining is PE-conjugated alata L.) with three doses in the level of CD8+ and anti-B220. For extracelluler staining, pellet + + CD8 CD62L T cells and histological analysis of resuspended with 50 μl of antibodies in sterile the liver of mice (Mus musculus L.) strain BALB/c. PBS. For intraselular staining, pellet were added with 20 μl cytofix-cytoferm and incubated for 20 o MATERIALS AND METHODS minutes, 4 C. Then added with 500 μl washperm This experiment was conducted in May 2013 and centrifuged 2500 rpm, 4 oC, for 5 minutes. until Januari 2014 in Laboratory of Animal Pellet was resuspended with 50 μl of antibodies Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of in sterile PBS. Then moved into the cuvette and Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya mounted on the nozzle flowcytometer (BD FACS University, Malang. The animal experiments were CaliburTM). Do the settings on the computer with approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee BD Cell Quest Pro softwareTM and carried of the Brawijaya University. connection with flowcytometer (acquiring mode). Ethanol Extract Preparation of Purple Yam Tuber Histological Examination The preparation of ethanol extract of The liver specimens of each mice in all groups Dioscorea alata L. tuber were according to a were fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde for 24 previous study. 20.7 kg of Dioscorea alata tubers hoursand embedded into paraffin after 16 h of were peeled off, washed, and then dried alcohol process.5 μm thick sections were underneath the sunlight. Crude was macerated in obtained from the paraffin blocks and stained a glass jar with 70 % ethanol (crude : ethanol = with hematoxylin and eosin. Each slide was 1:10) at room temperature for 5x24 hours. The examined under a light microscope. ethanol extract then filtered and resoaked with 70 % ethanol (remaseration) for 2x24 hours. Statistic Analysis Material that has been filtered then evaporated Data were analyzed using SPPS 16.0 for at a temperature of 50°C using a vacuum pump Windows. One way ANOVA test was used to evaporator. asses the statistical difference between the N control group, OVA group and the treatment of Experimental Animals and Treatment purple yam tuber ethanol extract groups (p<0.05 Twenty adult (3 months old) BALB/c 25-27 g was defined as statistically significant). If the male mice were used. The mice were randomly obtained results are significant, then it is divided into five groups with each group analyzed with Tukey test. consisting of 6 mice. The treatments were divided into 5 groups : control without treatment J.Exp. Life Sci. Vol. 4 No. 2, 2014 ISSN. 2087-2852 E-ISSN. 2338-1655 Bioactivity of Purple Yam Tuber on BALB/c Mice Model of Digestive Allergy 29 (Christina and Rifa’i) RESULT AND DISCUSSION (0.167 g/kg bw). The number of CD8+ T cells in The Relative Number of CD8+ mice with digestive allergy at the last injection Ethanol extract of purple yam tuber was given showed an increase of CD8+ T cells significantly in mice digestive allergy model showed compared to healthy mice (p<0.05) with relative immunomodulatory activity as immunosupre- number 25.84 % (Figure 2). These results indicate sant. This activity can be seen through the that at dose 0.167 g/kg with relative number decrease in the cell number of CD8+ (T cytotoxic 19.13 % is more effective than dose 2.008 g/kg cells) in different doses. Based on the ANOVA, and 10.039 g/kg with relative number 18.28 % the relative number of CD8+ T cell in lower dose and 19.31 % (Figure 2).
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